# AC 141-1A: Pilot School Certification - Type: Advisory circular (guidance, not mandatory unless a rule or AD requires it) - Status: Historical - Version in force: [AC 141-1B](https://openairdocs.org/ac/141-1), approved September 12, 2017. This is a historical version - Approved: February 18, 1993 - Last reviewed: September 6, 2024 - Family: AC 141-1 - Cancels: [AC 141-1](https://openairdocs.org/ac/141-1) - Cancelled by: [AC 141-1B](https://openairdocs.org/ac/141-1) - 14 CFR parts: 141, 91 - 14 CFR sections: [141.41](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/section-141.41), [141.39](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/section-141.39), [141.35](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/section-141.35), [91.409](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/section-91.409), [141.93](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/section-141.93) - Pages: 111 - PDF: https://openairdocs.org/files/sha256/7d/1f/7d1f1df3df91a390d5f5bc8c19a3ee99966765899103266c6794b2388c6918d1 - FAA DRS: https://drs.faa.gov/browse/excelExternalWindow/31C97AA1A0E2151E862569BC0057DA55.0001 - DRS record last changed: November 21, 2025 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ac/141-1A ## Versions - [AC 141-1B](https://openairdocs.org/ac/141-1) (Current), approved Sep 12, 2017, 70 pages - [AC 141-1A](https://openairdocs.org/ac/141-1A) (Historical), approved Feb 18, 1993, 111 pages ## Text Each page's text from the PDF; open the PDF at a page with #page=N. Some pages are OCR from the scanned FAA advisory circular. OCR can misread letters and numbers. Those pages are marked (OCR). ### Page 1 (OCR) ADVISORY U.S. Department ot Transportation CIRCULAR 'Federal Aviat on Administration AC NO: 141-1A **UNITED STATEI OF AMERICA** **DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION** FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Air Agency Certificate Kennten 7E52108 This partificata is isand la TRAVES E. LE Cha BRAVES AVENTION 1862 BOLE PUN CTROLE MANASSRE, VEROINTA 22030 afren finding that ito enganizetion complias in elt nesperta with the maquinanent of the Haleat Acirtin Augetationes valisting te the establishment of un ten tejenny, und in sill the fehay sakings. **PRIVE PILAT COMENTAL PILOT** **PRIVATE PILOT TEST COURCS NOMET RUG** RECORD INSENUCIOR AIRTINE TRANSPO PLOT Thes vertificulo, umben sunodah suspented, un embard; shak cintinne in offact sean 30, 1293 Ve destin if the nintex PA Acar: APRIL 9, 1991 Warner B. lapit Mnau7, ABA 70DO $20 NO SE MEDITEY REPORTO TO DE AME RESONA ORO DE TE CURO ANATON ADEMATON NA PA 8000 21-0 SUPERSOS PA FOR 50. PILOT SCHOOL CERTIFICATION Initiated by: AFS-840 ### Page 2 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular Subject: PILOT SCHOOL CERTIFICATION Date: 2/l 8193 AC No: 14%1A Initiated by: AFS-840 Change: 1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) sets forth guidelines to assist persons in obtaining a pilot school certificate and associated ratings under Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 141. 2. CANCELLATION. AC 141-1, Pilot School Certijkation, dated August 29, 1974, is cancelled. **3. RELATED READING MATERIAL.** Order 8700.1, General Aviation Operations Inspector’s Handbook. This document may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 20402. The stock number is 050-007-00921-6. 4. BACKGROUND. In 1974, a total operational training concept, the acquisition of equivalent levels of aeronautical experience in less time than required by FAR Part 61, was introduced under the auspices of a certificated pilot school. This concept was established in FAR Part 141 which prescribes rules governing the operation of pilot schools. FAR Part 141 increased the flexibility of prescribed curricula for training and adopted procedures to ensure that a training course used by a school is adequate, appropriate, and administered by qualified persons. The reduction in flight time requirements, without a reduction in flight experience, is allowed under FAR Part 141 because the training is more controlled through supervision and is conducted by experienced instructors. AC 141-1 was issued on August 29, 1974, to help persons obtain certificates and ratings under FAR Part 141. Since 1974, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has made several amendments to FAR Part 141. This AC, 14LlA, updates the information provided in the 1974 AC. 5. DEFINITIONS. The following terms are defined for use in this AC. a. Administrator means the FAA Administrator or any individual to whom the Administrator has delegated authority. b. Agricultural aim@ operation means the operation of an aircraft for the purpose of (1) dispensing any economic poison; (2) dispensing any other substance intended for plant nourishment, soil treatment, propagation of plant life, or pest control; or (3) engaging in dispensing activities directly affecting agriculture, horticulture, or forest preservation, but not including the dispensing of live insects. c. Airphe means an engine-driven, heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings. ### Page 3 d. Airport means an area of land or water, including its buildings and facilities, that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. . e. Airship means an engine-driven, lighter-than-air aircraft that can be steered. jL Approved, unless used with reference to another person, means approved by the Administrator. g. Balloon means a lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine-driven. A hot air balloon is a balloon that derives its lift from heated air. A captive gas balloon is a balloon that derives its lift from a captive lighter-than-air gas. h. Category. (1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a broad classification of aircraft. Examples include: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, lighter-than-air, and (2) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a grouping of aircraft based upon intended use or operating limitations. Examples include the following: transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, and provisional. i. Citizen of the United States (as defined in the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended) means (1) an individual who is a citizen of the United States or one of its possessions, or (2) a partnership of which each member is such an individual, or (3) a corporation or association created or organized under the laws of the United States or any State, Territory, or possession of the United States, of which the president and two-thirds or more of the board of directors and other managing officers thereof are such individuals and in which at least 75 percent of the voting interest is owned or controlled by persons who are citizens of the United States or one of its possessions. j. Ckzss. As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a classification of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics. Examples include: single-engine land, multiengine land, single-engine sea, multiengine sea, gyroplane, helicopter, airship, and free balloon. k. Curriculum. The counes offered by a flight school. A set of courses depicting total flight or ground instruction offered by a flight or ground school. In addition, a curriculum also refers to the overall general content of a course of instruction that is to be taught. 1. &?wI& load means a load that is carried or extends outside of the aircraft fuselage. m. Flight crewmember means a pilot, flight engineer, or flight navigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time. n. Flight time means the time from the moment the aircraft first moves under its own power for the purpose of flight until the moment it comes to rest at the next point of landing (block-to-block time). o. Glider means a heavier-than-air aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces and whose free flight does not depend principally on an engine. Some gliders have engines and are referred to as powered gliders. The term powered glider includes self-launching sailplanes, powered sailplanes, motorized sailplanes, and motorgliders. ii Par 5 ### Page 4 p. Gyroplane means a rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-driven except for initial starting, but are made to rotate by action of the air when the rotorcraft is moving; and whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system. x. Rotorcraft means a heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for its support in flight on the lift generated by one or more rotors. y. Second in command means a pilot who is designated to be second-in-command of an aircraft during flight time. q. Helicopter means a rotorcraft that z Show, unless the context otherwise depends principally on its engine-driven rotors requires, means to show to the satisfaction of the for its horizontal motion. Administrator. r. Heliport means an area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters. s. Lesson Plan. An organized outline for a single instructional period. It is a necessary guide for the instructor in that it tells what to do, in what order to do it, and what procedure to use in teaching the material of a lesson. aa. A test course in an FAR Part 141 school is a course of training for students who have accomplished a significant portion of training requirements outside of air agency courses. Completion of the test course is accomplished under the training course outline (TCO) with credit given for the time gained under FAR Part 61. t. Lighter-than-air aircraft means aircraft that can rise and remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less than the air that is displaced by the gas. bb. Training course outline, within a curriculum, describes the content of a particular course by statement of objectives, description of teaching aids, definition of evaluative criteria, and indication of desired outcomes. u. Operate, with respect to aircraft, means use, cause, or authorization to use aircraft for the purpose of air navigation, including the piloting of aircraft, with or without the right of legal control (as owner, lessee, or otherwise). V. Person means an individual, firm, partnership, corporation, company, association, joint-stock association, or governmental entity. It includes a trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar representative of any of the above. cc. Training Syllabus. A step-by-step (building block) progression of learning with provision for regular review and evaluation at prescribed stages of learning. The syllabus defines the unit of training, states by objective what the student is expected to accomplish during the unit of training, shows an organized plan for instruction (building block-from the simple to the complex), and dictates evaluation process for either the unit or stages of learning. dd. Type. w. Pilot in command (PIC) means the pilot responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft during flight time. (1) As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations Par 5 . . .ill ### Page 5 AC 14blA 2ml93 . of airmen, means a specific make and basic model of aircraft, including modifications thereto that do not change its handling or flight characteristics. Examples include: B-767, MD-11, and L-1011. (2) As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means those aircmft that a~ similar in design. Examples include: A-300 and A-300B; and BAE-146 and BAE-M-10. ee. United States, in a geographical sense, means (1) the contiguous States, Alaska, Hawaii, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the possessions, including the territorial watm, and (2) the airspace of those areas. ~Thomas C. Accanii Director, Flight Standards Service 6. COMMENTS INVITED. comments regarding this publication should be directed to: Federal Aviation Administration Flight Standards National Field Office Advisory Circular St&f, AFS-554 Washington Dulles International Airport RO. Box 20034, Gateway Building washingtor& DC 20041-2034 Every comment will not necessarily generate a direct acknowledgement to the commenter. Comments received will be considered in the development of upcoming revisions to AC’s or other related technical material. iv Par 5 ### Page 6 2118193 AC 141-1A 1 . 2 . 3 . 4. 5 . 6 . 7. 8 . 9. 10. 11 . 12 . 13 . 14. 15 . 16. 17. 18 . 19 . 20. CONTENTS Page No. TESTING OF STUDENTS TRAINED UNDER FAR Part 141 … 1 PILOT SCHOOL QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF INSTRUCTION … 1 LETTER OF INTENT … 1 **APPLICATION FOR PILOT SCHOOL CERTIFICATE,** FAA FORM 8420-8 (OMB 04-R0204) … 2 PILOT SCHOOL RATINGS … 2 DURATION OF THE CERTIFICATE … 3 RENEWAL OF CERTIFICATES AND RATINGS … 3 INSPECTION … 3 ADVERTISING … 4 REMOVAL OF ADVERTISING … 4 BUSINESS OFFICE AND OPERATING BASE … 4 PILOT BRIEFING AREAS … 4 GROUND TRAINING FACILITIES … 5 CONTINUOUS USE OF FACILITIES … 5 AIRCRAFT … 5 CHECKLISTS … 6 OPERATOR’S HANDBOOK … 6 CHIEF FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR … 6 ASSISTANT CHIEF FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR … 6 INSTRUCTORS … 7 V ### Page 7 AC 141-1A 2118193 _ CONTENTS (Cont’d.) Page No. 21. OTHER EMPLOYEES … 7 22. CHIEF AND ASSISTANT CHIEF GROUND INSTRUCTOR QUALIFICATIONS … 7 23. CHIEF AND ASSISTANT CHIEF FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR QUALIFICATIONS … 7 24. CHIEF INSTRUCTOR RESPONSIBILITIES … 9 **25. CHIEF AND ASSISTANT CHIEF INSTRUCTOR AVAILABILITY - DIRECT** SUPERVISION … 9 26. CHANGE OF CHIEF INSTRUCTOR … 10 27. CHIEF FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR REFRESHER COURSE … 10 28. FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR RESPONSIBILITIES … 10 29. CREDIT FOR PREVIOUS TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . , … 11 30. ENROLLMENT … 11 31. AIRPORTS … 12 32. SATELLITEBASES … 13 33. APPLICATION FOR EXAMINING AUTHORITY … 13 34. EXAMINING AUTHORITY PRIVILEGES … 13 35. WRITTENTESTS … 13 36. AMENDMENTS OR CHANGES TO AN APPROVED TEST … 14 37. USE OF FINAL WRITTEN TESTS … 14 38. SPECIAL CURRICULA … 14 39. GRADUATION CERTIFICATE … 14 40. TRAINING COURSE OUTLINES - GENERAL … 15 vi ### Page 8 2118193 AC 14191A CONTENTS (Cont’d.) Page No. 41. COMPLIANCE WITH THE APPROVED TRAINING COURSE OUTLINE … 15 42. TRAINING COURSE OUTLINES - CONTENT … 15 43. TRAINING SYLLABUS CONTENT … 16 44. TRAINING AIDS (FAR § 141.41(b)) … 16 45. AIRCRAFT DESCRIPTION … 17 46. AIRCRAFT USED FOR INSTRUMENT TRAINING … 17 47. COMPLEX AIRPLANE REQUIREMENTS … 17 48. GROUND TRAINERS … 17 49. STAGE AND FINAL TESTS … 18 APPENDIX 1 APPLICATION INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7 Pages) APPENDIX 2 SAMPLE PILOT TRAINING COURSE OUTLINE (TCO) . . . . . . . . (37 Pages) APPENDIX 3 SAMPLE TRAINING RECORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4 Pages) APPENDIX 4 INTERNAL EVALUATION GUIDANCE FOR FAR PART 141 PILOT SCHOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (36 Pages) vii (and viii) ### Page 9 2118193 AC 141~1A 1. TESTING OF STUDENTS TRAINED UNDER FAR PART 141. FAR Part 141 is a means by which a student may, through approved training, meet the flight experience requirements of FAR Part 61 with a lesser amount of flight experience than that prescribed in FAR Part 61. The student must meet all other certification requirements of FAR Part 6 1. **2. PILOT SCHOOL QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF INSTRUCTION.** a. To be eligible for a pilot school certificate (see appendix 1, figure l), the school will be required to meet the pertinent requirements of Subpart A through C of FAR Part 141. The school must have trained at least ten applicants for pilot certificates and ratings within the past 24 months. In addition, eight out of the ten of the most recent applicants tested by an FAA inspector or FAA designated pilot examiner must have passed their practical tests the first time (reference FAR 6 141.5). b. An applicant for a school certificate that cannot meet the required recent training experience, but meets the other requirements of FAR Part 141, Subparts A through C, will be issued a provisional pilot school certificate. c. A certiicated pilot school that, after 24 months, does not meet the recent training experience requirements of FAR 3 141.5(b) but meets all other requirements may apply for a provisional pilot school certificate. d. The holder of a provisional pilot school certificate that does not meet the recent training experience requirement (24 months) prior to the expiration of its certificate may not apply for a new certificate for a period of 180 days from the expiration date of the expired certificate. **3. LETTER OF INTENT.** a. A Letter of Intent will be requested by the FAA. The FAA will then review the Letter of Intent to determine if the applicant appears to meet the basic eligibility requirements and to determine that sufficient information exists for the certification process to continue (see appendix 1, figure 2). b. The Letter of Intent should contain: (1) A statement of intent to become an approved pilot school under FAR Part 141. (2) Company legal name and any d/b/a’s, principal operations base address, primary airport address, mailing address (if applicable), and telephone numbers. (3) Makes and models of aircraft, how many of each, and N-numbers, if available. (4) Estimated date when operations will begin. (5) Training courses to be offered. (6) Name and qualifications of proposed chief flight instructor and any assistant chief flight instructors, if applicable. (7) Intent to use training aids, flight training devices, or flight simulators. (8) Intent to use personal computers for written testing (for examining authority only). Par 1 1 ### Page 10 AC 141-1A 2118193 . -’ **4. APPLICATION FOR PILOT SCHOOL CERTIFICATE, FAA FORM 8420-S (OMB 04-R0204).** a. Application for a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school certificate is made in duplicate on FAA Form 8420-8 (OMB 04-R0204) and completed in accordance with instructions on the back of the form (see appendix 1, figure 3). b. This form may be obtained from the nearest Flight Standards District Office (FSDO). The following describes examples of acceptable signatures on a completed application form. (1) An application from an individual should be signed by that individual. (2) An application from a partnership should be signed by all partners. (3) An application from a corporation should be signed by ‘tie president or such other officers as authorized by the corporation bylaws and certified by the corporate secretary attesting to the individual’s authority to sign such a document. (4) An application from a company, club, or association should be signed by the president or such other officer or director as authorized by the organization’s bylaws and attested to by the secretary-treasurer. c. Each requested pilot school rating should be listed on the application. The application, when presented to the FSDO, should be accompanied by two complete copies of each proposed TCO. If examining authority is being requested, the appropriate box should be checked on the application. When a person applies for a pilot school certificate, it is a certification that the person is familiar with FAR Part 141 and believes that the school meets the appropriate requirements for certification. Figure 5 of appendix 1 traces the certification process from initial inquiry to the issuance of the certificate. **5. PILOT SCHOOL RATINGS.** a. Ratings that are placed on a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate are listed under FAR 5 141.1 l(a)(b)(c). When the FSDO has approved the TCO’s, a letter of approved courses (see appendix 1, figure 4) will be issued and the appropriate rating(s) placed on the school certificate. For example, if a pilot school has received approval of two private pilot certification courses, one for airplanes and one for helicopters, a private pilot rating is placed on the school certificate. A school with a private pilot rating on its school certificate may conduct one or several private pilot certification courses, provided a TCO is submitted and approved under Subpart C of FAR Part 141 for each course of private pilot training given. b. The approval of one or more pilot test course(s) that result in the issuance of a private and/or commercial pilot certificate entitles the school to have a private and/or commercial test course raling, as appropriate, placed on the school certificate. Some examples of test courses are: (1) Private Test Course, airplane single-engine land (Appendix B of FAR Part 141). (2) Private Test Course, rotorcraft - helicopter. (3) Commercial Test Course, glider. c. Added pilot school ratings are issued by the FAA in the same form and manner as for an original Air Agency certification. This is 2 Par 4 a ### Page 11 2/M/93 AC 14blA accomplished by completing the five phases of the cetiijkation process: (1) Preapplication, (2) Formal Application, (3) Document Compliance, (4) Demonstration and Inspection, and (5) Certification. These steps include, in part, a letter of intent, FAA Form 8420-8, Application for Pilot School Certificate, training course outlines, and recordkeeping methods. The school must also show that it is properly equipped and meets all personnel qualification requirements. **6. DURATION OF THE CERTIFICATE.** a. A pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school certificate expires at the end of the twenty-fourth month after it was issued. 6. A pilot school certificate normally expires on the date that any change in school or facilities ownership occurs. However, if the school applies for an amended certificate within 30 days after a change in ownership and there is no change in facilities, instructor personnel, or training courses, the school certificate remains in effect and does not expire. **7. RENEWAL OF CERTIFICATES AND RATINGS.** a. A pilot school should apply for the renewal of its certificate at least 30 days before it expires. This is to ensure a timely response from the FSDO to effect a renewal of the school certificate without an interruption in training. b. Pilot schools that wish to renew each course and/or rating should be prepared to show that they continue to meet the requirements for the issuance of the school certificate and rating(s). **8. INSPECTION.** a. In order to cany out its responsibilities under the FA Act of 1958, as amended, the FSDO will make certain inspections as provided for in FAR 8 141.21. Inspections may occur at the following times: (1) Initial certification; (2) Certificate renewal; (3) Transfer of ownership; (4) Change of main base; (5) Upon application of the school for an additional rating(s); and (6) When the FSDO deems an inspection is necessary to ensure compliance with the TCO and other requirements of the FAR. b. Inspections for the purpose of certiication, renewal, transfer of ownership or change of base are made at a time agreeable to the school and the FAA. However, inspections made by the FAA to determine compliance with the TCO or the FAR are made when considered necessary. c. An FAA inspection may include the folio wing: (1) Administer practical tests to the chief flight instructors and any assistant chief flight instructors. (2) Inspect the applicant’s recordkeeping system for compliance with the FAR. The importance of complete and accurate recordkeeping cannot be over emphasized. (3) Conduct an aircraft conformity inspection. Par 5 3 ### Page 12 AC 141-1A 2118193 (4) Conduct a base inspection. (5) Inspect satellite bases. (6) Inspect ground trainers, training aids, and other equipment. **9. ADVERTISING.** a. As required by FAR $ 141.23, when advertising in any manner relating to its approved pilot school, an operator may not list a course of training for which it does not have FAA approval. b. Each training course that has been approved should be clearly stated, along with a clarification that only those courses have been approved. In addition, under FAR 8 141.23, the school may not make any statement relating to its certification and ratings that is false or designed to mislead any person contemplating enrollment in that school. **10. REMOVAL OF ADVERTISING.** a. When a school certificate has expired, or has been surrendered, suspended, or revoked, it is required under FAR 8 141.23 to remove all indications that the school was certificated by the FAA. This includes all advertising mediums. b. If an FAA-approved school moves from one location to another, it is required to promptly remove all signs from its old premises indicating that the school was certificated by the FAA at that location. **11. BUSINESS OFFICE AND OPERATING BASE.** a. Each pilot school or provisional pilot school is required to maintain a principal business office with a mailing address the same as on the school certificate. The purpose of a principal business office is to provide a specific location for maintaining required school files and records, and a location from which the operation of school business is conducted. This requirement should not be construed to mean that all school functions, such as scheduling flights, training functions, etc., must be conducted at the principal business office. b. Zf the pilot school should choose to change the location of its business office or base of operation, the school is required to notify the FAA, in writing, of the planned move at least 30 days in advance. Such written notice should be accompanied by new application, FAA Form 8420-8 (OMB 04-R0204), showing the change of address or the change in the base of operations, as appropriate (see appendix 1, figure 3). In any case, the notice of a change of operating base must be accompanied by necessary amendments to approved TCO’s. c. While FAR Part 141 does not require that a “business office” be a room with four walls and a door, the regulation does prohibit the sharing with or use by another pilot school of that business office. Therefore, the business office should be conspicuously isolated by walls or partitions to ensure separation from another pilot school’s activity. The business office should be located so that required school files and student training records can be kept up to date and available to students and instructors alike for the purpose of providing on-the-spot information about training progress and other business interests. 12. PILOT BRIEFING AREAS. An FAA-approved pilot school is required to have continuous use of a briefing area at each airport at which training flights originate. This requirement does not include airports of destination used for cross-country flight training. The 4 Par 8 ### Page 13 2118193 AC 141-1A briefing area must meet the requirements of FAR g 141.43. Based on these requirements, the following criteria apply: a. Adequate shelter for students waiting to engage in training flights; b. A properly equipped area for the conduct of student briefings. Equipment should include tables of adequate size to lay out aeronautical charts for planning purposes and a chalkboard or dry-erase marker board. In addition, if a Flight Service Station (FSS) or weather bureau is not within a short distance to the school, the school must provide a private landline or telephone communication in the briefing room to the nearest FAA FSS or weather bureau if the school offers instrument or commercial pilot courses; c. The briefing area shouki be located close enough to the airport where training flights originate to preclude a disruption of schedules because of excessive travel, and a lack of communications between the flight line, business office, and briefing area; and d. Although no other school may use the area when it is to be used by the applicant, there is no objection to other pilots using the briefing facilities provided orderly school functions are maintained. Briefing areas are subject to FAA approval under the provisions of FAR 5 141.55(a)(4). **13. GROUND TRAINING FACILITIES.** The FAA recognizes that pilot training methods differ from other kinds of training. Pilot schools enroll students with very different backgrounds, goals, and degrees of motivation and aviation experience. For this reason, it is understandable that it is not always possible to schedule large classes for ground training at one time. Individual instruction is often necessary for a particular student to receive the maximum benefit. Therefore, it is anticipated that FAA-approved schools will use classrooms, small isolated rooms, or training booths. Each ground training area is required to be heated, lighted, and ventilated to meet the applicable building code requirements of the area concerned. All ground instructional facilities are subject to approval by the FAA under FAR 5 141.55(a). **14. CONTINUOUS USE OF FACILITIES.** An approved school is required to have the continuous use of an airport and a pilot briefing area. This requirement can be met by the school having a written agreement showing that it has continuous use of those facilities for 6 months at the time of certification or renewal of its certificate. 15. AIRCRAFT. As specified in FAR § 141.39, each aircraft used by an FAA-approved school for pilot training is required to be a registered civil aircraft of the United States. If the aircraft is not owned by the school, the school should show, through appropriate documentation, that it has a use agreement with the owner. An exclusive use lease is not required; use that would allow the school to make the aircraft available for students to meet the training course objectives meets the intent of a TCO approval. Further, it is not required that a lease agreement be for a specified minimum period of time. Training aircraft must be certificated in the standard airworthiness category except aircraft used for a course of training in agricultural aircraft operations, external load operations and similar aerial work operations; e.g., banner towing, sky writing, etc. In such courses, the school may use aircraft certificated in the restricted category. No other special airworthiness certificate is acceptable. a. Inspection of Aircraft. An aircraft used by an FAA-approved school for flight training Par 12 5 ### Page 14 is required to be inspected and maintained in accordance with the requirements of FAR Part 91. FAR § 91.409 applies to aircraft used to give flight instruction for hire. In effect, this requires aircraft used in an approved course of training to have loo-hour and annual inspections, or be maintained under a procedure prescribed under FAR 5 9 1.409(c). Aircraft used exclusively for solo flights must also meet these inspection requirements. b. When a student enrolled in an approved school provides an aircraft to be used by the school, that aircraft is required to meet the equipment requirements of the training aircraft described in the appropriate FAA- approved TCO. In addition, it will be required to meet the same inspection requirements as all other aircraft used by the school. 16. CHECKLISTS. A broad cross section of airplanes is used in pilot training; some are uncomplicated while others are more complex. The requirement for a checklist defined in the terms of “pretakeoff’ and “prelanding” in FAR 0 141.75(a) is broad and considers less complicated aircraft. However, it is always a good operating practice to expand upon checklists as aircraft become more complicated. Even though an aircraft is relatively uncomplicated, teaching the use of a more complex checklist is an excellent means to instill in students the habit of using a checklist. This habit will carry over when they progress to larger, more complex aircraft. 17. OPERATOR’S HANDBOOK. Under FAR 5 141.75, when an operator’s handbook or Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) is provided by the manufacturer, it must be carried aboard the aircraft. A school may elect to issue copies of aircraft checklists and operators’ handbooks to students. In that case, these checklists and operators’ handbooks must be aboard the aircraft when it is used by the student. The handbook’s primary purpose is to provide the pilot with performance data, servicing instructions, weight and balance information, etc. Some operators’ handbooks contain checklists. These checklists, while useful in developing a printed checklist, are not desirable for use as a checklist per se. Normally, such handbooks are not readily available to the pilot and during emergency procedure training or during an actual emergency, particularly when there is only one pilot aboard the aircraft, the pilot would be required to fly the aircraft while searching through a book for the checklist. 18. CHIEF FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR. Each FAA-approved school will be required to designate a chief instructor for each training course. That chief instructor is required to meet the appropriate requirements prescribed under FAR 8 141.35. A chief instructor may serve in that capacity for more than one approved course, but not for more than one school. 19. ASSISTANT CHIEF FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR. Each FAA-approved school must designate an assistant chief instructor for each of its satellite bases. In addition, one or more assistant chief instructors for a course or courses of training may be designated at any base if justified by the number of students involved, the complexity of the course, or the numbers of hours a day during which training is conducted. In the latter case, the FAA will approve the use of assistant chief instructor(s) when approving individual TCO’s. An assistant chief instructor must meet the requirements of FAR 8 141.36 and may be delegated specific responsibilities by the chief instructor. An assistant chief instructor is allowed to serve in that capacity for more than one approved course, but not for more than one school. An assistant chief instructor may be assigned to more than one satellite base, but would not 6 Par 15 ### Page 15 2118193 AC 14191A be allowed to serve at more than one base instructor has given ground school instruction at concurrently. that school for the required period of time. 20. INSTRUCTORS. Each ground or flight instructor used in a course of instruction is required to be the holder of a ground or flight instructor certificate, as appropriate, with the necessary ratings for the instruction to be given. However, instructors who are not certificated **23. CHIEF AND ASSISTANT CHIEF** FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR QUALIFICA- TIONS. A chief flight instructor or an assistant chief flight instructor is required by FAR Part 141 to meet the requirements listed below. However, for a course of training for gliders, free balloons, or airships, only 40 percent of the flight time requirements need be met. may only be used for ground certain provisions described $ 141.81. **21. OTHER EMPLOYEES.** training under under FAR Each FAA- approved school is required by the rules to ensure that dispatchers, service personnel, or other persons assigned responsibilities with the school are adequately instructed in the procedures and responsibilities of their employment. Compliance with this requirement may be accomplished through verbal instruction, manuals, or any other means decided upon by the school. The FAA may, under FAR $ 141.21, at any time inspect any personnel to determine that they have been instructed in their responsibilities and are competent to perform their duties. Qualified operations personnel, including flight instructors, may serve in more than one capacity with the school. For example, a school may wish to use a flight instructor as a dispatcher or a ground instructor. **22. CHIEF AND ASSISTANT CHIEF** GROUND INSTRUCTOR QUALIFICA- TIONS. A chief ground instructor or assistant chief ground instructor must have had at least 1 year of experience as a ground school instructor in an FAA-approved pilot school. This may be shown by having the instructor present a record of teaching accomplishments covering a period of 1 year in an FAA-approved pilot school, or by presenting a letter from an FAA-approved pilot school stating that the a. Private Pilot Certificate or Rating Course(s). (1) Commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate and a valid flight instructor certificate, each with a rating for category and class of aircraft used in the course of training; and (i) For a chief flight instructor, at least 1,000 hours as PIC, or (ii) For an assistant chief flight instructor, at least 500 flight hours as PIC; and (2) Experience in primary flight instruction acquired as either a certificated flight instructor, or an instructor in a military pilot primary flight training program, or a combination of both consisting of: (i) For a chief flight instructor, at least 2 years experience and a total of 500 flight instruction hours or a total of 1,000 flight hours; and (ii) For an assistant chief flight instructor, at least 1 year of experience as a flight instructor and a total of 250 flight hours, or a total of 500 flight hours. Par 19 7 ### Page 16 AC 141~1A 2/18/93 b. Instrument Rating Course(s) or a Course of Training Leading to Instrument Privileges. (1) A commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating, or an airline transport pilot certificate, and a valid flight instructor certificate with an instrument rating; and (i) For a chief flight instructor, at least 100 hours of flight time under actual or simulated instrument conditions; (ii) For an assistant chief flight instructor, at least 50 hours of flight time under actual or simulated instrument conditions; and (iii) For a chief flight instructor, at least 1,000 hours as PIC; (iv) For an assistant chief flight instructor, at least 500 hours as PIC; and (2) Instrument flight instructor experience acquired as either a certificated instrument flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot basic or instrument flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting of: (i) For chief flight instructor, at least 2 years experience and a total of 250 flight hours, or a total of 400 flight hours; and (ii) For an assistant chief flight instructor, at least 1 year of experience and a total of 125 flight hours, or a total of 200 flight hours. c. For all courses of training other than those that lead to the issuance of a private pilot certificate or a rating, or an instrument rating or a rating with instrument privileges, a chief flight instructor or assistant chief flight instructor must have: (1) At least a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate and a valid flight instructor certificate, each with an appropriate category and class rating for the aircraft used in the course of training; and (2) For a course of training using airplanes or airships, an instrument rating on the instructor’s commercial pilot certificate; and (i) For a chief flight instructor, at least 2,000 hours as PIC; (ii) For an assistant chief flight instructor, at least 1,000 hours as PIC; and (3) Flight instruction experience acquired as either a certificated flight instructor, or an instructor in a military pilot primary or basic flight training program or a combination thereof, consisting of at least: (i) For chief flight instructor, 3 years experience and a total of 1,000 flight hours, or a total of 1,500 flight hours. (ii) For an assistant chief flight instructor, 11~ years experience and a total of 500 flight hours, or a total of 750 flight hours. d. FAR $5 141.35 and 141.36 contain several references to primary and basic flight instruction under the flight instruction experience requirements. Historically, under FAR Part 141, primary flight instruction refers to flight instruction given to applicants seeking their private pilot certificate or rating, and basic flight instruction refers to flight instruction given to applicants seeking higher certificates or ratings. e. Schools should keep in mind that approved courses of training that combine both basic and instrument flying skills; e.g., a type rating without limitations, would require a 8 Par 23 ### Page 17 2118193 AC 14blA chief flight instructor or an assistant chief flight instructor to meet more than one general requirement listed under FAR 5 141.35 or FAR 5 141.36, as the case may be. This must be considered when developing that type of training course. jI A chief jiight instructor or an assistant chief flight instructor is required to pass a practical test on FAR Parts 141, 61, and 91, and on the training standards and objectives of the course for which the flight instructor is designated. In addition, the individual must pass a practical test on the flight procedures and maneuvers appropriate to each course of training for which the individual is designated, but it is not necessary to repeat the procedures and maneuvers that are common to more than one course of training. 24. CHIEF INSTRUCTOR RESPONSIBIL- ITIES. FAR Part 141 outlines specific responsibilities for a chief instructor. The actual accomplishment of some of these responsibilities may be delegated to an assistant chief instructor or other appropriately qualified instructors. The conduct of initiul and annual quulifjication checks of flight instructors and final phase checks may only be delegated to an assistant chief flight instructor. All delegation of responsibility should be documented in appropriate school records. The ultimate responsibility for each function remains with the chief instructor. The necessity for a chief instructor to fulfill these responsibilities completely and accurately cannot be overemphasized. The need for proper certification of training records, graduation certificates, stage and final test reports becomes extremely important before a student graduates from a course of training or terminates training to attend another school. When giving a stage or final test, “student recommendations,” as discussed in FAR $ 141,85(a)(l), should be complete and definitive with respect to additional training needed, if any. Chief instructors should continue to update and improve the courses of training for which they are responsible whenever deficiencies in the course, or needed changes in training standards, become apparent. Chief instructors are invited to seek assistance and guidance from FAA inspectors when resolving problems that concern responsibilities. **25. CHIEF AND ASSISTANT CHIEF** INSTRUCTOR AVAILABILITY - DIRECT SUPERVISION. The general requirement that instruction be given under the direct supervision of the chief or assistant chief instructor, and the requirement that the chief or assistant chief instructor be available when instruction is given, are listed under Ground Training, FAR 5 141.8 l(b)(2); Chief Instructor Responsibilities, FAR 0 141.85(b); and Satellite Bases, FAR 5 141.91(a) and (c). For the purpose of FAR Part 141, the term “direct supervision” would require that the chief or assistant chief instructor be present at the base when instruction is being given (this will only involve ground training given by noncertificated instructors). However, flight and ground instructors who have established their qualifications through certification do not require supervision from the chief instructor to the same extent as the noncertificated instructor. Therefore, the chief or assistant chief instructor need only be available for consultation at the school’s base of operation when instruction is given in an approved course of training, without necessarily having to be present at the base. “Available” can mean accessibility via telephone, radio, or other electronic means including beepers or page systems. This is consistent with the provision for satellite bases (FAR 3 141.91) that requires that an assistant chief instructor be designated for each satellite base to ensure that the necessary supervision for each base is provided (see paragraph 32). Par 23 9 ### Page 18 AC 141~1A 2/18/93 **26. CHANGE OF CHIEF INSTRUCTOR.** Under FAR 5 141.87, when an FAA-approved school makes any change of a chief instructor, the FAA FSDO having jurisdiction over the school shall be notified immediately, in writing, of this change. The school may continue to train students under an approved course of training without a chief flight instructor for a period of 60 days. However, during the time the school is without a chief flight instructor, an FAA inspector or designated pilot examiner must be present to administer each stage or final test. Using the approved training syllabus, the FAA inspector or designated pilot examiner should be familiar with the specific areas to be tested. The test results should be given to the operator of the school for inclusion in the appropriate student files. 27. CHIEF FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR REFRESHER COURSE. FAR 9 141.79(c) states that each chief flight instructor must complete, at 1lzast once each 12 months, a flight instructor refresher course consisting of not less than 24 hours of ground or flight instruction, or both. For the purpose of implementing this requirement, a chief instructor may wish to attend an FAA-approved, industry-sponsored, and industry-conducted Flight Instructor Refresher Clinic (FIRC). For chief instructors who are also designated pilot examiners, the 20 hours of recurrent training required at an FAA-conducted Examiner Standardization Course may be applied to the 24.hour requirement as indicated in FAR $ 141.79(c). A chief flight instructor who can show satisfactory completion of at least 12 hours (i.e., 4 complete quarters of Jeppesen Sanderson FIRC course material) within the past 12 months may credit that 12 hours toward the 24 hours of instruction required under FAR 5 141.79(c). This 12 hours (4 complete quarters) of instruction must then be supplemented with an additional 12 hours of acceptable instruction gained within the past 12 months to show compliance under FAR $ 141.79(c). 28. FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR RESPONSI- BILITIES. FAR Part 141 also requires that all flight instructors be qualified to teach each course of training to which they are assigned and, in addition, prescribes certain knowledge and proficiency tests to be accomplished prior to being assigned to an approved training course. Each flight instructor must satisfactorily accomplish a flight check given by the chief or assistant chief flight instructor for each training course the instructor teaches. The instructor is also required to accomplish such a flight check for each training course in which the instructor participates every 12 months thereafter. To further ensure that a flight instructor is appropriately qualified, the instructor is required to accomplish satisfactorily a flight check in each type of aircraft (e.g., Cessna 150, Piper PA-28) prior to giving any flight instruction in that aircraft. The instructor need not be given a flight check in each type of aircraft annually. In addition, each instructor, who teaches an approved course of training, must be briefed on the objectives and standards of the course. An instructor may, at any time, be asked by an FAA aviation safety inspector to explain the objectives and standards for an approved course of training to which the instructor is assigned. Records of such instructor briefings received and flight checks given should be kept in the permanent school records at the home base of operations. An additional responsibility placed upon flight instructors and students alike is the requirement that no student pilot may be authorized to begin a solo practice flight from an airport until the flight has been approved by an authorized flight instructor who is present at the airport. Solo cross-country flights, when properly dispatched from the originating airport, would be considered to have approval for the entire flight. However, if the student should be delayed en route because of unexpected weather or mechanical delays, the school should arrange for another instructor based at the point of delay to redispatch the 10 PZU-26 ### Page 19 2118193 AC 14111A flight, or have a school instructor dispatch the flight by telephone. Emergency handling can be accomplished by prearrangement with other schools or fixed-base operators. **29. CREDIT FOR PREVIOUS TRAINING.** As specified in FAR 5 141.77(b), when a student transfers from one FAA-approved school to another, course credits obtained in the previous course of training may be credited in all or part by the receiving school. The receiving school should determine the amount of credits to be allowed by flight check or written test, or both. A student may not be credited with more training by the receiving school than the student was credited with at the school from which he/she transferred. In addition, as discussed in paragraph 34, in order for a student to graduate from a course of training under a school’s examining authority, all training for that particular course must have been completed at that school. A student who enrolls in a course of training may be credited for not more than 50 percent of the curriculum requirements for knowledge and experience gained in other than an FAA-approved pilot school. In any case, the amount of credit for previous training allowed, whether received from an FAA-approved school or other source, should be placed in the student’s enrollment record at the time of enrollment. When a student transfers from one FAA- approved school to another, or terminates training for any reason, the student must be given, upon request, a transcript of the results of the student’s participation in the course of training which was interrupted. Such a transcript should consist of at least the following: a. The name of the school that gave the training, including the school’s certificate number. b. The type and amount of training given (dual, solo, ground school, ground trainer time, etc.). c. The type of training course involved. d. The results of each stage and final test given. e. A statement that the student was enrolled in the other school’s approved training course before the student received the instruction and training. Note: The transcript should be certified by the chief flight instructor for that course of training. 30. ENROLLMENT. When a student is enrolled in an approved course of training, FAR 5 141.93 requires that the student be furnished with the following information and materials: a. A certificate of enrollment containing the course name in which the student is enrolled and the date of enrollment. 6. A copy of the training syllabus required under FAR 3 141.55(b). c. A copy of the safety procedures and practices developed by the school; e.g., fire drill instructions, procedures for the use of training aids, off-limits areas, handling of aircraft, parking instructions, and other safety instructions deemed necessary by the school, which must include the following: (1) Weather minimums required for dispatching dual and solo flights. For example, minimum ceiling, visibility, and wind velocities for local flights and specific weather minimums for cross-country flights. (2) Procedures for starting and taxiing aircraft on the ramp. Par 28 11 ### Page 20 (3) Fire precautions and procedures. (4) Redispatch procedures after unprogrammed landings on and off airports. This should include emergency security of the aircraft and a list of telephone numbers of persons to contact. (5) Procedures for listing aircraft discrepancies and the following corrective action, including the importance of not using an aircraft with a listed discrepancy until a properly qualified person determines its airworthiness. use. (6) Securing of aircraft when not in (7) Fuel reserves necessary for local and cross-country flights. (8) Avoidance of other aircraft in flight and on the ground. (9) Minimum altitude limitations and instructions concerning simulated forced landings. Certain minimum altitudes may be specified for teaching and practicing stalls or other maneuvers. Instructions should be clear on simulated emergency landings with respect to prolonged engine operation at reduced power settings, engine response with rapid throttle application, and a specific minimum altitude for terminating simulated emergency landings, including limitations on the solo practice of emergency landings and other instructions deemed necessary by the school. (10) Descriptions and diagrams of assigned practice areas, including special instructions with respect to routes and minimum altitudes en route. (11) Any instructions or guidance the school believes necessary to provide the highest standards of safety and operational control expected of an FAA-approved school. d. A school is required by FAR Part 141 to forward a copy of each enrollment certificate within 5 days to the FAA FSDO having jurisdiction over the school. These enrollment certificates are required to be mailed promptly because some approved training courses are of a very short duration and therefore the FAA has only the minimum amount of time to conduct possible surveillance of the training. 31. AIRPORTS. The airport requirements for FAA-approved pilot schools are identified in FAR 5 141.37. a. An applicant for a pilot school or a provisional pilot school certificate must have the continuous use of each airport at which training flights originate. b. If authorizations for airplanes or gliders are sought, at least one runway or takeoff area that allows the training aircraft to make a normal takeoff or landing at maximum gross weight is required. This requirement is established under the following conditions: (1) Calm wind (not more than 5 miles per hour) and temperatures equal to the mean high temperature for the hottest month of the year in the operating area. (2) All obstacles in the takeoff flight path must be cleared by at least 50 feet. (3) Normal powerplant, landing gear, and flap operations must be used when complying with (1) and (2) above. (4) A smooth transition from lift-off to the best rate of climb speed without the need for exceptional piloting skills or techniques must be possible. 12 Par 30 ### Page 21 c. Each airport is required to have a wind direction indicator that is visible from the ends of each runway at ground level. d. Each airport is required to have a traffic pattern indicator (defined in the Airman3 Information Manual (AIM)) when the airport has no operating control tower and UNICOM advisories are not available. e. Each airport used for night training flights must have permanent runway lights. 32. SATELLITE BASES. As specified in FAR 6 141.91, an FAA-approved school may conduct ground or flight training and instruction in an approved course of training at a satellite base other than its main operations base. An assistant chief flight instructor must be designated for each satellite base. The airport facilities and personnel used at the satellite base must meet the requirements of FAR Part 141. The approval of the satellite base and its facilities must also be specified in the approved TCO for courses given at that base. If training is to be conducted for more than 7 consecutive days at a satellite base which is not included and approved in a TCO, then written notification to the FAA FSDO having geographical jurisdiction over the school at the satellite location must be made. Operators who plan to conduct pilot training at locations other than the main base of operations need not apply for additional pilot school certificates. However, they must amend their current certificate to reflect the satellite base by notifying the FAA FSDO having jurisdiction over the main base. Satellite locations are considered part of the main base of operations and allow schools to offer identical training programs at various locations. Instructors at all training locations are encouraged to respond to policy set by a central chief flight instructor while maintaining the standards set forth in a master TCO. FAA certificate-holding offices will coordinate efforts to ensure that certification of applicants is standardized within their district office area and that the necessary work program functions are accomplished. 33. APPLICATION FOR EXAMINING AUTHORITY. Application for examining authority is made, in duplicate, on FAA Form 8420-8 (OMB 04-RO204). The appropriate block should be checked for each course of training for which examining authority is sought. Only the holder of a pilot school certificate may apply for authority to conduct written and/or practical tests of their own graduates for the issuance of pilot certificates and ratings without further testing by the FAA. The authority to test graduates for airline transport pilot or flight instructor certificates or turbojet type ratings is not authorized under FAR Part 141. The facilities, equipment, and maintenance standards for certificated pilot schools with examining authority are identical to those for other FAA certificated pilot schools. 34. EXAMINING AUTHORITY PRIVI- LEGES. FAR 5 141.65 provides that a pilot school with examining authority for a course or courses of training may recommend graduates of those courses for pilot certificates and ratings without taking the FAA practical or written test, or both, in accordance with FAR Part 141 Subpart D. It should be noted that under FAR 5 141.67, in order for a school to graduate a student from a course of training under their examining authority, the student must complete all training at the school for that particular course. No credit will be allowed for training given by another school or for previous flight experience. 35. WRITTEN TESTS. When a pilot school requests approval of written tests to be given as the final written test, it should submit two copies of the test to the FAA FSDO having jurisdiction over the area in which the holder of the Par 31 13 ### Page 22 AC 141~1A 2118193 examining authority is located. The FSDO will return the written test to the school with the principal operations inspector (POI) or FSDO manager’s signature on each page, along with the date the test was approved. If the test is not approved, it will be returned to the school with a letter from the inspector indicating the changes that are necessary for approval. A pilot school should allow at least 60 days for approval of a written test. The development and security of written tests are covered in FAA Order 8700.1, General Aviation Operations Inspector’s Handbook, and FAA Order 8080.1, Conduct of Airmen Written Tests, current edition. 36. AMENDMENTS OR CHANGES TO AN APPROVED TEST. Amendments or changes to an approved, final written test will be processed in the same manner as the original application for approval of a written test. 37. USE OF FINAL WRITTEN TESTS. The approved school should make every effort to provide the maximum security for approved written tests. An FAA inspector may examine the security system of a school to determine if proper security is maintained for the written tests. The regulation points out that a written test may not be used if the school or the FAA has reason to believe it has been compromised. 38. SPECIAL CURRICULA. Under FAR 8 141.57, an applicant for an FAA-approved pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate, or the holder of an FAA-approved pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate, may apply for approval to use a special curriculum; i.e., one not prescribed in the appendixes of FAR Part 141. The school must show that the special curriculum contains features that can be expected to achieve a level of pilot competency equivalent to the level achieved by the curriculum prescribed in the appendixes of FAR Part 141, or the appropriate requirements of FAR Part 61. Two copies of the special curriculum should be submitted to the FAA FSDO having jurisdiction over the school at least 60 days before any training under the curriculum is scheduled to begin. The special curriculum should be accompanied by a cover letter explaining clearly how it will meet or exceed the requirements prescribed for a similar course in the appendixes of FAR Part 141. Submission of a special curriculum 60 days before any training under the curriculum is scheduled to begin allows time for the FSDO to approve the curriculum before the applicant develops the TCO. The TCO must be submitted for approval 30 days before training under the course is scheduled to begin. 39. GRADUATION CERTIFICATE. FAR 8 141.95 requires that a graduation certificate be issued to each student who successfully completes an approved course of training. Each graduation certificate must contain at least the following information: a. The nume of the school, including the number of the school certificate. b. The name of the graduate to whom the certificate is issued. c. The course of training for which it is issued. d. The date of graduation. e. A statement that the student has satisfactorily completed each required stage of the approved course of training, including the tests for those stages. J A statement showing the cross-country training the student received in the course of training. g. A certification of the information contained in the certificate by the chief instructor for that course of training. 14 Par 35 ### Page 23 40. TRAINING COURSE OUTLINES - GENERAL. An FAA-approved school or applicant for an FAA-approved school must obtain FAA approval of the outline for each training course for which certification and rating is sought. ,4pplication for approval of a TCO should be made at least 30 days before any training under the course is scheduled to begin. The application should include two copies of each TCO for which approval is sought, and a cover letter for each course requesting approval. Two copies of FAA Form 8420-8 will be required if the approval of a particular TCO places a rating on the school certificate. Amendment of an existing, approved TCO is accomplished in the same manner as a request for initial approval and should include two copies of the pages to be amended and two cover letters specifying the pages in the TCO that the school wishes to amend. approve each of them. The producer of a commercially developed syllabus may choose to change the syllabus. If a pilot school wishes to amend its syllabus accordingly, it must obtain FAA approval. a. When a TCO has been approved, the original copy will be returned to the school with each page signed and dated by the PO1 or manager of the FSDO having jurisdiction over the school. 41. COMPLIANCE WITH THE APPROVED TRAINING COURSE OUTLINE. When a TCO has been approved by the FAA, FAR Part 141 requires that the school giving instruction or training to a student enrolled in that approved course of training comply with all of the approved course of training. Therefore, when a school finds that it can no longer comply with an approved training course for any reason; e.g., a change or loss of aircraft, personnel (except as provided under FAR $ 141.87), facilities, or equipment, it must immediately cease giving instruction or training under that course until the necessary corrective action is taken and, if needed, the appropriately amended TCO is approved by the FSDO. If there is any question about whether training should be discontinued under a certain approved course, the FAA FSDO having jurisdiction over the school should be consulted immediately. 6. When an amendment of an approved 42. TRAINING COURSE OUTLINES - TCO is submitted for approval, the FSDO will CONTENT. Under FAR 5 141.55(a), each TCO review the proposed changes and, if they are must have sufficient content to meet the satisfactory, sign, date, and return the original appropriate curriculum requirements, and must pages of the amendment(s) to the school. contain the following information: c. Commercially Developed Training SyZWus. A school may elect to purchase a commercially developed syllabus and present it for FAA approval. The school should fully understand the objectives and the standards of the syllabus and be able to actually give training as described. Once a commercially developed syllabus has been approved by the FAA, a school may use the syllabus as is, and the FAA does not require it to be approved a second time. If modifications are made, the FAA must a. A description of each: (1) Room used for ground training, including size and maximum number of students that may be instructed in the room at one time; (2) Type of audiovisual aid, projector, tape recorder, mockup, aircraft component, and other special training aid used for ground training; Par 40 15 ### Page 24 AC 14101A 2118193 (3) Pilot ground trainer used for instruction; and (4) Type of aircraft, including any special equipment, used for each phase of instruction. 6. A listing of airports at which training flights originate, and a description of the facilities, including pilot briefing areas that are available for use by the students and operating personnel at each of those airports. c. The minimum qualifications and ratings for each instructor used for ground or flight training. d. A training syllabus for each course of training. 43. TRAINING SYLLABUS CONTENT. A training syllabus is a “building block” progression of learning with provisions for regular review and evaluation at prescribed stages (see appendix 2). A training syllabus must contain the following information: a. Any prerequisites necessary for enrollment in the course; e.g., minimum pilot certificates and ratings, if any, and the required class of medical certificate or statement of no medical deficiency (required for glider or balloon courses only). 6. Any training, pilot experience, or special knowledge required for enrollment in the course. c. A description of each lesson, including its objectives and standards, and the measurable unit of student accomplishment or learning to be derived from the lesson or course. The syllabus must include stages of training and the completion standards for each stage. Course, stage, and lesson objectives must be stated in relation to the performance expected of the student. d. Each course, stage, lesson objective, and completion standard should meet the following general criteria: (1) Overall objectives must describe what students are expected. to know or be able to do at the end of a particular course, stage, or lesson. They must be stated in terms of desired student learning outcomes. (2) Course objectives must state in broad terms the knowledge and skill goals to be reached by the student at the end of the course. (3) Stage objectives must be more limited and must state desired student goals in specific areas of knowledge and skill. (4) Lesson objectives must clearly specify desired student outcomes for each lesson and must be consistent with the objective of the stage and course. 44. TRAINING AIDS (FAR 0 141.41(b)). The instructor may elect to use training aids to improve teacher/student communication. Such instruction aids are defined by the Department of Audiovisual Instruction of the National Education Association as “Devices which assist an instructor in the teaching-learning processes by presenting supporting or supplementary material, usually intermittently. They are not self-supporting.” The key factor is that such aids support, supplement, or reinforce. Aids should be easily understood and compatible with the learning outcomes expected in the completion standards for the lesson. Aids have little value in the learning process if they cannot be heard or seen. Recordings of sound should be tested for correct volume and quality in the actual 16 Par 42 ### Page 25 2118193 AC 141-1A -. . environment in which they will be used. Visual aids should be visible to an entire class. Lettering and illustrations should be large enough to be seen easily by all students. Colors, when used, should be clearly contrasted and easily visible. The effectiveness of aids will be judged by their organization, sequencing, pattern of logic, and their overall effectiveness when used to obtain the objectives and standards prescribed in the training syllabus. Training aids, although valuable, cannot replace the instructor, who must ensure that prescribed training is given and that completion standards are attained. 45. AIRCRAFT DESCRIPTION. A school is required under FAR Part 141 to describe the type(s) of aircraft, including any special equipment used for each phase of instruction, in the TCO for each particular course of training for which approval is sought. A particular type of aircraft may be used for one or several courses of training provided that aircraft meets the requirements of FAR 5 141.39 and is not prohibited from performing any of the procedures and maneuvers required by the particular course or portion of the course of training for which it will be used. 46. AIRCRAFT USED FOR INSTRUMENT TRAINING. Aircraft used for instrument training must be equipped as follows to meet the requirements of FAR Part 141: a. If the approved training syllabus requires flights under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) under FAR Part 9 1, the aircraft used must be one in which instrument flight is authorized by its operating limitations and by its equipment; 6. If the approved training syllabus requires only simulated IFR operations, the aircraft must be equipped and maintained for IFR operations. However, IFR operations need not be authorized by its operating limitations; or c. An aircraft not completely equippedfor IFR operations may be used for instruction in the control and precision maneuvering of an aircraft by reference to instruments if it is approved in the TCO. For example, an airplane need only be equipped with appropriate flight instruments needed for the basic instrument portion of a course of training. 47. COMPLEX AIRPLANE REQUIRE- MENTS. The commercial pilot certification course for airplanes and the commercial pilot test course for airplanes, set forth in Appendixes D and E of FAR Part 141, require flight instruction in an airplane with a retractable gear, flaps, a controllable pitch propeller, and powered by at least a 180 horsepower engine. If a school applies for a commercial pilot certification or test course for airplanes with a seaplane-class rating (using seaplanes for the entire course) a special curriculum should be submitted under FAR 8 141.57, which includes the general requirement of Appendix D, Commercial Pilot Certification Course (Airplanes). A complex seaplane will have, at a minimum, operable wing flaps and a controllable pitch propeller. The use of an appropriately equipped amphibious airplane in a commercial pilot certification or test course could qualify a student for both a land and sea class rating, provided the TCO was so approved. 48. GROUND TRAINERS. When a ground trainer is used in an approved training course, the full extent of that use should be clearly stated in the training syllabus and the learning outcomes should be well defined. This is necessary to provide the instructor with proper guidance, and give the FAA a baseline from which to judge the adequacy of the trainer to be used. a. FAR § 141.41(a)(I) prescribes the requirements for ground trainers that may be used to obtain the maximum flight training credit Par 44 17 ### Page 26 AC 14191A 2/18/93 _’ allowed for ground trainers in an approved pilot training course. b. FAR $141.41(a)(2) provides for the use of ground trainers that do not meet the more complex requirements of FAR 9 141.41(a). There is a large number of ground trainers currently being used by pilot schools that do not meet all of the requirements in FAR 8 141.41(a). Because these trainers can be used to provide effective instruction in certain operations required in an approved course of training, provisions for their use have been made. It is imperative that the training syllabus clearly define their use. Because of their limitations, full credit against flight time is not to be allowed for instruction in such trainers. The provisions in Appendixes A, C, D, E, and F allow credit for instruction in ground trainers. However, the credit received in ground trainers not covered under FAR 6 141.41(a)(l) cannot exceed 50 percent of the credit allowed in a ground trainer that does meet all of the requirements of FAR 5 141.41(a)(l). c. Substitution of a ground training device must be used with discretion when developing a training syllabus that substitutes ground trainer instruction for the flight time required in a complex airplane. Any use of a ground trainer in lieu of flight time in a complex airplane should be justified with clearly stated learning outcomes in the training syllabus that support the skills expected to be learned in such an airplane. A ground trainer may not be used for more than 50 percent of the curriculum requirements related to training required in a complex aircraft. Approval of a TCO which substitutes a ground training device in lieu of a complex airplane will be based on the ability of the ground trainer to provide effective training for this kind of airplane if a ground trainer is to be used. 49. STAGE AND FINAL TESTS. As provided in FAR 0 141.55, during the development of a training syllabus, an appropriate number of stage checks are to be included in both ground training and flight courses to measure the student’s accomplishment for each stage of training. This should ensure standardization and compliance with the approved TCO. a. Stage checks must be given by the chief flight instructor who is responsible for a particular course of training or by a designated assistant chief flight instructor or appropriately qualified instructors. While stage checks may be delegated to appropriately qualified instructors, final checks may only be given by the chief instructor or assistant chief instructor. Proper entries are to be made in the student’s training record, noting the student’s accomplishments and recommending corrective training, if necessary. b. The appendixes of FAR Part 141 allow a certain amount of the time acquired during stage and final tests to be credited toward the ground training and flight time required by the particular curriculum. The time required for a stage or final test can vary significantly with each student. Even though only a specific amount of time acquired through these checks may be credited, every effort should be made to provide adequate time for objective and complete testing even though the total course time may exceed the time prescribed in the curriculum. 18 Par 48 ### Page 27 AC 141-IA 2/18/93 Appendix 1 APPENDIX 1. APPLICATION INFORMATION GENERAL This appendix contains a sample of the following: Figure 1. Pilot School Certificate Figure 2. Letter of Intent Figure 3. Application for Pilot School Certificate (FAA Form 8420-8) Figure 4. FAA Letter of Approved Courses Figure 5. FAR Part 141 Certification Process The information used for these samples is solely for illustrative purposes. ### Page 28 AC 14191A Appendix 1 2/18/93 **UNITED STATES OF AMERICA** **DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION** FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION &dew TELS210F 1862 BULL RUN ~IIXI,E MANASSAS, VIRGINIA 22030 PRIVA'IEPILMT cmMERcIALPILm PRIVATE PILDI'TEST OXJRSE INSTRUMENT RATING FLIGHT INSTRUCKlR AIRLINE'IRANSPORT PILMT 9tzc;lM: APRIL 9, 1991 IjlW-- 7 Ma, AEAFSDo#ZjThis mficatc if3 not l&ransfcrablc, AND ANY YAIOR CHAWGE IN THE BASIC FACILlflES, OR IN THE LOCATION THEREOF, SHALL BE IYMEDIAYELY REPORTED TO THE APPROPRIATE REGIONAL OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL AVIATION ADllNlSTRAllON Any alteration of this certificate is punishable by a fine of not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding 3 yews, or both FM Form 80004 (l-67) SUPERSEDES FAA FORM 390. Figure 1. Pilot School Certificate 2 ### Page 29 . 2lw93 AC 1419lA Appendix 1 TRAVIS AVIATION 1862 Bull Run Circle Manassas, Virginia 22030 (703) 4-TRAVIS April 2, 1991 Federal Aviation Administration Washington FSDO 600 West Service Road Chantilly, Virginia 22033 Gentlemen: This is to notify the Federal Aviation Administration of our intent to become an Approved Pilot School under Part 141 of the Federal Aviation Regulations. We are prepared to begin operations on April 9, 1991, and are ready for your certification inspection. Enclosed are two copies (an original and a facsimile) of FAA Form 8420-8. We anticipate that operations will be conducted from Hangar 6, Manassas Airport, and from Hangar 1, Centreville Airport. Our primary airport address is Building 3, Airport Road, Manassas, Virginia 22033. We intend to operate two Cessna 152s, one Cessna 182RF, one PA-32 Piper Seneca, and a Robinson R-22 helicopter. Mr. Robert Cartwright, holder of Airline Transport Pilot Certificate number 543848384, is the Chief Instructor for all courses and meets the Chief Flight Instructor requirements of FAR § 141.35. I have attached a copy of his pilot resume that may be verified when your inspection is conducted. Also enclosed are two copies of each Training Course Outline for your review and approval. Sincerely, Travis E. Lee Owner Figure 2. Letter of Intent 3 ### Page 30 AC 14191A Appendix 1 2ml93 APPLICANT - Read submlttol ond signoturc instructions on reverse. Fo-m approved; OMB N O . 04 - R0204 DEPARTMENT 3F TRANSPORTATION - FED CRAL AVIATION AWINISTRATION For FAA Use only **APPLICATION FOR PILOT SCHOOL CERTIFICATE** NAME OF SCHOOL ADDRESS OF PRINCIPAL BUSINESS OFFICE Travis E. Lee d/b/a 1862 Eull Run Circle Travis Aviation Manassas, Virginia 22030 LOCATION OF MAIM OPERATIONS BASE Manassas Axport, Fanassas, VA LOCATION OF SATELLITE BASE151 Renewal of Pilot .Shool Certificate and associated ratings currently nurnht-rtb(t 8 which expires on cl without changes to the c-urrcntlv approved course outlines, a with addition of (-(bur%t *I\) Icicntlf ICV~ bclo~ for which approval is requested trhree copres of each course ourlrnc IS errached), including request for examining authority for th r- ( cjurw(c;) appropriately checked; awith delctlon of course.(s) identified bolos from the cwrrlculum. --m-b--- - _ _- Grtificate and ;l)rso~l.~ted rat lnph numhcre4 . which expires on 0 by adding the (*our-t*(<) I*if*nt Ificci below for which approv;ll 14 rcqut*~tc*~f rrhrec c.opre\ ,)I WKh course ourlrne are attached), including wqu-t for c*uamining authori tv \\hc-rc- .~pproprl ,rtc*ly checked; 0 for (it-let Ion of !hc’ c.ourst*cs) IJt-nll !I~*II ttt*Itrtt from the curriculum. - - ----~ IDENTIFICATION OF TRAINING COURSES -- -- -----_ NOTE: Where cxomrnrng outhorl?y for o course IS dcstrcd, place an ‘X’ in the box odlocenr TO the course jdcnttfrcotton.~---- -- - _ -- n cl cl cl cl 0 Private Pilot Private Pilot Test Course @ --- 11 Instrument P.ating -- Commercial Pilot 51 rl-.__ -.- - Flight Instructor L 1 cl Airline Transport Pilot rl (If more spocc IS needed, conttnue--a - -- ---- -..I (W-3 c-c-rtify that I .arn (WC Jr(*) f.uniliar Hith P,lrt I.11 (If [ht. l-‘c*cic*r~l .\viation Regulations, anti, to the I,tmht of my (out) knowledge, believe thdr mv (our) school rrr~ts the rtyuirc*ments for certif ic-at Ion .I\ pr~+(*ril)c~tl therein. \ Travis E. LeeSlgnerurd s) and Tt rler s; April 2, 1991 Owner FOR FM USE ONLY- _-.----- ------ -- CT] APPROVED - 0 a P r~v~~i~rr~l Pilot khw1 Certificute 2 o Pilot School CeHificme, either with orsociated ratings bring the number shown above is i rsued effective 13 DISAPPROVED 1 ad which explrer on - . n Renew1 ‘-- WI thout ommdments 2 with amendments .-- -e-v. S I G NA TURE OF APP(~OVINC OFF’CI AL TIT L E m Amendments DATE FAA Form 84ZQ-8 (4-741 Recommtndot,ons of I nspecTor( I 1 on reverse Figure 3. Application For Pilot School Certificate FRONT ### Page 31 . . AC 141~1A Appendix 1. INSTRUCTIONS TO THE APPLICANT: Submu t an orIginal and one copy of this appli cation, comple:ed in full,along with the r~uired number of this form, 10 rhe FAA District Office having iurisdictton ovw the oreo in which the school is lOC0tCd. uttochmmts where specified on rho face of Stgnoturer on the opplicotlon should be OS foIIowr: a. Appl~cot~on from a person acting as an individual should be signed by the owner; b. Appiicotlon from Q partnership should be signed by all partners; C. Application from o corporation should be signed by the president or such other officers OS authorized by the corpaotion by-lows to sign for the document; corporation and certified to by the corporate secretory attesting to the authority of the individuolr to sign such o d. Appllcotion from o company, club, or ossoctotlonshould be signed the orgonirotlon’s by-laws, and attested to by the 5ecretary. by the prestdent or such other or director os authorized by I3ENTIFICATION OF TRAINING COURSES (Continud)I3ENTIFICATION OF TRAINING COURSES (Continud) NOTE: W~C~C examining ovthwiry for o COUK is ksid, place on ‘X’ in theNOTE: W~C~C examining ovthwiry for o COUK is ksid, place on ‘X’ in the box odjoccnt to the course idtntifiicotion.box odjoccnt to the course idtntificotion rlrl 1313 IIIIII -- ClCl clcl clcl CC11 ---. -- -----. -- -- clcl nn clcl qq clcl nn --- ---- - clcl FOR OPERATIONS FOR MAINTENANCE FOR AVIONICS INSPECTORS’ SIGNATURES AND DATES , 4.__.. - _. .-_- OATE DATE OATE Figure 3. Application For Pilot School Certificate (Cont’d.) **BACK 5** ### Page 32 AC 14blA Appendix 1 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Washington FSDO GT Building, Suite 112 600 West Service Road Chantilly, Virginia 22033 April 9, 1991 Travis E. Lee, dba Travis Aviation, located at 1862 Bull Run Circle, Manassas, Virginia 22030, is authorized under Air Agency Certificate Number TELS210F to conduct the courses of training listed herein: Private Pilot Additional Aircraft Ratinq Airplane - SEL Airplane - SEL Rotorcraft - Helicopter Rotorcraft - Helicopter Instrument Ratinq Airplanes Fliqht Instructor Certification Airplane - SE Instrument - Airplane Additional Fliaht Instructor Airplane - SE Airplane - ME Instrument - Airplane Private Test Course Airplane - SEL Commercial Pilot Airplane - SEL Rotorcraft - Helicopter Pilot Refresher Course Private Pilot - Airplane SEL This list of approved courses of training expires on April 30, revoked. 1993, unless superseded, surrendered, suspended, or I 1J”“i”e 6, iJ!$42Wayne B. Wright Manager, AEA FSDO #27 Figure 4. FAA Letter of Approved Courses ### Page 33 (OCR) 2/18/93 FAR Part **PREAPPLI** ### Page 34 2/18/93 AC M-IA Appendix 2 APPENDIX 2. SAMPLE PILOT TRAINING COURSE OUTLINE (TCO) This sample private pilot TCO is intended to serve as a general guide for the preparation of a TCO for which FAA approval is sought. Pilot schools may develop their own training syllabus or use a commercially prepared syllabus (see Order 8700.1, Chapter 142, Section 1, Paragraph 7). If a commercially prepared syllabus is used, it must meet the needs of their particular operation; i.e., physical layout of the operation, personnel, aircraft, kinds of training aids available, methods and procedures of operation, and the goals and standards of the school. The content of the training syllabus contained herein is not considered to be the optimum. The syllabus content should be arranged in a manner best suited to the individudl school where training procedures are often dictated by weather, location or specific training needs. This sample contains a training syllabus for both private pilot ground and flight training and is designed to be taught concurrently. 1. A TCO is required by FAR 6 141.55 to meet the minimum curriculum requirements of the course prescribed in the appropriate appendixes of FAR Part 141. If the school elects to submit a TCO, based on a special curriculum approved under FAR 5 141.57, such a course will be approved upon a showing that the course, as outlined, will achieve a level of training prescribed in the approved special curriculum. 2. It is intended that the appendixes of FAR Part 141 include uniform curricula for approved training courses but would not prescribe maneuvers and other details included in the curricula contained in FAR Part 141. This was done to provide flexibility which is necessary and directed by the fact that students trained under FAR Part 141 must be tested under FAR Part 61. 3. From time to time, the FAA may highlight special emphasis items that have been determined to be beneficial to be included in a TCO. Review the TCO’s to determine if such special emphasis items are addressed; if not, consider the inclusion of these items and coordinate with the FAA prior to formal submission of an amended TCO. ### Page 35 AC M-IA Appendix 2 2/18/93 **TRAINING COURSE OUTLINE SAMPLE** 1. Travis Aviation, located at Manassas Airport, Manassas, Virginia, holds Air Agency Certificate No. TELS21OF, and is owned and operated as: TRAVIS E. LEE dba **TRAVIS AVIATION 1862 BULL RUN CIRCLE MANASSAS, VA 22030** 2. COURSE TITLE. Private Pilot Certification Course - Airplane Single-Engine Land. 3. This TCO meets all of the curriculum requirements for the Private Pilot Certification Course contained in appendix A of FAR Part 141 (describe the approved special curriculum if one is used as a basis for the TCO). These curriculum contents are intended to parallel FAA-S-8081.l A, the Private Pilot Airplane Single-Engine Land Practical Test Standards (PTS). 4. The training syllabus herein contains a separate ground training course and a flight training course which will be taught concurrently. 5. COURSE OBJECTIVE. The student will obtain the knowledge, skill and aeronautical experience necessary to meet the requirements for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category rating and a single-engine land class rating. 6. COMPLETION STANDARD. The student must demonstrate through written tests, practical tests, and through appropriate records that he/she meets the knowledge, skill and experience requirements necessary to obtain a private pilot certificate with an airplane category rating and a single-engine land class rating. Each individual must satisfactorily complete at least one stage of training within each training period of not more than 90 days. 7. GROUND INSTRUCTIONAL FACILITIES. Ground instructional facilities are located in Hanger No. 12 at the Manassas Airport. They consist of two 25 by 25foot rooms equipped with tables and chairs and instruction booths, as shown in the following diagrams. A. Training Room No. 1 is equipped with eight 36 by 72-inch tables and chairs to accommodate 16 students. The room is also equipped with a 36 by 60-inch chalk board, a VHS videotape player and 48.inch monitor and an overhead projector and screen. The tables are equipped with a “four-answer” responder system with the master panel located on the instructor’s lectern. B. (Diagram - Training Room No. 1). ### Page 36 2/18/93 AC 141~1A Appendix 2 C. Training Room No. 2 is equipped with nine individual training booths. Eight booths are equipped with Apex Visual Screens and projectors. One booth is equipped with closed circuit television. D. (Diagram - Training Room No. 2). E. The training rooms are well lighted and the temperature is thermostatically controlled. Each room is well ventilated and conforms to the city of Manassas building, sanitation and health codes. The rooms are designed and located so that students will not be distracted by instruction conducted in the other rooms or by flight and maintenance operations at the airport. 8. AIRPORT. Manassas Airport is the main operations base for training in this course. Flight training operations, including the dispatching of flights, will also be conducted at Centreville Airport, Centreville, Virginia. Both airports have hard-surfaced runways and meet the qtiirements of FAR 0 141.37 for day and night flight operations. Each airport has fuel and maintenance services available from 0600-2200. 9. AIRPORT FACILITIES. Each airport is equipped with a pilot briefing area. These are permanent structures located in Hangar 12 at Manassas Airport and in Hangar 1 at Centreville Airport. Both briefing areas are equipped with Direct User Access Terminals (DUATS) and a direct line telephone to the Leesburg Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS). The facilities are used exclusively by students, air taxi pilots, aircraft salesmen, itinerant pilots, and regular customers of Travis Aviation. The briefing areas are 20 by 25.feet and equipped with numerous tables for planning purposes. The briefing areas have a full set of aeronautical charts, including the current AIM. Large wall maps with a mileage indicator depict the entire United States. The local practice areas are shown and described on a detailed chart posted on the wall. 10. AIRCRAFT, Bendix 180 airplanes will be used for all flight training in this course. These aircraft will meet the requirements of FAR 5 141.39. Radio equipment will consist of at least one 360 channel transceiver and at least one VOR and NDB navigational receiver and a 4096 code transponder with Mode C capability. Each airplane is equipped for day and night VFR and IFR flying as specified in FAR 0 91.205. 11. CHIEF FLIGHT INSTRU~OR. (The chief flight instructor for a coume of training should be designated by name in the appropriate TCO. If the school’s qualifications for a chief flight instructor are higher than those listed in FAR 0 141.35, those qualifications should be listed.) 12. ASSISTANT CHIEF FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR(S). (The assistant chief flight instructor(s) for a course of training should be designated by name in the appropriate TCO. If assigned duties at a satellite base, those duties and the specific bases should be listed.) 13. FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS. (The minimum qualifications and ratings for flight instructors should be listed in the TCO.) For example: Each flight instructor assigned to this course must be the holder of at least a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category rating and a single-engine land class rating. The instructor must be the holder of a flight instructor certificate with an airplane category rating with a 3 ### Page 37 AC 1419IA Appendix 2 2/18/93 . single-engine class rating and an instrument airplane rating. The instructor must also have a total of 1,ooO hours of flying time, including at least 200 hours of flight instruction. 14. CHIEF GROUND INSTRUCTOR. (If a chief ground instructor teaches a course of training, the instructor should be designated by name in the appropriate TCO. If the school’s qualifications are higher than those listed in FAR 0 141.35(e), they should be listed.) ### Page 38 2/18/93 AC 1411IA Appendix 2 **TRAINING COURSE OUTLINE - TRAINING SYLLABUS** PRIVATE PILOT CERTIFICATlON COURSE AIRPLANE SINGLE-ENGINE LAND GROUND TRAINING: 37 HOURS 1. GROUND TRAINING COURSE OBJECTIVES. The student will obtain the necessary aeronautical knowledge and meet the prerequisites specified in FAR Part 61 for a private pilot written test. 2. GROUND TRAINING COURSE COMPLETION STANDARDS. The student will demonstrate through practical tests, written tests, and records that he/she meets the prerequisites specified in FAR Part 61, and has the knowledge necessary to pass the private pilot written test. STAGE ONE - FAR AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS: 7:00 HOURS 1. STAGE ONE OBJECTIVE. To develop the student’s knowledge of the FAR, the AIM (Official Guide to Basic Flight Information and Air Traffic Control (ATC) Procedures), the AC system, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Part 830 and Airport Facility Directory, and the kind of flight operations authorized by the private pilot certificate. 2. STAGE ONE COMPLETION STANDARD. This stage will be completed successfully when the student passes the Stage One final written examination with a grade of 80 percent. 3. LESSON NO. 1 - 2:00 HOURS. A. Objective. During this lesson, the student will be introduced to the appropriate regulatory requirements of FAR Parts 61 and 91. CONTENT: (1) Airplane Registration and Airworthiness Certificate. (2) FAR Part 1, Definitions and Abbreviations, appropriate to the private pilot. (3) FAR Part 61. (a) Requirements for certificates and ratings, privileges, and limitations (student and private pilot). (b) Duration of pilot certificates. (c) Medical certificate requirements, classes and duration. (d) Written tests. (e) Practical tests. (f) Pilot logbooks and flight records, logging of pilot time. (g) Recency of experience requirements (including biennial flight review). (h) Private pilot privileges and limitations. ### Page 39 AC 14MA Appendix 2 2/18/93 : . B. Completion Standards. The student will have successfully completed the lesson when, by oral examination, the student displays a working knowledge of the appropriate portions of FAR Parts 61 and 91 and demonstrates how to locate and use information in the rule. 4. LESSON NO. 2 - 2:00 HOURS. A. Objective. During this lesson, Lesson No. 1 will be reviewed. The student will be instructed in the pertinent regulatory requirements of FAR Part 91 and the accident report rules of the NTSB as related to private pilot operations. CONTENT: (1) FAR Part 91. General operating and flight rules. VFR requirements. IFR requirements (familiarization). Maintenance, preventative maintenance and alterations, airworthiness and registration certificates. Familiarization with Subpart D. (2) NTSB Procedural Regulations, Part 830 - Notification and Reporting of Accidents. B. Completion Standards. The lesson will be successfully completed when, by oral examination, the student can demonstrate how to locate and use information in the appropriate rule as related to private pilot operations and demonstrates an understanding of NTSB Part 830. 5. LESSON NO. 3 - 2:30 HOURS. A. Objective. During this lesson, the student will be given instruction in the basic content of the AIM for VFR operations, the AC system, and airport facility directory. CONTENT: (1) AIM. Air navigation radio aids. Airport air navigation lighting and runway and taxiway marking. Airspace, Airport Radar Service Area, Terminal Control Areas, Restricted Areas, Prohibited Areas, Warning Areas and Military Operational Areas. Air traffic control. Services available to pilots. Airport operations to include high density airport operations. Emergency procedures. Good operating practices to include collision avoidance. ### Page 40 2/18/93 AC 14191A Appendix 2 (2) Airport Facility Directory. (3) FAA AC Series 00,20, 60, 70,90, 150 and 170 (familiarization). B. Completion Standards. The student will have successfully completed the lesson when, by oral examination and demonstration, the student displays basic knowledge of the appropriate parts of the AIM for VFR operations, Airport Facility Directory and the AC system. 6. STAGE ONE FINAL WRITTEN EXAMINATION - :30 MINUTES. (A copy of the Stage One final written examination should be included with the training syllabus when submitted to the FAA FSDO for review. The examination should be comprehensive and contain questions on information covered during this stage.) STAGE TWO - NAVIGATION: 9:OO HOURS 1. STAGE TWO OBJECTIVE. To develop the student’s ability to plan and plot a VFR cross-country flight using pilotage, dead reckoning and radio navigation. 2. STAGE TWO COMPLETION STANDARD. This stage will be completed successfully when the student passes the Stage Two f&l written examination with a grade of 80 percent. 3. LESSON NO. 1 - 2:00 HOURS. A. Objective. During this lesson, the student will be instructed in the operation of aircraft radios and the use of radio phraseology with respect to ATC facilities. The flight computer will be introduced along with the basic use of aeronautical charts. CONTENT: (1) Radio communications. 0a 0 0C (d) 0e 0 (8) 09 0i Operation of the communications radio equipment. Ground control. Tower. Automatic Terminal Information Service. Flight Service Station (FSS or AFSS). **UNICOM.** Common Traffic Advisory Frequency. Technique and phraseology. ATC light signals. (2) Flight computer/calculator face. (a) Time. m speed- ### Page 41 AC 141-IA Appendix 2 2/18/93 . . . . (c) Distance. (d) Fuel consumption. (3) VFR navigation. (a) Aeronautical charts. (b) Measurement of courses. (c) Pilotage. B. Completion Standards. The student will have successfully completed the lesson when, by oral examination and demonstration, the student displays basic knowledge of radio communications, ATC facilities and aeronautical charts. The student will be able to solve elementary problems on the flight computer. 4. LESSON NO. 2 - 2:30 HOURS. A. Objective. During this lesson, the student will be instructed in the fundamentals of navigation, the operation of navigational radio equipment, and advanced problems on the flight computer. CONTENT: (1) VFR navigation. (a) Pilotage. (b) Dead reckoning. (2) Operation of the navigational radio equipment. (a) VOR. (b) ADF. (c) Use of radio aids. (3) Flight computer/calculator. (a) Determination of wind correction angle and true heading. (b) Determination of ground speed. (c) Review, time, speed, distance, and fuel consumption problems. B. Completion Standards. The student will have successfully completed the lesson when, by oral examination and demonstration, the student displays a basic knowledge of navigation and the use of radio aids. The student will be able to solve fundamental and advanced problems on the flight computer. ### Page 42 2/18/93 AC 14LlA Appendix 2 **5. LESSON NO. 3 - 290 HOURS.** A. Objective. Lesson Tko will be reviewed. Advanced radio navigational problems, emergency procedures with respect to cross-country flying and flight planning will be introduced. CONTENT: (1) Review Lesson Wo. (2) Use of ADF. (3) Radar. (4) Use of VOR. (5) Emergency procedures. (a) Diversion to an alternate. (b) Lost procedures, including use of radar and DF instructions. (c) In-flight emergencies, including forced landings. (6) Transponder and Mode C. (7) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME). (8) Review flight planning. (9) Review flight computer. B. Completion Standards. This lesson will be completed when, by oral examination and demonstration, the student displays a working knowledge of radio navigation procedures, emergency procedures and solving of flight computer/calculator problems. 6. LESSON NO. 4 - 2:00 HOURS. A. Objective. During this lesson, the student will be instructed in advanced flight planning, review of flight computer problems, and will be introduced to aeromedical factors related to flight and general safety precautions. At this time, the school procedures for cross-country training flights will be introduced. (1) Flight planning. (2) Review flight computer. ### Page 43 AC 141-1A Appendix 2 2/18/93 . .‘, (3) Aeromedical factors related to flight. 0a 0 0C (a 0e (0 (49 0 Fatigue. Hypoxia. Hyperventilation. Alcohol. Drugs. Vertigo, spatial disorientation and motion sickness. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Middle ear and sinus problems. (4) General safety. 0a Collision avoidance precautions. 0 Wake turbulence avoidance. w Fire - in the air and on the ground. (d) Use of fire extinguishers (halon). 0e Ground handling of aircraft. (5) School procedures for redispatching flights after unscheduled stops. (6) Obtaining maintenance away from the home base. B. Completion Standards. This lesson will be completed when, by oral examination and demonstration, the student displays knowledge of medical factors related to flight, general safety procedures, and school policy and procedures for cross-country training flights. 7. STAGE TWO FINAL WRITTEN EXAMINATION - :30 MINUTES. (A copy of the Stage Two final written examination, along with its passing standards, should be included with the training syllabus when submitted to the FAA FSDO for review. The examination should be comprehensive and contain questions on information covered during this stage.) STAGE THREE - WEATHER: 7:00 HOURS 1. STAGE THREE OBJECTIVE. To develop the ability to recognize critical weather situations fi-om the ground and in flight, and become familiar with procedures and use of appropriate aeronautical weather reports and forecasts. 2. STAGE THREE COMPLETION STANDARDS. The student will have successfully completed this stage when he/she passes the Stage Three final written examination with a grade of at least 80 percent. ### Page 44 2/18/93 AC 1419lA Appendix 2 **3. LESSON NO. 1 - 290 HOURS.** A. Objective. During this lesson, the student will be instructed in the fundamentals of weather as associated with the operation of aircraft, CONTENT: (1) Aviation weather basics. (a) Atmospheric layers (inversions). (b) Pressure. (c) Circulation. (d) Temperature and moisture. (e) Stability and lapse rates. (f) Turbulence. (g) Clouds. (2) Air masses. (3) Fronts. (4) Aircraft icing. (5) Thunderstorms. B. Completion Standards. This lesson will be completed when, by oral examination, the student demonstrates fundamental knowledge of aviation weather. 4. LESSON NO. 2 - 2:30 HOURS. A. Objective. Lesson No. 1 will be reviewed. The interpretation and use of weather reports, forecasts, aviation broadcasts and the obtaining of weather briefings will be introduced. CONTENT: (1) Review Lesson No. 1. (2) Aviation weather reports - procurement and use. (a) Hourly sequence reports. (b) Special surface reports. (c) Pilot reports. (d) Radar reports. (3) Aviation weather broadcasts - procurement and use. (a) Transcribed weather broadcasts. ### Page 45 AC 14191A Appendix 2 2/18/93 (b) In-flight weather advisories. (4) Weather briefings. (5) Review requirements of regulations for VFR flight. (6) Aviation weather forecasts. (a) Area forecasts. (b) Terminal forecasts. (c) Wind-aloft forecasts and reports and windshear. (d) Weather charts. (e) Pilot weather reports. (f) SIGMET’s and AIRMET’s. (7) Use of the DUAT (a) Location identifiers. (b) Filing flight plans. (c) Notices to Airmen (NOTAM’s). B. Completion Standards. The lesson will be completed when, by oral examination and demonstration, the student displays the ability to interpret and use aviation weather reports and forecasts and can obtain a weather briefing directly from an AFSS or through the use of DUAT. 5. LESSON NO. 3 - 2:00 HOURS. A. Objective. This lesson will consist of a review of the previous two lessons and instruction in the use of Coordinated Universal Time (UK), in-flight weather advisories and weather recognition. CONTENT: (1) Review Lessons No. 1 and 2. (2) UTC. (3) In-flight weather advisories. (4) Weather recognition - from the ground and inflight. B. Completion Standards. This lesson will be completed when, by oral examination, the student displays a working knowledge of UTC and in-flight aviation weather advisories. ### Page 46 2/18/93 AC 141~1A Appendix 2 6. STAGE THREE FINAL WRITTEN EXAMINATION - :30 MINUTES. (A copy of the Stage Three final written examination should be included with the training syllabus when submitted to the FAA FSDO for review. The examination should be comprehensive and contain questions on information covered during this stage.) STAGE FOUR - FLIGHT FUNDAMENTALS AND AIRPLANE SYSTEMS: 1390 HOURS 1. STAGE FOUR OBJECTIVE. To develop the student’s knowledge to operate an airplane safely in high density airport operations, using collision avoidance precautions and radio communication procedures. 2. STAGE FOUR COMPLETION STANDARDS. This stage will be successfully completed when the student passes the Stage Four final written examination with a grade of 80 percent. 3. LESSON NO. 1 - 2:30 HOURS. A. Objective. During this lesson, the student will be instructed in the fundamentals of flight basic aerodynamics, including load factors. CONTENT: (1) Forces action on an airplane in flight. (a) Lift. (b) Weight (c) Thrust. (d) Drag. (2) Airfoils. (a) Angle of incidence. (b) Angle of attack. (c) Bernoulli’s Principle. (3) Factors affecting lift and drag. (a) Wing area, (b) Airfoil shape. (c) Angle of attack. (d) Airspeed. (e) Air density. (4) Functions of the controls. (a) Axis of rotation - longitudinal, lateral and vertical. (b) Primary controls - ailerons, elevators and rudder. ### Page 47 AC 14101A Appendix 2 2/18/93 (c) Secondary controls - trim tabs. (d) Flaps and other high lift devices. (5) Stability. (a) Static stability. (b) Dynamic stability. (6) Loads and load factors. (a) Effect of bank angle on stall speed. (b) Effect of turbulence on load factor. (c) Effect of speed on load factor. (d) Effect of load factor on stall speed. B. Completion Standards. This lesson will be successfully completed when, by oral examination, the student displays a basic understanding of the fundamentals of flight, basic aerodynamics, and load factors. **4. LESSON NO. 2 - 290 HOURS.** A. Objective. During this lesson, Lesson No. 1 will be reviewed. The student will be instructed in the basic maneuvers of flight. CONTENT: (1) Straight and level flight. (a) Pitch, bank and yaw. (b) Trim. (c) Integrated use of outside reference and flight instruments. (2) Level turns. (a) Forces in a turn. (b) Aileron yaw. (c) speed of roll. (d) Slips and skids. (e) Integrated use of outside reference and flight instruments. (3) Climbs and climbing turns. (a) Gyroscopic action. (b) Asymmetrical loading of propeller (“P” factor). (c) Slipstream rotation. (d) Torque effect. (e) Best rate of climb airspeed. ### Page 48 2/18/93 AC 14191A Appendix 2 (f) Best angle of climb airspeed. (g) Trim. (4) Glides and gliding turns. (a) Effect of high lift devices. (b) Most efficient glide speed. (c) Coordination. (d) Trim. (5) Descents with power. (a) Power settings and airspeeds. (b) Trim. B. Completion Standards. The student will have successfully completed the lesson when, by means of a practical test, the student displays a basic understanding of the fundamentals of flight presented in this lesson and in previous flight training. 5. LESSON NO. 3 - 2:00 HOURS. A. Objective. During this lesson, the student will be instructed in the use of the pilot’s operating handbooks, flight manuals and weight and balance. Fundamental flight training maneuvers will be introduced. CONTENT: (1) Use of data in pilot’s operating handbook or FAA-approved AFM. (a) Takeoff and landing distances. (b) Fuel consumption and related charts. (c) Maximum range power settings; maximum endurance power settings. (d) Operating limitations, handbooks/manuals. (2) Weight and balance. (a) Terms and definitions. (b) Effects of abnormal balance. (c) Finding loaded weight. (d) Finding center of gravity; when weight is shifted; when weight is added or removed. Aircraft equipment list. (3) Flight at minimum controllable airspeed. (4) stalls. (a) Theory of stalls. (b) Power-on stalls. ### Page 49 AC 14111A Appendix 2 2/18/93 0C Power-off stalls. cd) Crossed-control stalls. 0e Secondary stalls. (0 Elevator trim stalls. (8) Spin entry, inadvertent spins, and spin recovery techniques. (5) Steep turns. (6) Plight maneuvering by reference to ground objects. (a) S-turns across a road. (b) Rectangular course. (c) Tums around a point. B. Completion Standards. This lesson the student displays a basic knowledge of the fundamentals of basic flight training maneuvers. will be completed successfully when, by demonstration, owner’s handbook, AFM, weight and balance, and the **6. LESSON NO. 4 - 290 HOURS.** A. Objective. The student will be instructed in flight training maneuvers, including an introduction to attitude instrument flying. CONTENT: (1) Review Lesson No. 3. (2) Takeoffs and landings. (a) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings. (b) Soft field takeoffs and landings. (c) Short field takeoffs and landings. (d) Go-arounds or rejected landings. (3) Introduction to attitude instrument flying. Maneuvering by reference to flight instruments - pitch, bank, power and trim control in the performance of basic instrument maneuvers. 0a Straight and level flight. 0 Constant altitude turns. 0C Climbs. (d) Descents. 0e Recovery from unusual attitudes. ### Page 50 2/18/93 AC 141~IA Appendix 2 B. Completion Standards. This lesson will be completed successfully when, by oral examination and demonstration, the student displays a basic knowledge of the fundamentals of flight training maneuvers and attitude instrument flying. **7. LESSON NO. 5 - 290 HOURS.** A. Objective. During this lesson the student will be instructed in systems and instruments. CONTENT: (1) Airplane structures. (a) Construction features. (b) Flight control systems. (c) Rigging. (2) Propellers. (a) Fixed pitch. (b) Controllable. (3) Reciprocating airplane engines. 0a 0 0C (d) 0e (0 (8) (h) 0i Construction features. Principle of operation - four stroke cycle. Fuel system, including carburetors and fuel injectors. Lubrication system. Ignition system. Engine instruments. Operating limitations. Anti-ice and deice systems. Malfunctions and remedial actions. (4) Airplane hydraulic system. (a) Principle of hydraulics. (b) Use of hydraulics in airplanes. (c) Construction features of simple airplane hydraulic systems. (d) Retractable landing gear and flaps. (e) Malfunctions and remedial actions. (5) Airplane electrical systems. (a) Fundamentals of electricity. (b) Operation of airplane electrical power system units. (c) Electrically operated flight instruments. (d) Retractable landing gear. (e) Wing flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers. ### Page 51 AC 141~1A Appendix 2 2/18/93 . (6) (3 (8) (9) (f) Fuses and circuit breakers. (g) Malfknctions and remedial actions. Pitot static system and instruments. (a) Airspeed indicator, including markings. (b) Altimeter and altitude encoder. (c) Vertical speed indicator. Vacuum system and instruments. (a) Altitude indicator. (b) Heading indicator. (c) Turn and slip indicator. Magnetic compass. (a) Errors in the magnetic compass. (b) Use of the magnetic compass. Maintenance requirements and appropriate records. B. Completion Standards. This lesson will be successf’ully completed when, by oral examination, the student displays a basic understanding of the aircraft systems and instruments. **8. LESSON NO. 6 - 290 HOURS.** A. Objective. During this lesson the student flying. Previous lessons will be reviewed as necessary, CONTENT: will be instructed in the fundamentals of night (1) Review Lesson No. 1 through Lesson No. 5. (2) Night flying. (a) Requirements of regulations. (b) Preparation. (c) Equipment. (d) Night vision. (e) Airport lighting. (f) Orientation. (g) VFR navigation. (h) Weather factors. ### Page 52 2118193 AC 141~1A Appendix 2 (3) FAR Partial and complete power failure. (a) Sample situations. (b) Recommended courses of action. (4) Systems and equipment malfunctions. (a) Sample situations. , (b) Recommended course of action. B. Completion Standards. The lesson will be completed successfully when the student, by oral examination and demonstration, displays a working knowledge of the fundamentals of night flying. 9. STAGE FOUR FINAL WRITTEN EXAMINATION - :30 MINUTES. (A copy of the Stage Four examination to be given should be included with the training syllabus when submitted to the FAA FSDO for review. The examination should be comprehensive and contain questions on information covered during this stage.) 10. FINAL WRITTEN should be included in examination should be course.) EXAMINATION - 1:00 HOUR. (A copy of the final examination to be given the training syllabus when submitted to the FAA FSDO for review. The comprehensive and contain questions on information covered during the entire 19 ### Page 53 Appendix 2 2t18193 Note: This is a sample TCO only and may not include all PTS items or be complete in relation to the FAR. This sample is not meant to be used as an “approval-ready” TCO. **TRAINING COURSE OUTLINE - TRAINING SYLLABUS** PRIVATE PILOT CERTIFICATION COURSE AIRPLANE SINGLE-ENGINE LAND FLIGHT TRAINING: 35 HOURS 1. ENROLLMENT PREREQUISITES. Students enrolling in this flight course must possess a valid student pilot certificate and hold at least a current third-class medical. certificate. *. .. . .* . .‘. * . . .’ . *,.* 2. FLIGH?” TRAINING COORSE OBJECTIVES.’ The student will obtain the aeronautical skill and : ’ ’ ‘ex+ience necessary to meet ,the requirements for a Private Pilot Certificate with an airplane. category *: rating and single-engine land class rating. ‘3. FLIGHT TRAINING COURSE COMPLETION STANDARDS. The student will demonstrate through practical test ‘and school records that he/she has the necessary aeronautical skill and expefienceto obtain . a Private Pilot Certificate with an airplane category rating and single-engine land class rating. ’ STAGE ONE - SOLO FLIGHT 9 HOURS DUAL, 1 HOUR SOLO 1. STAGE ONE OBJEmmS. ’ The student will be instructed. inthe basic flying procedures and skills.necessary for the first solo flight. 2. STAGE ONE COMPLETION STANDARDS. The stage will be completed when the student satisfactorily passes the Stage One check and is able to conduct solo flights safely. 3. PLIGHT LESSON No. 1 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. The student will be familiarized with the training airplane, its operating characteristics, cabin controls, instruments, and systems, preflight procedures, use of checklists, and safety precautions to be followed. The student will by instructed in basic flight maneuvers. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. ### Page 54 2/18/93 AC 14LlA Appendix 2 (2) Introduction. 0 a @I w 00 0 e 0 (8) 0 0 i0) . 00 0 ( >m n. 0 0 0 (P) (s) Purpose of preflight checks and visual inspections. Line (preflight) inspection and aircraft servicing. Importance of using a checklist. Starting engine and runups. Basic radio procedures. Taxiing. Pmtakeoff checklist. Takeoff (normal or crosswind). Traffic pattern departure. Local flying area familiarization. Straight and level flight (VIZ and IR).* Shallow and medium bank turns (VR and IR) in both directions. Collision avoidance. Traffic pattern entry. . . . Ground safety. Postflight procedures. Cockpit management. ... . . . . . .. . . .. . * The notation “VR and IR” is used to indicate maneuvers to be per-for&d by both visual and. t . . instrument references during the conduct. of integrated flight instruction. . - . 4 (3). Postflight critique and preview of n&t i&son. * . e’ . .. .. . B. Completion’Standards. At the completion of&is lesson, the student should be able to, with assistance, conduct a preflight, use checklists, make engine runups,]maintam altitude in straight and level and in turns within ZOO feet and control heading with q(P, and display an understanding of ground safety. 4. FLIGHT LESSON No. 2 (1 HOUR DUAL). * A. Objective. The student will receive instruction and review on basic flight maneuvers. Instruction in climbs, climbing turns, descents, descending turns, and level-off procedures will be given. CONTENT.: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Review. (a) Normal or crosswind takeoff. (b) Traffic pattern departure. ### Page 55 AC M-IA Appendix 2 (c) Shallow and medium bank turns (VR and IR) in both directions. (d) Straight and level flight (VR and IR). (3) Introduction. 0a 00 Cc) 60 0e Airplane servicing. Climbs and climbing turns (VR and IR). Glides and gliding turns (VR and IR). Torque effect. Level off from climbs and glides (VR and IR). (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student should be able to establish proper climbs and descents, and control airspeed, within 210 knots with power and altitude adjustments, hold altitude within WO feet and headings within 210”. 5, PLIGHT LESSON No. 3 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. This flight period will be a review of maneuvers and procedures previously introduced. Plight at minimum controllable airspeed, steep turns, and power-off stalls will be given. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Review. 0a 0. ‘0c. (d) ’ 0 e (f) (8) 01) Use of checklist. Basic radio communications procedure. Engine starting. . Straight and level flight (VR and IR). Constant altitude medium bank turns (VR and IR). Climbs and climbing turns (VR and IR). Glides and gliding turns (VR and IR). Level-off procedures (VR and IR). (3) Introduction. (a) Steep turns. (b) Descents and descending turns (VR and IR) using high and low drag configurations. (c) Approach to landing and preview of next lesson. (d) Plight at minimum controllable airspeed (VR and IR). (e) Power-off stalls (imminent and full). ### Page 56 2/18/93 AC 14191A Appendix 2 (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will be expected to display proficiency in maintaining airspeed within 210 knots of appropriate airspeeds. Loss or gain of altitude should be restricted to within 2100 feet and heading control within 210” while in straight and level flight. 6. FLIGHT LESSON No. 4 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. This lesson will consist of a review of all previous maneuvers. S-turns across a road, turns around a point, power-on stalls, and elementary emergency landings will be introduced. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Review. Straight and level flight. Constant altitude turns. Flight at minimum controllable airspeed. Takeoff and pattern departure. Power-off stalls. Steep turns. Pattern entry. (3) Introduction. (a) Power-on stalls (VR and IR): (imminent and full). (b) Rectangular course. (c) s-tums. (d) Turns around a point. (e) Forced landings procedures initiated at takeoff. During initial climb, cruise, descent, and in the landing pattern. (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will have successfully completed the lesson when he/she is competent to perform, with minimum assistance, the procedures and maneuvers given during previous lessons. The student should achieve the ability to recognize stall indications and make safe prompt recoveries. Additionally, the student should maintain assigned airspeed within210 knots, assigned altitude within W)O feet and assigned heading within X)O, and display a basic knowledge of elementary. emergency landings. ### Page 57 AC 1419lA Appendix 2 2/18/93 7. FLIGHT LESSON No. 5 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. In addition to review items, the student will be introduced to emergency procedures, the procedures used to change airspeed and configuration of the airplane in various flight attitudes. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Review. (a) Plight at minimum controllable airspeed. (b) Steep turns. (c) Power-on and power-off stalls. (3) Introduction. (a) Best rate of climb V, and climbing turns (VR and IR). (b) Best angle of climb VX and climbing turns (VR and IR). (c) Emergency procedures. (d) Change of airspeed and configuration. (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion S*mdards. The student will display, through performance and discussion, complete understanding of possible emergencies and procedures to use during flight. The student should maintain airspeed within -‘5 knots of assigned airspeeds, where applicable. 8. FLIGHT LESSON No. 6 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. This lesson will consist of a review of previous maneuvers and an introduction to go-around procedures. At least three takeoffs and landings to a full stop will be accomplished with instructor guidance. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Review. (a) Medium bank turns (VR and IR). (b) Best rate of climb V, and climbing turns (VR and IR). (c) Best angle of climb VX and climbing turns (VR and IR). (d) Power-on stall. ### Page 58 2/18/93 AC 14191A Appendix 2 (e) Steep turns (VR and IR). (f) Emergency procedures. (g) Airspeed and configuration changes (VR and IR). Cruise to minimum controllable. (h) Climbing and descending turns (VR and IR). (i) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings. (3) Introduction. (a) Go-around. (b) Wake turbulence avoidance. (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student should perform with proficiency the basic flight maneuvers. He/she should demonstrate the ability to maintain altitude within 2100 feet and ability to control heading within Llo”, and control airspeed within 210 knots of preselected airspeed, where. applicable. 9. FLIGHT LESSON No. 7 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objectives. This lesson will consist of a review of previous maneuvers and procedures. The student should perform those maneuvers and procedures for evaluation and practice in preparation for solo. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Review. 0a 0 0C (d) 0e (0 (8) 01) 0i Medium bank turns (VR and IR). Power-off stalls. Steep turns. Emergency procedures. Airspeed configuration changes (VR and IR). Climbing and descending turns. Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings. Go-around procedures. Forward slips to a landing. (3) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student should perform the basic flight maneuvers and demonstrate the ability to maintain altitude within +lOO feet and to control heading within 210” of that assigned. In addition, the student should control airspeed within 210 knots of the preselected airspeed. ### Page 59 AC 14MA Appendix 2 2/18/93 10. PLIGHT LESSON No. 8 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. This lesson will consist of a review of selected maneuvers and procedures. In addition, the student will continue takeoff and landing practice. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Review. (a) Straight and level flight (VR and IR). (b) Medium bank turns (VR and IR). (c) Takeoff and pattern departure. (d) Pattern entry and normal and/or crosswind landings. (3) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will display skill and understanding in the execution of selected maneuvers and procedures and show solo competence while executing takeoffs and landings. 11. PLIGHT LESSON No. 9 FIRST SOLO PLIGHT (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. During this lesson the student will accomplish the first supervised solo flight if he/she displays the required level of safety and competence. CONTENT: (1) Pm-solo written examination. (2) Review. (a) Medium bank turns (VR and IR). (b) Best rate of climb V, and climbing turns. (c) Best angle of climb VX and climbing turns. (d) Emergency procedures. (e) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings. (f) Balked landing and go-around procedures. (3) Introduction. (a) Supervised solo in the traffic pattern (approximately 15 minutes, three takeoffs and landings). (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. ### Page 60 2/18/93 AC 141~1A Appendix 2 B. Completion Standards. The student will display the ability to successfully perform his/her first supervised solo flight. 12. STAGE CHECK: STAGE ONE, SOLO PLIGHT (1 HOUR). A. Objective. During this flight, the chief flight instructor or assistant chief flight instructor will determine if the student can safely conduct solo flights and exercise the privileges associated with the solo operation of the airplane. B. Completion Standards. The student will be evaluated on the basis of the following standards: (1) Maintain altitude within LlOO feet. (2) Control heading within 210“. (3) Control airspeed within 25 knots (as applicable).. (4) Maintain coordinated control of the airplane. (5) Display reasonable skill and understanding in the execution of all Stage One maneuvers and procedures. **STAGE TWO - CROSS COUNTRY 7 HOURS DUAL, 5 HOURS SOLO** 1. STAGE TWO OBJECTIVES. The student will be instructed in the conduct of cross-country flights in an airplane using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio navigation (VOR and NDB). The student will also be instructed in operations within the ATC environment under VFR conditions. 2. STAGE TWO COMPLETION STANDARDS. The stage will be completed when the student demonstrates through stage check, solo flight, and records that he/she can safely conduct solo crosscountry flights in an airplane using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio navigation under VFR conditions. 3. PLIGHT LESSON No. 1 (1 HOUR DUAL AND SOLO). A. Objective. During this lesson the student will operate the airplane in the traffic pattern in solo flight after an appropriate checkout by a flight instructor. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. ### Page 61 AC 14111A Appendix 2 2/18/93 (2) Review. (a) Collision avoidance. (b) Traffic pattern. (c) Normal and crosswind landings and takeoffs. (3) Solo flight in the traffic pattern. (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will display the proficiency and competency required to act as PIC on subsequent solo flights. The student will display full understanding of proper radio pmcedum and ground traffic procedures. 4. PLIGHT LESSON No. 2 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. The student will be able to demonstrate, recognize, stalls, obtain maximum performance during short and soft field takeoffs position and track using VOR navigation. CONTENT: and recover from accelerated and landings, and determine (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Review. (a) Basic radio procedures. (b) Medium bank turns (VR and IR). (c) Climbs and descents (VIZ and IR). (d) Steep turns (VR and IR). (3) Introduction. (a) Accelerated stalls. (b) Short and soft field takeoffs. (c) Short and soft field approaches and landings. (d) Basic radio navigation, VOR position finding and VOR tracking. (e) Solo flight within traffic pattern. (f) Dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass. (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will demonstrate that he/she is able to recognize and recover from accelerated stalls, obtain maximum performance during short and soft field takeoffs and landings, and determine position and track within -+2 miles using VOR navigation.. ### Page 62 AC 14101A . , 2f 18t93 Appendix 2 5. PLIGHT LESSON No. 3 (1 HOUR SOLO). A. Objective. During this solo period, the student will review and practice the basic and precision flight maneuvers learned previously, in addition to those maneuvers specified by the flight instructor. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Review. (a) Plight at minimum controllable airspeed. (b) Stalls, power-on and power-off. (c) S-turns across a road. (d) Normal and/or crosswind landings. (e) Maneuvers specified by the flight instructor during the preflight discussion. (3) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. This lesson will be completed when the student has accomplished the solo review and practice of basic and precision flight maneuvers in addition to those maneuvers specified by the flight instructor. 6. PLIGHT LESSON No. 4 (1 HOUR NIGHT DUAL). A. Objective. During this lesson, the student’s ability should be developed to a level which will enable the student to make solo flights in the local practice area and airport traffic pattern. The student will be instructed in such aspects of night operations as: night vision, night orientation, judgment of distance, use of cockpit, position and landing lights, and night emergency procedures. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. 0a Night vision and vertigo. 0 Orientation in local area. 0C Judgment of distance. (d) Aircraft lights. (e) Airport lights. (0 Taxi technique (8) Takeoff and landing techniques. 00 Collision avoidance. 0i Unusual altitude recovery..0) Emergencies. ### Page 63 AC 1419lA Appendix 2 2/18/93 Demonstration and directed performance. Night preflight inspection. Use of cockpit lights. Taxi technique. Takeoff and traffic departure. Area orientation. Interpretation of aircraft and airport lights. Recovery from unusual altitudes (VR and IR). Radio communications. Traffic pattern entry. Power approaches and full stop landings. Use of landing lights. Simulated electrical failure to include at least one landing without aircraft powered lighting other than required position or anti-collision lighting. Go-around. VFR navigation. Student performance of five takeoffs and landings as sole manipulator of the flight. controls. (a) Takeoff and traffic pattern departure. (b) Traffic pattern entry. (c) Full stop landings. Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will have successfblly completed the lesson when he/she displays the ability to maintain orientation in the local flying area and traffic pattern, can accurately interpret aircraft and runway lights, and can competently fly the traffic pattern and perform takeoffs and landings. The student will display, through oral examination and demonstrations, competence in performing night emergency procedures. 7. FLIGHT LESSON No. 5 (2 HOURS DUAL). A. Objective. The student will be able to navigate using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio navigation. The student will be able to compute fuel consumption and estimated time of arrival (ETA) to checkpoints and destinations. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion and preparation. (a) Procurement and analysis of weather reports and forecasts and use of notices to airman. ### Page 64 2/18/93 AC 14191A Appendix 2 (b) Cross-country planning log and use of aeronautical charts. (c) Airports (controlled and uncontrolled). (d) Aircraft performance. (e) FAA flight plan. (f) Weight and balance determination. (2) Introduction; Three-leg, round robin, day cross-country flight (a) Pilotage navigation - all three legs (one leg on Federal airway). (b) Dead reckoning navigation - all three legs. (c) VOR or NDB navigation on two legs (preferably last two). (d) Compute ETA and fuel consumption - all three legs. (e) Departure procedures (open flight plan). (f) En route procedures. (g) En route Flight Advisory Service and in-flight weather advisories. (h) Arrival procedures - (close flight plan, obtain airport advisories, etc.). (i) ATC light signals. (3) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will demonstrate that he/she can navigate using pilotage, dead reckoning, radio navigation, and make necessary radio communications. The student should demonstrate computation of ETA’s and fuel consumption for each leg of the flight. 8. FLIGHT LESSON No. 6 (2 HOURS DUAL). A. Objective. During this lesson, a dual cross-country flight will be planned. However, a diversion to an alternate will be made prior to arrival. The student will perform all required navigation procedures and display the ability to safely conduct solo cross-country flights. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion and preparation. (a) Weather analysis and NOTAM’s. (b) Cross-country planning log. (c) Airports. (d) Aircraft performance. (e) FAA flight plan. (2) Introduction: Diversion to alternate airport. (a) Emergency computation of a flight course. (b) Determining position by VOR or NDB. (c) Estimating in-flight visibility. (d) Recognition of critical weather situations. ### Page 65 AC 14MA Appendix 2 2llSl93 (3) Review. Pilotage, dead reckoning and VOR or NDB radio navigation. Computing ETA and fuel consumption. Emergency (including lost) procedures. Departure procedures. En route procedures. Arrival procedures. Crosswind takeoffs and landings. Straight and level flight (VR and IR). Climbs and climbing turns (VR and IR). Glides and gliding turns (VR and IR). Level off procedures (VR and IR). Crosswind takeoffs and landings. Simulated precautionary off airport approaches and landing procedures. (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will be expected to demonstrate the ability to conduct cross-country flights using various means of navigation. The student will display a thorough knowledge of crosscountry flight planning, weather analysis, and use of proper publications. The student will be able to compute ETA’s, fuel consumption, and other computer problems associated with cross-country planning. The student will be able to maintain altitude withint feet. The student will be able to use the various means of navigation to maintain a planned course within 1 mile. In addition, the student will be able to identify his/her position at all times. 9. PLIGHT LESSON No. 7 (3 HOURS SOLO). A. Objective. During this lesson the student will conduct a t&e-leg, solo crosscountry flight using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio navigation (VOR or NDB). (This cross-country flight should be over the same course as the first dual crosscountry.) CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Preparation (3) Flight. (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will complete a solo CIUSS-country flight, consisting of three legs, using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio navigation. ### Page 66 2/18/93 AC 14LlA Appendix 2 10. STAGE CHECK: STAGE TWO, CROSS COUNTRY (1 HOUR). A. Objective. To confirm that the student can plan and conduct a cross-country flight, including a diversion to an alternate airport, as necessary, to avoid adverse weather. This stage check will be conducted by the chief flight instructor or assistant chief flight instructor. B. Completion Standards. The student will be expected to demonstrate the ability to safely conduct cross-country flight operations and will display a thorough knowledge of proper preflight action, flight planning, weather analysis, and publications available. The student will perform all duties of PIC with smoothness, accuracy, and competence. The student will be able to divert to an alternate airport and give a reasonable ETA and remaining fuel. Prior to arrival at the alternate airport, the student will be placed under the hood until lost. The student will be able to locate his/her position within 3 miles without aid tim the instructor by using all of the means available. The student will: Establish and maintain headings required to stay on course, Correctly identify position at any time by various means, Provide reasonable estimates of ETA’s with an apparent 10 minutes, Maintain altitude within 200 feet, and Establish a course to an alternate and, within a reasonable estimate of the time and required fuel to the alternate. error of not more than time, give an acceptable STAGE THREE - PILOT OPERATIONS: 4 HOURS DUAL, 9 HOURS SOLO 1. STAGE THREE OBJECTIVES. The student will gain further experience in solo cross-country practice and receive instruction in preparation for the private pilot airplane practical test. 2. STAGE THREE COMPLETION STANDARDS. The stage will be completed when the student satisfactorily passes the final stage check for the course. 3. FLIGHT LESSON No. 1 (3 HOURS SOLO - 300 NM CROSS COUNTRY). A. Objective. During this lesson the student will conduct a three-leg, solo cross-country with landings at two different airports, with stops at each airport. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. ### Page 67 AC M-IA Appendix 2 2/18/93 (2) Preparation (3) Flight. (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will complete a solo cross-country flight to two airports (name airports) with stops at each airport The instructor should determine how well the cross-country flight was conducted through an oral examination, and a check should be made to determine that all required flight log entries have been made. 4. FLIGHT LESSON No. 2 (4 HOURS SOLO CROSS-COUNTRY). A. Objective. During this lesson, the student will conduct a three-leg, solo cross-country with landings at two different airports. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Preparation, (3) Solo cross-country flight. (4) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will complete a solo cross-country flight to two airports (name airports), with stops at each airport. The instructor should determine how well the cross-country flight was conducted through an oral examination; and a check should be made to determine that all required flight log entries have been made. 5. FLIGHT LESSON No. 3 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. The student will be able to perform advanced maneuvers and recover from unusual attitudes solely by reference to the flight instruments, and conduct Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) approaches. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. ### Page 68 2lw93 AC M-IA Appendix 2 (2) Review. Short field takeoffs and landings. Soft field takeoffs and landings. Ground reference maneuvers as needed. Plight at minimum controllable airspeed. Stalls (power-on and power-off). Steep turns. Maneuvers by reference to flight instruments. Emergency operations. (3) 0 Introduction of ASR approaches. Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will demonstrate proficiency in all required advanced maneuvers, recovery from unusual attitudes solely by reference to the flight instruments, and conduct ASR approaches. 6. FLIGHT LESSON No. 4 (1 HOUR SOLO). A. Objective. The student will be able to perform specific solo flight maneuvers assigned by the flight instructor to increase proficiency. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. (2) Performance of assigned maneuvers. (3) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will complete the specific solo flight maneuvers assigned by the flight instructor. 7. FLIGHT LESSON No. 5 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. During this lesson, the instructor will determine the student’s proficiency in all maneuvers and procedures necessary to conduct flight operations as a private pilot. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion. ### Page 69 AC 141JA Appendix 2 2mv93 . (2) Review of previously covered procedures and maneuvers. (3) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B, Completion Standards. The student will display the ability to meet the requirements as outlined in the private pilot ITS, FAA-S-8081.l A, for operations as a private pilot. 8. FLIGHT LESSON No. 6 (1 HOUR SOLO). A. Objective. During this lesson, the student will practice maneuvers specified by the flight instructor to increase proficiency. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion and orientation. (2) Performance of assigned maneuvers. (3) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student will complete the specific solo flight maneuver assigned by the flight instructor. 9. FLIGHT LESSON No. 7 (1 HOUR DUAL). A. Objective. During this lesson the instructor will make a fbther determination of the student’s proficiency in all maneuvers and procedures necessary to conduct flight operations as a private pilot. CONTENT.: (1) Preflight discussions. (2) Review of previously covered procedures and maneuvers. (3) Postflight critique and preview of next lesson. B. Completion Standards. The student’s performance of the procedures and maneuvers should be at the proficiency level of a private pilot. ### Page 70 2ml93 AC 1419IA Appendix 2 **10. FINAL STAGE CHECK (1 HOUR).** A. Objective. The student will be able to demonstrate the required proficiency in the practical test for a private pilot certificate using the ‘PTS, FAA-S-80814A, as a guide. This stage check will be conducted by the chief flight instructor or assistant chief flight instructor. CONTENT: (1) Preflight discussion, including an oral examination. (2) Review of the private pilot PTS. (3) Postflight critique. B. Completion Standards. The student will demonstrate the required proficiency in the practical test for a private pilot certificate. The standard of performance used may be presented by the school, but in no case less than that prescribed by the FAA. If additional instruction is necessary, the chief flight instructor or assistant chief flight instructor will assign the additional training. If the flight is satisfactory, the chief flight instructor will complete the student’s training records and issue a graduation certificate. 37 (and 38) ### Page 71 2/18/93 AC 14191A Appendix 3 APPENDIX 3. SAMPLE TRAINING RECORD GENERAL The training record contained in this appendix is intended to serve as an example of the information that a FAR Part 141 Pilot School could use for a comprehensive training program. The content should not be considered all inclusive. A training record that best suits the needs of the school’s training program should be developed. 1 (and 2) ### Page 72 2/18/93 AC 141-1A Appendix 3 Private Pilot Student Record Folder **NAME PHONE /LAST FIRST MIDDLE HOME BUSINESS** **ADDRESS** STREET CITY STATE ZIP COUNTY ENROLLMENT DATE COURSE DATE OF COMPLEllON, TRANSFER, OR TERMlNATlON **PREVIOUS SCHOOL TRAINING CREDIT** **NAME, COURSE FUQHT GROUND** **MEDICAL CERTIFICATE FAA WRI-ITEN TEST** ISSUE DATE CIASS DATE RESULTS ENROLLMENT NOTICE TO FAA (PART 141) FAA FLIGHT TESTDATE SENT DATE RESULTS RECORDS CERTIFIED CORRECT CHIEF INSTRUCTOR APPROVED SCHOOL NUMBER REMARKS: **PERSONAL DATA SCHOOL NOTES** **HEIGHT (INCHES) WEIGHT** **SEX EYES HAIR** DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH SOCIAL SECURITY NO. NATIONAUTV STUDENT PILOT CER’llFlCATE NO. DATE OF ISSUE PRESOLO EXAM RECORD DATE A/C TYPE GRADE INSTRUCTOR SIQNAlURE **DATE A/C TYPE GRADE INSTRUCTOR SIQNATURE** **SOLO ENDORSEMENTS ,** **S&DAY ENDORSEMENTS** **DATE A/C TYPE INSTRUCTOR SIGNATURE** DATE A/C TYPE INSTRUCTOR SIGNATURE DATE AjC TYPE INSTRUCTOR SIGNATURE **CROSS COUNTRY** **DATE INSTRUCTOR SIGNATURE** **DATE INSTRUCTOR SIGNATURE** **DATE INSTRUCTOR SIGNATURE 3** ### Page 73 (OCR) AC 141-1A Appendix 3 2/18/93 The student should check DUAL SOLO / x-C / LDGS (Circle if Progress Check) each maneuver practiced during solo flight and initial this folder after every flight. SAMPLE portions of a Private Pilot course training record DATE AIRPLANE TYPE N-NUMBER TIME THIS LESSON TOTAL - TIME DUAL THIS LESSON TOTAL SOLO THIS LESSON TOTAL DUAL SOLO NIGHT NIGHT INSTRUMENT GROUND FLIGHT LESSON # TRAINER PREFLIGHT PREPARATION Certificates and Documents Obtaining Weather Information Determining Performance and Limitations Cross-Country Flight Planning Airplane Systems Aeromedical Factors GROUND OPERATIONS Visual Inspection Cockpit Management Starting Engine Taxiing Pretakeoff Check Postflight Procedures AIRPORT Credit for Previous Training IS AND PROCEDURES SLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) GRADING -jected Landing , oach and Landing -Field Approach and Landing Approach and Landing Straight, Constant Airspeed Climbs Straight, Constant Airspeed Descents Radio Aids and Radar Services VIGHT FLIGHT OPERATIONS Preparation and Equipment EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Systems and Equipment Malfunctions Pilotage and Dead Reckoning Collision Avoidance Precautions Yake Turbulence Avoidance Sound Judgment in Decision Making STUDENT INITIALS 2 = Above Average 3 = Average 1 = Excellent Straight-and-Level Flight Turns to Headings Jnusual Attitudes Vight Flight CROSS-COUNTRY Radio Navigation Diversion to Alternate _ost Procedures ow-Level Wind Shear Ise of Checklists LESSON GRADE Instructor Signature and Remarks 4 = Below Average 5 = Below-Acceptable Standards Chief Instructor Approval of Credit ### Page 74 2118193 AC 141~1A Appendix 3 GROUND LESSON COMPLETION RECORDS flSTAGE’flGROUND LESSON 1 - CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHTGROUND LESSON 2 - CHAPTER 2 THE FLIGHT ENVIRONMENT/GROUND LESSON 3 - PRIVATE PILOT STAGE I EXAM/ / / **STAGE I I** DATE TIME GRQUND LESSON 4 - CHAPTER 3 AIRCRAFl- SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE GROUND LESSON 5 - CHAPTER 4 METEOROLQGY FOR PILOTS GROUND LESSON 6 - FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS/ GROUND LESSON 7 - CHAPTER 5 INTERPRETING WEATHER DATAr’ GROUND LESSON 6 - PRIVATE PILOT STAGE 18 EXAM DATE GRADE TlME INST. INIT. **STAGE I I I** DATE TIME I GROUND LESSQN 9 - CHAPTER 6 BASIC NAVIGATION GROUND LESSQN 10 - CHAPTER 7 RADBQ NAVIGATBQN SYSTEMS GROUND LESSQN II- CHAPTER 6 AVIATIQN PHYSIQLQGY/ GROUND LESSON 12 - CHAPTER 9 FLIGHT PLANNING AND DECISIQN MAKING/ GROUND LESSQN 13 - PRIVATE PILQT STAGE Ill EXAM/ / / ~ DATE GRADE TIME INST. INIT. **STAGE CHECK FLIGHT RECORD** **STAGE I STAGE IV DATE GRADE INST. INIT. DATE GRADE INST. INIT.** **STAGE II STAGE V DATE GRADE INST. INIT. DATE GRADE INST. INIT.** STAGE Ill DATE GRADE INST. INIT. 5 (and 6) ### Page 75 2/M/93 AC 14LlA Appendix 4 APPENDIX 4. INTERNAL EVALUATION GUIDANCE FOR FAR PART 141 PILOT SCHOOLS 1. PURPOSE. This appendix sets forth guidance for conducting an in-depth internal appraisal of a pilot school. 2. BACKGROUND. Recent experience with the National Aviation Safety Inspection Program, the National Air Transportation Inspection, and the General Aviation Safety Audit has demonstrated a need for national internal evaluation guidance material. It is intended that the information in this appendix will meet that need. While not mandatory or regulatory, internal evaluations would be beneficial to the school. 3. APPLICABILITY. This guidance applies to the FAA-approved FAR Part 141 Pilot School certificate holder and is to be used for internal .evaluation (self-audit) purposes.. . . . . . 4. . OBJECTIVE. The objective of an in-depth internal :evaluation is to ensure that the pilot school is .m. xompliailce .with the FAR; exemptions, FAA-approved company p&edu’k~ and policies, and w&ten’FAA guidance material.. . Development of an in-depth inspection plan is essential to an internal evaluation program. The plan should contain at least the following: a. b. c. d . e. A list of aircraft by type, including registration number and serial number. A list of the kinds of services provided to the pilot school (e.g., aircraft refueling, contract maintenance, etc.). A list of pilot training facilities and their locations. A list of maintenance bases, names, and locations. The number and location of employees. Various, data sources should be considered during the development of the plan. These include: a. TCO’s b. Ratings and authorizations c. Accident and incident data d. History of regulatory compliance e. Knowledge of any previous internal evaluations or FAA inspection or surveillance reports f. FAA correspondence g. Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL’s) h. Exemptions 1 ### Page 76 Appendix 4 **5. INDEX.** Section 1.1 Section 1.2 Section 1.3 Section 1.4 Section 1.5 Section 1.6 Section 1.7 Section 1.8 Section 1.9 Section 1.10 Section 1.11 Section 1.12 Section 1.13 Management Ratings and Authorizations Examining Authority and Airman Certification Representative (ACR) Training Course Outline Staff Qualifications Records Exemptions Facilities Airports Ground Trainers and Training Aids Quality of Instruction Advertising FAR Part 61 Activity Section 1.14 Minimum Equipment List Procedures 2 ### Page 77 2llSl93 AC 14blA Appendix 4 SECI’ION NO. 1.1 MANAGEMENT FAR REFERENCE Is the pilot school certificate current? 5 141.17(a) Yes 1 1 No 1 1 Have the ownership or facilities changed since the pilot school certificate was issued? Yes [ ] No; [ ] Known carriage of narcotic drugs, marijuana, depressant or stimulant drugs or substances. yizs 1 1 No [ 1 Is the pilot school certificate appropriately displayed? 6 141.19(a) yix 1 1 No 1 1 0 141.17(b) 8 141.18 3 ### Page 78 AC 14LlA Appendix 4 2/18/93 FAR REFERENCE Does the pilot school maintain a principal business office with a mailing address in the name shown on its certificate? 6 141.25(a) Yes I 1 No [ 1 (1) Is the business office shared with another pilot school? (2) Does the school use any other operations bases? 6 141.25(c) Is the pilot school within 30 days of its renewal? If so, has the school applied for a renewal of the certificate? Yes [ 1 No 1 1 6 141.27(a) SECTION NO. 1.2 RATINGS AND AUTHORIZATIONS What ratings does the pilot school have? 6 141. 11 ### Page 79 2/18/93 AC 14MA Appendix 4 SECTION NO. 1.3 EXAMINING AUTHORITY AND AIRMAN CERmCATION **REPRESENTATIVE (ACR)** FAR REFERENCE Have at least 9 of the most recent 10 graduates who were given an interim or final test by an FAA inspector or a designated pilot examiner passe& that test the first time? 5 141.63(b) Yes [ ] No [ ] * Does the school hold an exemption allowing graduation without taking the FAA flight or written test for flight instructor certificates, airline transport pilot certificates and ratings, and turbojet type ratings? Have the graduates been enrolled by the pilot school in its approved course of training for their particular rating and satisfactorily completed all of that course? Yes [ 1 No 1 1 Is each final written or flight test that is given by the holder of an examining authority equal in scope, depth, and difficulty to the comparable written or flight test prescribed by the Administrator under FAR Part 61? 6 141.65 6 141.67(a) 5 141.67(b) Yes [ ] NO [ ] ### Page 80 AC 141~1A Appendix 4 2/18/93 FAR REFERENCE Has the final ground school written test been approved by the FAA FSDO? 0 141.67(c) Has the final ground school written test been given when the examiner knows or has been notified by the FSDO that the test has been compromised? Yes 1 1 NCI II 1 Has the ACR submitted to the FSDO a copy of the appropriate training record for each person that the school has recommended for a pilot certificate or rating? yizs 1 1 No I 1 SECTION NO. 1.4 TRAINING COURSE OUTLINE Does the pilot school have approval for each training course for which a certificate or rating is sought? 5 141.67(d) 6 141.53 Yes 1 1 No 1 1 6 ### Page 81 2ml93 AC 141~IA Appendix 4 FAR REFERENCE Does the outline for each approved course of training meet the minimum curriculum for that course prescribed in the appropriate appendix of 6 141.55(a) FAR Part 141? Yes Does the outline for each following information: approved course of training contain the (1) A description of each room used for ground training, [:I NOM including its size, and the maximum number of students that may be instructed in the mom at one time? yix 1 1 No 1 1 (2) A description of each type of audiovisual aid, projector, tape recorder, mockup, aircraft component, and other special training aids used for ground training? (3) A description of each pilot ground trainer used for instruction? ### Page 82 AC 14MA Appendix 4 2/18/93 -’ . **FAR REFERENCE** (4) A listing of the airports at which training flights originate and a description of the facilities, including pilot briefing areas, that are available for use by the students and operating personnel at each of those airports? 6 141.55 (a) (5) A description of the type of aircraft, including any special equipment, used for each phase of instruction? Yes 1 1 NCI 1 1 (6) The minimum qualifications and ratings for each instructor used for ground or flight training? Yes 1 1 NCI [ 1 Does the course outline include a training syllabus for each course of training that includes at least the following information: (1) The pilot certificate and ratings, if any; the medical certificate, if necessary; and the training, pilot experience, and knowledge required for enrollment in the course? 6 141.55(b) 8 ### Page 83 AC 14LlA 2ml93 Appendix 4 **FAR REFERENCE** (2) A description of each lesson, including its objectives and standards, and the measurable unit of student accomplishment or learning to be derived from the lesson or course? 6 141.55(b) yks 1 1 No [ 1 (3) The stage of training (including the standards) normally accomplished within each training period of not more than 90 days? (4) A description of the tests and checks used to measure a student’s accomplishment for each stage of training? ytx 1 1 No 1 1 Does the pilot school have an approved special curriculum that achieves a level of pilot competency equivalent to FAR Parts 61 or 141? 6 141.57 9 ### Page 84 AC 1419lA Appendix 4 . **2/18/93 SECTION NO. 1.5 STAFF QUALIFICATIONS** FAR REFERENCE Does the pilot school have adequate personnel and authorized instructors, including a chief instructor for each course of training? 0 141.33(a) Are the personnel mentioned above qualified and competent to perform their duties? How are their duties assigned? Has each dispatcher, aircraft handler, line crewman, and serviceman been instructed in the procedures and responsibilities of their employment? yix [ 1 No 1 1 Does each flight or ground instructor hold a valid flight or ground instnxtor certificate, as appropriate, with ratings for the course of instruction and any aircraft used in that course? Who is the chief instructor for each course of training? 8 141.33(b) ’ 10 ### Page 85 2lw93 AC 14LlA Appendix 4 FAR REFERENCE Who is the assistant chief instructor for each course of training? 5 141.33(b) Do the chief flight instructor and assistant chief flight instructor meet the requirements of 6 141.35 and 6 141.36, as appropriate? ~izs [ 1 No c 1 Does each flight instructor who is giving flight instruction under an approved course of training have the ratings and minimum qualifications specified in the training courSe outline? Yes 1 1 No [ 1 Has each chief flight instructor completed a flight instructor refresher cou=e within the preceding 12 months? Has each instructor for an approved course of training accomplished an initial flight check, given by the designated chief or assistant chief flight instructor in each type of aircraft? 0 141.79(a) 0 141.79(c) 6 141.79(d) yix 1 1 No [ 1 11 ### Page 86 AC 1419lA Appendix 4 2/18/93 FAR REFERENCE Has each instructor accomplished a flight check within the preceding 12 months with the chief or assistant chief flight instructor? 6 141.79(d) Has each ground and flight instructor used in an approved course of training been briefed on the objectives and standards of the course by the designated chief instructor or assistant chief instructor? Does each instructor used for ground training in an approved course of training hold a flight or pund instructor certificate with an appropriate rating for the course of training? Is a person who does not meet the above requirements only used for ground training in an approved course when: (1) The chief instructor for that course of training finds the person qualified to give that instruction. 5 14 1.79(e) 5 141.81(c) 6 141.81(a) 6 141.81(b) 12 ### Page 87 2lw93 AC 141~IA Appendix 4 **FAR REFERENCE** (2) The instruction is given under the direct supervision of the chief instructor or the assistant chief instructor who is present at the base when the instruction is given. 8 141.81(b) Yix 1 1 No 1 1 Has the chief instructor given an initial proficiency check to each instructor used in an approved course of training and, then, at least once every 12 months? Yes [ 1 No 1 1 SECTION NO. 1.6 RECORDS Has the pilot school given a flight test or written test to determine how much credit a student is given in a curriculum? If more than one-half the curriculum is credited: 5 141.77(b) (1) Did the previous school hold a certificate of training under FAR Part 141 and certify the kind, amount, and the result of each stage and final check? 0 141.85(a) 0 141.77(b) 13 ### Page 88 AC 141-1A Appendix 4 2/18/93 **FAR REFERENCE** (2) Has the chief instructor certified the training records, graduation certificates, stage and final test reports, and student recommendations? 6 141.85(a) Does the pilot school furnish each student, at the time the student is enrolled in each approved training course, with the following: (1) A certificate of enrollment containing: (a) The name of the course in which the student is emWed; and (b) The date of that enrollment. (2) A copy of the training syllabus required under 5 141.55(b). 0 141.93(a) (3) A copy of the safety procedures and practices developed by the school covering the use of its facilities and the operation of its aircraft, including instructions on the following? (a) The weather minimums required by the school for dual and solo flights. (b) The procedures for starting and taxiing aircraft on the ramp. (c) Fire precautions and procedures. (d) Redispatch procedures after unprogrammed landings, on and off airports. (e) Aircraft discrepancies, MEL’s, and write offs. (f) Securing of aircraft when not in use. (g) Fuel reserves necessary for local and crosscountry flights. (h) Avoidance of other aircraft in flight and on the ground. 6 141.93(a) 14 ### Page 89 AC 1419lA . 2m93 Appendix 4 **FAR REFERENCE** (i) Minimum altitude limitations and simulated emergency landing 6 141.93(a) instructions. (j) Description and use of assigned practice areas. Is a copy of each certificate of enrollment forwarded to the FSDO within 5 days? Yi3s [ 1 No 1 1 Has the pilot school issued a graduation certificate to each student who has completed its approved course of training? Yes 1 1 No 1 1 Does the graduation certificate contain at least the following information: (1) The name of the school and the number of the school certificate? (2) The name of the graduate to whom it was issued? (3) The course of training for which it was issued? (4) The date of graduation? 0 141.93(b) 6 141.95(a) 8 141.95(b) (5) A statement that the student has satisfactorily completed each required stage of the approved course of training including the tests for those stages? ### Page 90 AC 14LlA Appendix 4 2mv93 FAR **REFJXENCE** (6) A certification of the information contained in the certificate by the chief instructor for that course of training? 6 141.95(b) (7) A statement showing the cross-country training the student received in the course of training? Has the pilot school established and maintained a curxnt and accurate record for each student which includes the following: (I) (2) (3) The date the student was enrolled? A chronological log of the student’s attendance, subjects, and flight operations covered in the student’s training and instruction, and the names and grades of any tests taken by the student? The date the student graduated, terminated training, or transferred to another school? Whenever a student has graduated, terminated training, or transferred to another school, has the chief instructor certified the student’s record? 0 141.101(a) 8 141.101(b) ### Page 91 2/18/93 AC 14LlA Appendix 4 FAR REFERENCE Does the pilot school retain each student record for at least 1 year from the date that the student graduates from the course for which the record pertains, terminates enrollment in that course, or transfers to another school? 5 141.101(c) Does the pilot school make a copy of the student’s record available to him/her? Yes 1 1 No 1 1 SECI’ION NO. 1.7 EXEMPTIONS Does the pilot school hold any exemptions? What do they exempt? 5 141.101(d) Do they comply with the exemptions? yes 1 1 No [ 1 17 ### Page 92 AC 141~1A Appendix 4 2/18/93 SECIYION NO. 1.8 FACILITIES FAR REFERENCE Does the pilot school have continuous use of the facilities (i.e., pilot briefing areas)? 0 141.31 0 141.43(a) yes c 1 No c 1 Is the briefing area - 6 141.43(a) (1) Adequate to shelter students waiting to engage in their training flights; (2) Arranged and equipped for the conduct of pilot briefings; and yis [ 1 No 1 1 (3) For a school with an instrument or commercial pilot course rating, equipped with a private landline or telephone communication to the nearest FSS? (Not needed if FSS and briefing area am on the same ‘1 I airport and readily accessible to each other.) Is the briefing area used by any other pilot school during the same period as the principal school? 6 141.43(b) 18 ### Page 93 2ml93 AC 14LlA Appendix 4 Is each room or other space used for instructional purposes, heated, lighted, and ventilated to conform to local building, sanitation, and health codes? Yes [ 1 No 1 1 Is the training facility located so that the students in that facility are not distracted by the instruction conducted in other rooms, or by flight and maintenance operations at the airport? Yes 1 1 No C 1 If the r>ilot school maintains a satellite base is: 6 141.91 The satellite meeting the appropriate requirements of Subpart B and its approved TCO? yes 1 1 No 1 1 The school directly supervising each instructor by the chief instructor, who is available for consultation? yi% 1 1 NCI [ 1 The FSDO having jurisdiction over the area in which the school is located notified in writing if training or instruction is conducted there for more than 7 consecutive days? FAR REFfBENCE 6 141.45 19 ### Page 94 AC 14111A Appendix 4 2/18/93 SEmON NO. 1.9 AIRPORTS FAR REFERENCE Does the pilot school have continuous use of the airport? 6 141.31 5 141.37(a) Does the airport used by. the pilot school have at least one runway takeoff area that allows training aircraft to make a normal takeoff or landing at ikll gross weight - or 6 141.37(b) Under calm wind conditions and temperatures equal to the mean high temperature for the hottest month of the year in the operating area; Clearing all obstacles in the takeoff flight path by at least 50 feetf Yes C 1 No 1 1 With the powerplant operation and landing gear and flap operation, if applicable, recommended by the manufacturer, and With smooth transition from liftoff to the best rate of climb speed without exceptional piloting skills or techniques? ### Page 95 2ml93 AC 141-1A Appendix 4- FAR REFERENCE Does the airport have a wind direction indicator that is visible from the ends of each runway at ground level? 6 141.37(c) Yes [ 1 NCI 1 1 If an operating control tower or UNICOM advisories are not available, does the airport have a traffk direction indicator? If the airport is used for night training flights, does it have permanent runway lights? Yes [ 1 No 1 1 SECITON NO. 1.10 GROUND TRAINERS AND TRAINING AIDS Does each ground trainer used to obtain the maximum flight training credit allowed for ground trainers in an approved pilot training course curricukm have: (1) An enclosed pilot’s station or cockpit that accommodates one or more flightcrew members; (2) Controls to simulate the rotation of the trainer about three axes; 6 141.37(d) 0 141.37(e) 6 141.41(a) 21 ### Page 96 AC 14111A Appendix 4 2/18/93 . . **FAR REFERENCE** (3) The minimum instrumentation and equipment required for powered aircraft in 6 91.33 of this chapter, for the type of flight operations simulated; 5141.41(a) (4) For VFR instruction, a means of simulating visual including motion of the trainer, or projections, or flight controls; and flight conditions, models operated by Yes [ 1 No I 1 (5) For IFR instruction, a means for recording the flight path simulated by the trainer? (Cockpit procedure type trainers are only required to meet the first three requirements.) Is each training aid, including any audiovisuals, mockup, chart, or aircraft component, listed in the approved training course outline accurate and appropriate for the course for which it is used? 5 141.41(b) 22 ### Page 97 2/18/93 AC 141JA Appendix 4 SECI’ION NO. 1.11 QUALITY OF INSTRUCI’ION FAR REFERENCE Has each graduate or pilot recommended for a pilot certificate or rating completed the come of training and required final tests? 9 141.77(a) Does the pilot school - 0 141.77(b) (1) Conduct training and instruction in accordance with its approved course of training? (2) Enroll the student in its approved course before he/she received the instruction and training? Has each student’s solo practice flight been approved by an authorized flight instructor who is present at that airport? 6 141.79(b) 23 ### Page 98 AC 141~IA Appendix 4 2/M/93 FAR REFERENCE Is the pilot school complying with the approved course of training and providing training and instruction of such quality that at least 8 out of 10 students or graduates of that school pass a test for a pilot certificate or rating on the first attempt, or a test given to a student to determine the student’s competence in a completed stage of training? 0 141.83(a) Has the chief instructor conducted each stage or final test given to a student enrolled in an approved come of instruction? Has the chief instructor maintained training techniques, procedures, and standards for the school that are acceptable to the Administrator? Has the pilot school immediately notified the FSDO in writing of any change in its designation of a chief instructor for an approved training course? 6 141.85(a) 0 141.87(a) yizs E 1 No 1 1 24 ### Page 99 2mf93 AC 14LlA Appendix 4 FAR REFERENCE Has the pilot school conducted training in instruction for more than 60 days without a chief instructor? 0 141.87(b) During the 60-day period, did each student receive a stage or final test from an FAA inspector or designated pilot examiner? yi% 1 1 NCI c 1 SECTION NO. 1.12 ADVERTISING Has the pilot school made any statement relating to its certification and ratings that is false or designed to mislead any person contemplating enrollment in that school? Does the pilot school clearly differentiate between courses which have been approved and those which have not? 6 141.23(a) 6 141.23(b) 25 ### Page 100 AC 141-1A Appendix 4 2/18/93 FAR REFEZENCE If the pilot school has relocated or does not hold a current certificate, has it removed ail indications that the school is certificated by the Administrator? 6 141.23(c) Does the pilot school advertise and conduct approved pilot courses in accordance with the certificate and ratings it holds? yi2s [ 1 No 1 1 SECTION NO. 1.13 FAR PART 61 ACTIVITY Does the pilot school conduct any training or instruction not under FAR Part 141 that is not in compliance with FAR Part 61? 6 141.73(a) 6 61.1 SECTION NO. 1.14 MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST PROCEDURES Does the pilot school have and appropriately use MEL’s? yes [ 1 NCI [ 1 0 91.213 26 ### Page 101 AC 14LlA 2/18/93 Appendix 4 SECI’ION 2.0 AIRWORTHINESS INSPECIYION CRlTERIA 1. PURPOSE. This section has been developed as a guide for the inspection team’s we during the development of the inspection planning document. It should serve as a reference for inspection team members to use during the course of the inspection. The information is not meant to be all inclusive. **2. INDEX.** Section 2.1 Section 2.2 Section 2.3 Section 2.4 Section 2.5 Section 2.6 Section 2.7 Section 2.8 Section 2.9 Management Ratings and Authorizations Personnel - Qualifications/Supervision Maintenance Program/Inspection Facilities Records Airworthiness Directives Fueling/Servicing Aircraft/Manuals/Pilot Operating Times Handbook Section 2.10 Inoperative Equipment/Deferred Maintenance SECTION NO. 2.1 MANAGEMENT Does the operator have cold weather operating procedures established (i.e., preheat, deice, check drain holes open, check for frozen water in fuselage and control surface)? ### Page 102 AC 14LlA Appendix 4 2/m/93 SECTION NO. 2.2 RATINGS AND AUTHORIZATIONS FAR REFERENCE What ratings or authorizations does the maintenance facility have? SECTION NO. 2.3 PERSONNEL - QUALIFICATIONS/SUPERVISION Is each person performing aircraft maintenance authorized to perform that function? Is each person authorizing return to service qualified to do so? SECI’ION NO. 2.4 MAINTENANCE PROGRAM/INSPECTION TIMES Are the aircraft used by the pilot school receiving at least lOO-hour inspections? 6 91.409(b) yizs [ 1 No 1 1 0 43.3 0 43.7 28 ### Page 103 2/18/93 AC 141~IA Appendix 4 Are the aircraft manufacturer recommendations being accomplished to the following: (1) Lubrication requirements (25,50,75, 100 hours, etc) yfx [ 1 No I 1 (2) Retractable landing gear rigging ~i23 1 1 No [ 1 (3) Flight control rigging (surface travel and direction) FAR REFERENCE as related Are the following systems and equipment, as applicable, properly maintained? (1) VOR yes I 1 No 1 1 (2) Altimeter yes 1 1 No 1 1 8 91.171 6 91.411 (3) Altitude reporting 29 ### Page 104 AC 141-IA Appendix 4 2/18/93 **FAR REFERENCE** (4) ATC transponder 0 91.413 yi% 1 1 No [ 1 (5) Emergency locator transmit&r Is the condition of the following equipment satisfactory? (1) Seat belts (2) Shoulder harness (3) Seats Yes 1 1 No [ 1 (4) Seat tracks yix 1 1 No c 1 6 91.207 30 ### Page 105 2ml93 AC 14blA Appendix 4 SECTlON NO. 2.5 FACLITIES FAR REFERENCE Are all reauired manufacturers’ maintenance manuals available: aircraft, e&nes, avionics, etc? yks [ 1 No c 6 43.2 1 SECIION NO. 2.6 RECORDS Are maintenance records maintained in accordance with 0 91.417? yes 1 1 No 1 1 SECTION NO. 2.7 AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES Has any person operated a product to which an airworthiness directive (AD) applies except in accordance with the requirements of that AD? Has the operator kept AD records to include the AD number, method of compliance, revision date, and the time and date when the next action is required if the AD involves a recurring action? 8 91.417 $ 39.3 6 91.417 31 ### Page 106 AC 141-IA Appendix 4 2ml93 .’ ’ REFERENCE Have some of the AD’s permitted the local FAA Airworthiness Inspector to approve reasonable adjustments in the AD inspection intervals to allow compliance at the operator’s established inspection periods? FAA Order 8300.9, Chap. 3 (These adjustments require prior approval of the engineering and manufacturing branch in the controlling region.) Have some of the AD’s permitted an alternate method of compliance when it is possible that other repairs, modifications, and inspection methods could correct a particular difficulty? (These alternate methods, providing equivalent levels of safety, must be approved by letter after close coordination with aircraft certification division, engineering, etc.) Note: Cannot be transferred with aircraft sale. New owner will need approval. When the service bulletins are part of an AD, have all manufacturers’ service bulletins been completed in their entirety unless the FAA has approved an alternate method of compliance? Yes [ 1 No 1 1 (This includes all non-destructive testing processes, detailed maintenance procedures, and the use of specific chemicals, fasteners, and tools.) Note: When an operator fails to comply with the applicable terms and conditions of an AD, the affected aircraft, power-plant, or appliance is considered unairworthy and the FAA inspector must act accordingly. Time extensions must not interfere with any AD requirements, such as repetitive inspections. Use sampling techniques and verify AD compliance with actual hands-on inspections. ### Page 107 2mJ93 AC 1411IA Appendix 4 FAR REFERENCE Are the aircraft used in IFR operations properly equipped and maintained? 6 141.39(e) Are pretakeoff and prelanding checklists and the operator’s handbook for the aircraft (if one is furnished by the manufacturer) or copies of the handbook (if furnished to each student using the aircraft) carried on each aircraft used for flight instruction and solo flights? Are the aircraft data plates in place and legible for the aircraft and engine(s)? yizs 1 1 No 1 1 6 141.75(a) SECTION NO. 2.10 INOPERATIVE EQUIPMENT/DEFERRED MAINTENANCE Have any multiengine aircraft been used with inoperable equipment without an MEL? yks E 1 No 1 1 6 91.213 35 ### Page 108 AC 141~IA Appendix 4 2mv93 FAR REFERENCEi Are there established procedures for reporting malfimctions or defects? y!es [ 1 NCI 1 1 § 141.93(a) 36 *U.S. Government Printing Office: 1993 - 343-120/85918 ### Page 109 2m93 AC 141-IA Appendix 4 SECTION NO. 2.8 FUELING/SERVICING Does the operator have an STC to use automotive fuel? yks [ 1 NCI [ 1 (1) Is storage of automotive fbel adequate? yks c 1 No [ 1 (2) Is handling of automotive fuel adequate? yes 1 1 No [ 1 Are the aircti fuel tanks marked with type and grade of tiel? Is the required emergency equipment in each aircraft? ### Page 110 AC 14LlA Appendix 4 2/18/93 SECTION NO. 2.9 AIRCRAFT/MANUALS/PILOT **OPEIWTING HANDBOOK** FAR REFERENCE Are the aircraft used by the pilot school registered as civil aircraft of the United States? Are the aircraft certificated in the standard airworthiness category (except agricultural or external load operations where a restricted category aircraft may be acceptable if training is not prohibited by the operating limitations of the aircraft)? Yes 1 1 NCI C 1 Are the aircraft maintained and inspected in accordance with the requirements of FAR Part 91 that apply to aircraft used to give flight instruction for hire? Are the aircraft used in flight instruction at least two place with engine power controls and flight controls that are easily reached and operate in a normal manner from both pilot stations? 6 141.39(a) 6 141.39(b) 6 141.39(c) 6 141.39(d) 34 ### Page 111 U.S. Depmmem of Tmnsportation FBderalAvktkrr Adminim 800 Independence Ave., S.W. Washington, D.C. 20591 **FORWARDING AND RETURN** **POSTAGE GUARANTEED** **BULK MAIL** **POSTAGE & FEES PAID** **FEDERAL AVIATION** ADMINISTRATION PERMIT NO. G-44 ,- Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300 --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.