# AC 61-118A: Announcement of Availability: FAA-S-8081-14, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for Airplane - with Change 1

- Type: Advisory circular (guidance, not mandatory unless a rule or AD requires it)
- Status: Historical
- Approved: May 1, 1995
- Last reviewed: October 16, 2024
- This change: Canceled by Memo signed by Joseph K. Tintera; dated 04/28/2005.
- Family: AC 61-118
- 14 CFR parts: 1
- Pages: 204
- PDF: https://openairdocs.org/files/sha256/aa/3f/aa3fd0965490144ca738192757a04732d5fd7d44f13ae294ab1c018c73a3164a
- FAA DRS: https://drs.faa.gov/browse/excelExternalWindow/7588D5F6A4C9E39686256A03006E13A2.0001
- DRS record last changed: November 21, 2025
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ac/61-118

## Versions

- [AC 61-118A](https://openairdocs.org/ac/61-118) (Historical), approved May 1, 1995, 204 pages. Canceled by Memo signed by Joseph K. Tintera; dated 04/28/2005.

## Text

Each page's text from the PDF; open the PDF at a page with #page=N.

### Page 1

FAA-S-8081-14 with Change 1

PRIVATE PILOT Practical Test Standards for

**AIRPLANE (SEL, MEL, SES, MES) MAY 1995**

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE Washington, DC 20591

### Page 2

PRIVATE PILOT Practical Test Standards 1995

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE Washington, DC 20591

### Page 3

NOTE Material in FAA-S-8081-14 will be effective May 1, 1995. All previous editions of the Airplane Practical Test Standards will be obsolete as of this date.

### Page 4

FOREWORD The Private Pilot - Airplane Practical Test Standards book has been published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish the standards for the private pilot certification practical tests for the airplane category and the single-engine, land and sea; multiengine, land and sea classes. FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners shall conduct practical tests in compliance with these standards. Flight instructors and applicants should find these standards helpful during training and when preparing for the practical test.

William J. White Deputy Director, Flight Standards Service

### Page 5

RECORD OF CHANGES Change 1: 4/28/97 Reason: Text in all STEEP TURNS Tasks has been changed to emphasize steep turn entry speed at manufacturer's recommended speed, or one designated by the Examiner, not to exceed VA. This provides an option of a slower entry speed, when operating a lower performance land or seaplane.

• • SINGLE-ENGINE LAND AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVER TASK: STEEP TURNS

• • MULTIENGINE LAND AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVER TASK: STEEP TURNS

• • SINGLE-ENGINE SEA AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVER TASK: STEEP TURNS

• • MULTIENGINE SEA AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS TASK A: STEEP TURNS

### Page 6

FAA-S-8081-14i

INTRODUCTION The Flight Standards Service of the FAA has developed this practical test book as a standard to be used by FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners when conducting pilot practical tests. Flight instructors are expected to use this book when preparing applicants for practical tests.

This publication may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by organizations and individuals who have contributed their time and talent in the development and revision of the Private Pilot Practical Test Standards.

Comments regarding this publication should be sent to:

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Flight Standards Service Operations Support Branch, AFS-630 P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125

PRACTICAL TEST CONCEPT Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR's) specify the areas in which knowledge and skill shall be demonstrated by the applicant before the issuance of a pilot certificate. The FAR's provide the flexibility to permit the FAA to publish practical test standards containing specific TASKS in which pilot competency shall be demonstrated. The FAA will revise this book whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the interest of safety.

Adherence to the regulations and the practical test standards is mandatory for the evaluation of pilot applicants.

PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS BOOK DESCRIPTION This test book contains the following private pilot practical test standards:

Section 1 Airplane, Single-Engine Land Section 2 Airplane, Multiengine Land Section 3 Airplane, Single-Engine Sea Section 4 Airplane, Multiengine Sea The Private Pilot Practical Test Standards include the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS for the issuance of an initial private pilot certificate and for the addition of category and/or class ratings to that certificate.

### Page 7

FAA-S-8081-14 ii

PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS DESCRIPTION AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test arranged in a logical sequence within each standard. They begin with Preflight Preparation, and end with Postflight Procedures. The examiner, however, may conduct the practical test in any sequence that results in a complete and efficient test. The Roman numerals preceding each AREA OF OPERATION relate that AREA OF OPERATION to the corresponding regulatory requirement.

TASKS are knowledge areas, flight procedures and/or maneuvers appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION.

The REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the TASK.

Descriptions of TASKS are not included in the standards because this information can be found in the current issue of the listed reference.

Publications other than those listed may be used for reference if their content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced publications.

References upon which this practical test book is based include:

FAR Part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration FAR Part 61 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors FAR Part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules FAR Part 97 Standard Instrument Approach Procedures NTSB Part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents and Incidents AC 00-2 Advisory Circular Checklist AC 00-6 Aviation Weather AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services AC 61-21 Flight Training Handbook AC 61-23 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge AC 61-27 Instrument Flying Handbook AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors AC 61-67 Stall Spin Awareness Training AC 61-84 Role of Preflight Preparation AC 67-2 Medical Handbook for Pilots AC 90-48 Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance AC 91-23 Pilot's Weight and Balance Handbook AC 91-69 Seaplane Safety for FAR Part 91 Operations AC 120-51 Crew Resource Management Training AIM Airman's Information Manual AFD Airport Facility Directory NOTAM's Notices to Airmen Pilot Operating Handbooks FAA-Approved Flight Manuals

### Page 8

FAA-S-8081-14iii The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily performed to demonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective includes:

1. specifically what the applicant should be able to do;

2. the conditions under which the TASK is to be performed; and 3 the minimum acceptable standards of performance.

Information considered directive in nature is described in this practical test standard in terms such as “shall” and “must,” and means that the actions are mandatory. Terms such as “will,” “should,” or “may,” provide guidance and describe actions that are desirable, permissive, or not mandatory and allow for flexibility.

USE OF THE PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS The FAA requires that each Private Pilot practical test be conducted in accordance with the appropriate Private Pilot Practical Test Standard and the policies set forth in this INTRODUCTION. Private pilot applicants shall be evaluated in ALL TASKS included in each AREA OF OPERATION of the appropriate practical test standard.

In preparation for the practical test, the examiner shall develop a written “plan of action.” The “plan of action” shall include all TASKS in each AREA OF OPERATION. Any TASK selected shall be evaluated in its entirety.

However, if the elements in one TASK have already been evaluated in another TASK, they need not be repeated.

The examiner may, for any valid reason, elect to evaluate certain TASKS orally. Such TASKS include those that are impracticable, such as night flying.

The examiner is not required to follow the precise order in which the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS appear in this book. The examiner may change the sequence or combine TASKS with similar Objectives to meet the orderly, efficient flow of a well-run practical test. For example, a rectangular course may be combined with an airport traffic pattern.

However, the Objectives of all TASKS must be demonstrated and evaluated at some time during the practical test.

Examiners shall place special emphasis upon those aircraft operations that are most critical to flight safety. Among these areas are precise aircraft control and sound judgment in decision making. Although these areas may or may not be shown under each TASK, they are essential to flight safety and shall receive careful evaluation throughout the practical test. If these areas are shown in the Objective, additional emphasis shall be placed on them.

### Page 9

FAA-S-8081-14 iv

**THE EXAMINER SHALL ALSO EMPHASIZE STALL/SPIN AWARENESS,**

**SPATIAL DISORIENTATION, WAKE TURBULENCE AVOIDANCE, LOW**

LEVEL WIND SHEAR, INFLIGHT COLLISION AVOIDANCE, RUNWAY INCURSION AVOIDANCE, AND CHECKLIST USAGE.

In the performance of simulated emergency procedures, consideration must always be given to local conditions, including weather and terrain. If the procedure being evaluated would jeopardize safety, the examiner shall simulate that portion of the TASK.

PRIVATE PILOT PRACTICAL TEST PREREQUISITES An applicant for the private pilot practical test is required by Federal Aviation Regulations to:

1. pass the appropriate pilot know ledge test since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which the practical test is taken;

2. obtain the applicable instruction and aeronautical experience prescribed for the pilot certificate or rating sought;

3. possess a current medical certificate appropriate to the certificate or rating sought;

4. meet the age requirement for the issuance of the certificate or rating sought; and

5. obtain a written statement from an appropriately certificated flight instructor certifying that the applicant has been given flight instruction in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of application. The statement shall also state that the instructor finds the applicant competent to pass the practical test and that the applicant has satisfactory knowledge of the subject area(s) in which a deficiency was indicated by the airman knowledge test report.

NOTE: AC 61-65, Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors, states that the instructor may sign the instructor's recommendation on the reverse side of FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, in lieu of the previous statement, provided all appropriate FAR Part 61 requirements are substantiated by reliable records.

AIRCRAFT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR THE PRACTICAL TEST The private pilot applicant is required by FAR Section 61.45 to provide an appropriate, airworthy, certificated aircraft for the practical test. The aircraft must be equipped for, and its operating limitations must not prohibit, the performance of all TASKS required on the test.

### Page 10

FAA-S-8081-14v

USE OF DISTRACTIONS DURING PRACTICAL TESTS Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To strengthen this area of pilot training and evaluation, the examiner shall provide a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test. This will give the examiner a positive opportunity to evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention, both inside and outside the cockpit, while maintaining safe flight.

APPLICANT'S USE OF CHECKLISTS Throughout the practical test standard the applicant is evaluated on using the checklist. Its proper use is dependent on the specific TASK being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the checklist, while accomplishing the elements of the Objective, would be either unsafe or impractical, especially in a single-pilot operation. In this case, a review of the checklist, after the elements have been met, would be appropriate. In any case, use of the checklist must consider proper scanning and division of attention at all times.

STABILIZED APPROACH The term “STABILIZED APPROACH” as used in this practical test standard is not intended to be construed in the same context as the term utilized in large aircraft operation. The term as utilized in this book means that the aircraft is in a position where minimum input of all controls will result in a safe landing. Excessive control input at any point could be an indication of improper planning.

CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM) CRM “...refers to the effective use of ALL available resources; human resources, hardware, and information. ” Human resources “...includes all other groups routinely working with the cockpit crew (or pilot) who are involved in decisions that are required to operate a flight safely. These groups include, but are not limited to: dispatchers, cabin crewmembers, maintenance personnel, and air traffic controllers. ” CRM is not a single TASK, it is a set of skill competencies that must be evident in all TASKS in this PTS as applied to either single pilot or a crew operation.

### Page 11

FAA-S-8081-14 vi

METRIC CONVERSION INITIATIVE To assist pilots in understanding and using the metric measurement system, the practical test standards refer to the metric equivalent of various altitudes throughout. The inclusion of meters is intended to familiarize pilots with its use. The metric altimeter is arranged in 10 meter increments;

therefore, when converting from feet to meters, the exact conversion, being too exact for practical purposes, is rounded to the nearest 10 meter increment or even altitude as necessary.

MANUFACTURER'S RECOMMENDATION The term “recommended” refers to the manufacturer's recommendation. If the manufacturer's recommendation is not available, the description in AC 61-21 shall be used.

SPECIFIED BY THE EXAMINER Use of the word “specified” means as specified by the examiner.

EXAMINER1 RESPONSIBILITY The examiner conducting the practical test is responsible for determining that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of knowledge and skill outlined in the Objective of each TASK within the appropriate practical test standard. Since there is no formal division between the “knowledge” and “skill” portions of the practical test, oral questioning becomes an ongoing process throughout the test. Oral questioning, to determine the applicant's knowledge of the TASKS and related safety factors, should be used judiciously at all times, especially during the flight portion of the practical test.

Examiners shall test to the greatest extent practicable the applicant's correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration of facts throughout the practical test.

Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall evaluate the applicant's procedures for visual scanning, inflight collision avoidance, runway incursion avoidance, and positive exchange of flight controls.

1The word “examiner” denotes either the FAA inspector or FAA designated pilot examiner who conducts the flight test.

### Page 12

FAA-S-8081-14vii

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR RESPONSIBILITY An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the student to acceptable standards in all knowledge areas, procedures, and maneuvers as outlined in the Objective of each TASK within the appropriate Private Pilot Practical Test Standard. Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge and skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to students. Additionally, the flight instructor must certify that the applicant is able to perform safely as a private pilot and is competent to pass the required practical test for the certificate or rating sought.

Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible for emphasizing effective visual scanning, and inflight collision and runway incursion avoidance, and the positive exchange of flight controls. These areas are covered, in part, in AC 90-48, Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance;

AC 61-21, Flight Training Handbook; AC 61-23, Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; and the Airman's Information Manual.

SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE Satisfactory performance is based on the applicant’s ability to safely:

1. perform the approved AREAS OF OPERATION for the certificate or rating sought within the approved standards;

2. demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome of each task performed never seriously in doubt;

3. demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the approved standards;

4. demonstrate sound judgment; and

5. demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type certificated for single-pilot operations.

UNSATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not meet the standards of performance of any TASK performed, the associated AREA OF OPERATION is failed and, therefore, the practical test is failed. The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test any time after the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes the applicant ineligible for the certificate or rating sought. The test will be continued ONLY with the consent of the applicant. Whether the test is continued or discontinued, the applicant is entitled credit for only those TASKS satisfactorily performed. However, during the retest and at the discretion of the examiner, any TASK may be re-evaluated, including those previously passed.

### Page 13

FAA-S-8081-14 viii Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification are:

1. Any action or lack of action by the applicant which requires corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight.

2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.

3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.

4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded.

When a disapproval notice is issued, the examiner will record the applicant's unsatisfactory performance in terms of the AREA OF OPERATION appropriate to the practical test conducted.

USE OF RATING TASKS TABLES If an applicant already holds a private pilot certificate and is seeking an additional class rating, use the appropriate table at the beginning of each section to determine which TASKS are required to be evaluated. However, at the discretion of the examiner, the applicant’s competence in any TASK may be evaluated.

If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at the private level, and the table indicates differing required TASKS, the “least restrictive” entry applies. For example, if “ALL” and “NONE” are indicated for one AREA OF OPERATION, the “NONE” entry applies. If “B” and “B, C ” are indicated, the “B” entry applies.

### Page 14

**SECTION 1**

**AIRPLANE**

SINGLE-ENGINE LAND (ASEL) Practical Test Standard NOTE: An applicant seeking initial certification as a private pilot with an airplane single-engine land class rating will be evaluated in all TASKS listed within this section.

At the discretion of the examiner, an applicant seeking the addition of an airplane single-engine land class rating need not be evaluated on those AREAS OF OPERATIONS/TASKS so noted in the following rating tasks table.

### Page 15

FAA-S-8081-14 Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Land Rating to an Existing Private Pilot Certificate Required TASKS are indicated by either the TASK letter(s) that apply(s) or an indication that all or none of the TASKS must be tested.

Area of Operation ASES AMEL AMES RH RG Non-Power Glider Power Glider Free Balloon Airship A,E,F, G ALL B,C ALL NONE NONE NONE ALL NONE ALL NONE ALL A,E,F, G ALL B ALL ALL NONE NONE ALL NONE ALL NONE ALL A,E,F, G ALL B,C ALL ALL NONE NONE ALL NONE ALL NONE ALL A,E,F, G ALL B ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL A,E,F, G ALL B ALL ALL NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL A,E,F, G ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL A,E,F, G ALL B ALL ALL NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL A,E,F, G ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL A,E,F, G ALL B ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

PRIVATE PILOT RATING(S) HELD 1-i

### Page 16

FAA-S-8081-141-iii

**CONTENTS**

RATING TASKS TABLE … 1

CHECKLISTS:

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist … 1

Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist … 1

AREAS OF OPERATION:

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION … 1

A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS … 1

B. WEATHER INFORMATION … 1

C. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING … 1

D. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM … 1

E. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS … 1

F. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS … 1

G. MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST … 1

H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS … 1

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES … 1

A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION … 1

B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT … 1

C. ENGINE STARTING … 1

D. TAXIING … 1

E. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK … 1

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS … 1

A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS … 1

B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS … 1

C. AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING … 1

IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS … 1

A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB … 1

**B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND**

LANDING … 1

C. SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB … 1

D. SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING … 1

E. SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB … 1

F. SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING … 1

G. FORWARD SLIP TO A LANDING … 1

H. GO-AROUND … 1

### Page 17

FAA-S-8081-14 1-iv

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER … 1-16

STEEP TURNS … 1-16

VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS … 1-17

A. RECTANGULAR COURSE … 1-17

B. S-TURNS … 1-17

C. TURNS AROUND A POINT … 1-18

VII. NAVIGATION … 1-19

A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING … 1-19

B. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES … 1-19

C. DIVERSION … 1-20

D. LOST PROCEDURES … 1-20

VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS … 1-21

A. MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT … 1-21

B. POWER-OFF STALLS … 1-21

C. POWER-ON STALLS … 1-22

D. SPIN AWARENESS … 1-23

IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS … 1-24

A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT … 1-24

B. CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS … 1-24

C. CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS … 1-25

D. TURNS TO HEADINGS … 1-25

E. RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES … 1-25

**F. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION**

SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES … 1-26

X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS … 1-27

A. EMERGENCY DESCENT … 1-27

B. EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING … 1-27

C. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS … 1-28

D. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR … 1-29

### Page 18

FAA-S-8081-141-v

XI. NIGHT OPERATIONS … 1

A. NIGHT PREPARATION … 1

B. NIGHT FLIGHT … 1

XII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES … 1

A. AFTER LANDING … 1

B. PARKING AND SECURING … 1

### Page 19

FAA-S-8081-141-vii APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:

EXAMINER’S NAME_____________________________ LOCATION ____________________________________ DATE/TIME ____________________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT  Aircraft Documents:

Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate Operating Limitations  Aircraft Maintenance Records:

Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD Compliance € Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual  FCC Station License

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT  View-Limiting Device  Current Aeronautical Charts  Computer and Plotter  Flight Plan Form  Flight Logs  Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate Publications

PERSONAL RECORDS € Identification - Photo/Signature ID  Pilot Certificate  Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate  Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature (if applicable)  AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report, or Computer Test Report  Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements  FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)  Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)  Examiner’s Fee (if applicable)

### Page 20

FAA-S-8081-14 1-ix EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST (ASEL) APPLICANT'S NAME_______________________________ LOCATION_______________________________________ DATE/TIME______________________________________ I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION  A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS  B. WEATHER INFORMATION  C. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING  D. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM  E. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS  F. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS  G. MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST  H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES  A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION  B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT  C. ENGINE STARTING  D. TAXIING  E. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS  A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS  B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS  C. AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS  A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING  C. SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  D. SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING  E. SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  F. SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING  G. FORWARD SLIP TO A LANDING  H. GO-AROUND

### Page 21

FAA-S-8081-14 1-x V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER  STEEP TURNS VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS  A. RECTANGULAR COURSE  B. S-TURNS  C. TURNS AROUND A POINT VII. NAVIGATION  A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING  B. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES  C. DIVERSION  D. LOST PROCEDURES VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS  A. MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT  B. POWER-OFF STALLS  C. POWER-ON STALLS  D. SPIN AWARENESS IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS  A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT  B. CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS  C. CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS  D. TURNS TO HEADINGS  E. UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES  F. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION

SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS  A. EMERGENCY DESCENT  B. EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING  C. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS  D. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR XI. NIGHT OPERATIONS  A. NIGHT PREPARATION  B. NIGHT FLIGHT XII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES  A. AFTER LANDING  B. PARKING AND SECURING

### Page 22

FAA-S-8081-141-1 I. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PREPARATION A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS REFERENCES: FAR Parts 43, 61, 91; AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by explaining the appropriate–

a. pilot certificate, privileges and limitations.

b. medical certificate, class and duration.

c. pilot logbook or flight record, required entries.

2. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by locating and explaining the–

a. airworthiness and registration certificates.

b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, handbooks, and manuals.

c. weight and balance data, including the equipment list.

d. airworthiness directives and compliance records, maintenance requirements, tests, and appropriate records.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION REFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information by analyzing weather reports and forecasts from various sources with emphasis on–

a. PIREP's.

b. SIGMET's and AIRMET's.

c. wind shear reports.

2. Makes a c ompetent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather information.

### Page 23

FAA-S-8081-14 1-2 C. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; Navigation Charts; Airport/Facility Directory; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight planning by presenting and explaining a preplanned VFR cross-country flight near the maximum range of the airplane, as previously assigned by the examiner. The final flight plan shall include real-time weather to the first fuel stop, with maximum allowable passenger and baggage loads.

2. Uses appropriate, current aeronautical charts.

3. Plots a course for the intended route of flight.

4. Identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features.

5. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.

6. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather conditions and equipment capabilities.

7. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.

8. Selects appropriate navigation syst ems/facilities and communication frequencies.

9. Confirms availability of alternate airports.

10. Extracts and records pertinent information from NOTAM’s, the Airport/Facility Directory, and other flight publications.

11. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.

D. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM REFERENCES: FAR Parts 71, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:

1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums – for all classes of airspace.

2. Airspace classes – their boundaries, pilot certification, and airplane equipment requirements for the following–

a. Class A.

b. Class B.

c. Class C.

d. Class D.

e. Class E.

f. Class G.

3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.

### Page 24

FAA-S-8081-141-3 E. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84, AC 91-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data, if available from the manufacturer, to determine performance, including takeoff, climb, cruise, range, and endurance, and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.

2. Computes weight and balance, including adding, removing, and shifting weight. Determines if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during all phases of flight.

3. Describes the effects of a tmospheric conditions on the airplane's performance.

4. Determines whether the computed performance is within the airplane's capabilities and operating limitations.

F. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems on the airplane provided for the flight test by explaining at least three of the following:

1. Primary flight controls and trim.

2. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers.

3. Powerplant.

4. Propeller.

5. Landing gear.

6. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic systems.

7. Electrical system.

8. Pitot-static system, vacuum/pressure system and associated flight instruments.

9. Environmental system.

10. Deicing and anti-icing systems.

11. Avionics system.

### Page 25

FAA-S-8081-14 1-4 G. TASK: MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST REFERENCE: FAR Part 91.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the use of an approved Part 91 minimum equipment list by explaining:

1. Required instruments and equipment for day VFR and night VFR flight.

2. Procedures for operating the airplane with inoperative instruments and equipment.

3. Requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight permit.

H. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:

1. The symptoms, causes, effe cts, and corrective actions of at least three of the following—

a. hypoxia.

b. hyperventilation.

c. middle ear and sinus problems.

d. spatial disorientation.

e. motion sickness.

f. carbon monoxide poisoning.

g. stress and fatigue.

2. The effects of alcohol and over-the-counter drugs.

3. The effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives upon a pilot or passenger in flight.

### Page 26

FAA-S-8081-141-5 II. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to preflight inspection. This shall include which items must be inspected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.

2. Inspects the airplane with reference to the checklist.

3. Verifies the airplane is in condition for safe flight.

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cockpit management procedures.

2. Ensures all loose items in the cockpit and cabin are secured.

3. Briefs passengers on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and emergency procedures.

4. Organizes material and equipment in a logical, efficient flow pattern.

5. Utilizes all appropriate checklists.

### Page 27

FAA-S-8081-14 1-6 C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-13, AC 91-55; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine starting. This shall include the use of an external power source and starting under various atmospheric conditions, as appropriate.

2. Positions the airplane properly considering open hangars, other aircraft, the safety of nearby persons and property on the ramp, and surface conditions.

3. Accomplishes the correct starting procedure.

4. Completes the appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: TAXIING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to safe taxi procedures.

2. Positions the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions.

3. Performs a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving.

4. Controls direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.

5. Complies with airport markings, signals, and ATC clearances.

6. Avoids other aircraft and hazards.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 28

FAA-S-8081-141-7 E. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check. This shall include the reasons for checking each item and how to detect malfunctions.

2. Positions the airplane properly considering other aircraft, wind and surface conditions.

3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit.

4. Ensures that engine temperature and pressure are suitable for run-up and takeoff.

5. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and confirms that the airplane is in safe operating condition.

6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff distances, emergency procedures, and the departure procedure.

7. Assures no conflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 29

FAA-S-8081-14 1-8 III. AREA OF OPERATION:

AIRPORT OPERATIONS A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT

SIGNALS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications and ATC light signals. This shall include radio failure procedures.

2. Selects appropriate frequencies.

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.

4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with instructions.

5. Uses prescribed procedures following radio communications failure.

6. Interprets and complies with ATC light signals.

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns.

This shall include procedures at controlled and uncontrolled airports, runway incursion and collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.

2. Complies with traffic pattern procedures.

3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic.

4. Establishes an appropriate distance from the runway, considering the possibility of an engine failure.

5. Corrects for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.

6. Maintains orientation with the runway in use.

7. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters), and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 30

FAA-S-8081-141-9 C. TASK: AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND

LIGHTING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport and runway markings and lighting.

2. Identifies and interprets airport, runway and taxiway markings and lighting.

### Page 31

FAA-S-8081-14 1-10 IV. AREA OF OPERATION:

TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb.

2. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions;

sets the flaps as recommended.

3. Clears the area; taxies into the takeoff position and aligns the airplane on the runway centerline.

4. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

5. Rotates at the recommended airspeed, lifts off, and accelerates to VY.

6. Establishes the pitch attitude for VY and maintains VY, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

7. Retracts the landing gear, if retractable, and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude.

9. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

10. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

11. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 32

FAA-S-8081-141-11 B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND

LANDING NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface and obstructions, and selects the most suitable touchdown point.

3. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

4. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 V SO, +10/-5 knots, with gust factor applied.

5. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

6. Touches down smoothly at the approximate stalling speed, at or within 400 feet (120 meters) beyond a specified point, with no drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.

7. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

C. TASK: SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a soft-field takeoff and climb.

2. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions and so as to maximize lift as quickly as possible; sets the flaps as recommended.

3. Clears the area; taxies onto the takeoff surface at a speed consistent with safety and aligns the airplane without stopping while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

### Page 33

**FAA-S-8081-14 1-12**

4. Establishes and maintains the pitch attitude that will transfer the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.

5. Lifts off and remains in ground effect while accelerating to VY.

6. Establishes the pitch attitude for VY and maintains VY, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

7. Retracts the landing gear, if re tractable, and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude.

9. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

10. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

11. Completes the appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowl edge of the elements related to a soft-field approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface and obstructions, and selects the most suitable touchdown point.

3. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

4. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, or in its absence not more than 1.3 V SO, +10/-5 knots, with gust factor applied.

5. Makes smooth, timely, and correct contr ol application during the roundout and touchdown.

6. Touches down smoothly with no drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.

7. Maintains the correct position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi on the soft surface.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 34

FAA-S-8081-141-13 E. TASK: SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a short-field takeoff and climb.

2. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions;

sets the flaps as recommended.

3. Clears the area; taxies into the takeoff position so as to allow maximum utilization of available takeoff area and aligns the airplane on the runway centerline.

4. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

5. Rotates at the recommended airspeed, lifts off and accelerates to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX.

6. Establishes the pitch attitude for the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed, or V X, and maintains that airspeed, +10/-5 knots, until the obstacle is cleared, or until the airplane is 50 feet (20 meters) above the surface.

7. After clearing the obstacle, accelerates to VY, establishes the pitch attitude for V Y, and maintains V Y, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

8. Retracts the landing gear, if retractable, and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

9. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude.

10. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

11. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

12. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 35

FAA-S-8081-14 1-14 F. TASK: SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a short-field approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface and obstructions, and selects the most suitable touchdown point.

3. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

4. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, or in its absence not more than 1.3 V SO, +10/-5 knots, with gust factor applied.

5. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control applicatio n during the roundout and touchdown.

6. Touches down smoothly at the approximate stalling speed, at or within 200 feet (60 meters) beyond a specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.

7. Applies brakes, as necessary, to stop in the shortest distance consistent with safety.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

G. TASK: FORWARD SLIP TO A LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a forward slip to a landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface and obstructions, and selects the most suitable touchdown point.

3. Establishes the slipping attitude at the point from which a landing can be made using the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed; adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

4. Maintains a ground track aligned with the runway centerline and an airspeed which results in minimum float during the roundout.

### Page 36

**FAA-S-8081-141-15**

5. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the recovery from the slip, the roundout, and the touchdown.

6. Touches down smoothly at the approximate stalling speed, at or within 400 feet (120 meters) beyond a specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.

7. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

H. TASK: GO-AROUND REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around.

2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.

3. Applies takeoff power immediately and transitions to the climb pitch attitude for VY,+10/-5 knots.

4. Retracts the flaps to the approach setting, if applicable.

5. Retracts the landing gear, if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established.

6. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets power and transitions to the airspeed appropriate for the traffic pattern.

7. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.

8. Complies with noise abatement procedures, as appropriate.

9. Flies the appropriate traffic pattern.

10. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 37

FAA-S-8081-14 1-16 V. AREA OF OPERATION: Change 1 PERFORMANCE MANEUVER 4/28/97 TASK: STEEP TURNS REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep turns.

2. Selects an altitude that will allow the task to be performed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL.

3. Establishes the manufacturer’s recommended airspeed or if one is not stated, the examiner may designate a safe airspeed not to exceed VA.

4. Rolls into a coordinated 360° turn; maintains a 45° bank, ±5°;

and rolls out on the entry heading, ±10°.

5. Performs the task in the opposite direction, as specified by the examiner.

6. Divides attention between airplane control and orientation.

7. Maintains the entry altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters), and airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 38

FAA-S-8081-141-17 VI. AREA OF OPERATION:

GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular course.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the ground reference area with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at traffic pattern altitude, at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg, with the first circuit to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correction during straight-andturning flight to maintain a constant ground track around the rectangular reference area.

6. Divides attention between airplane control and the ground track and maintains coordinated flight.

7. Exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started, and reverses course as directed by the examiner.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

B. TASK: S-TURNS REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to S-turns.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the reference line with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300 meters) AGL, perpendicular to the selected reference line, downwind, with the first series of turns to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius half-circle on each side of the selected reference line.

6. Divides attention betwee n airplane control and the ground track and maintains coordinated flight.

7. Reverses course, as directed by the examiner, and exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started.

### Page 39

**FAA-S-8081-14 1-18**

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to turns around a point.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the reference point with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300 meters) AGL, at an appropriate distance from the reference point, with the airplane headed downwind and the first turn to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius circle around the selected reference point with a bank of approximately 45° at the steepest point in the turn.

6. Divides attention between airpla ne control and the ground track and maintains coordinated flight.

7. Completes two turns, exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started, and reverses course as directed by the examiner.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 40

FAA-S-8081-141-19 VII. AREA OF OPERATION:

NAVIGATION A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of th e elements related to pilotage and dead reckoning.

2. Follows the preplanned course solely by reference to landmarks.

3. Identifies landmarks by relating surface features to chart symbols.

4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, groundspeeds, and elapsed time.

5. Corrects for and records the differences between preflight fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those determined en route.

6. Verifies the airplane's position within 3 nautical miles of the flight-planned route at all times.

7. Arrives at the en route checkpoints and destination within 5 minutes of the ETA.

8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and established heading, ±15°.

9. Completes all appropriate checklists.

B. TASK: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Navigation Equipment Operation Manuals.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to navigation systems and radar services.

2. Selects and identifies the appropr iate navigation system/facility.

3. Locates the airplane's position using radials, bearings, or coordinates, as appropriate.

4. Intercepts and tracks a given radial or bearing, if appropriate.

5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station passage, if appropriate.

6. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action.

7. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing ATC radar services.

8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters).

### Page 41

FAA-S-8081-14 1-20 C. TASK: DIVERSION REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diversion.

2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport and route.

3. Diverts promptly toward the alternate airport.

4. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport.

5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and established heading, ±15°.

D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.

2. Selects the best course of action when given a lost situation.

3. Maintains the original or an appropriate heading and climbs, if necessary.

4. Identifies the nearest concentration of prominent landmarks.

5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an ATC facility for assistance, as appropriate.

6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating weather and/or fuel exhaustion is imminent.

### Page 42

FAA-S-8081-141-21 VIII. AREA OF OPERATION:

SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS A. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to maneuvering during slow flight.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Stabilizes the airspeed at 1.2 Vs1, +10/-5 knots.

4. Accomplishes coordinated straight-and-level flight and level turns, at bank angles and in configurations, as specified by the examiner.

5. Accomplishes coordinated climbs and descents, straight and turning, at bank angles and in configurations as specified by the examiner.

6. Divides attention between airplane control and orientation.

7. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); the specified heading, ±10°; and the specified airspeed, +10/-5 knots.

8. Maintains the specified angle of bank, not to exceed 30° in level flight, +0/-10°; maintains the specified angle of bank, not to exceed 20° in climbing or descending flight, +0/-10°; rolls out on the specified heading, ±10°; and levels off from climbs and descents within ±100 feet (30 meters).

B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-off stalls. This shall include an understanding of the aerodynamics of a stall which occurs as a result of uncoordinated flight. Emphasis shall be placed upon recognition of and recovery from a power-off stall.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

### Page 43

**FAA-S-8081-14 1-22**

3. Establishes a stabilized approach in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the examiner.

4. Transitions smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.

5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight;

maintains a specified angle of bank not to exceed 30°, +0/-10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.

6. Recognizes and announces the first aerodynamic indications of the oncoming stall, i.e., buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.

7. Recovers promptly after a stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, applying power, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the airplane.

8. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear, if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established; accelerates to VY before the final flap retraction;

returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.

C. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-on stalls. This shall include an understanding of the aerodynamics of a stall which occurs as a result of uncoordinated flight. Emphasis shall be placed upon recognition of and recovery from a power-on stall.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Establishes the takeoff or departure configuratio n, airspeed, and power as specified by the examiner.

4. Transitions smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.

5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight;

maintains a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, +0/-10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.

6. Recognizes and announces the first aerodynamic indications of the oncoming stall, i.e., buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.

### Page 44

**FAA-S-8081-141-23**

7. Recovers promptly after a stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, applying power as appropriate, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the airplane.

8. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear, if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established; accelerates to VY before the final flap retraction;

returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.

D. TASK: SPIN AWARENESS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to spin awareness by explaining:

1. Flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.

2. The technique used to recognize and recover from unintentional spins.

3. The recommended spin recovery procedure for the airplane used for the practical test.

### Page 45

FAA-S-8081-14 1-24 IX. AREA OF OPERATION:

BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight.

2. Maintains straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

3. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); heading, ±20°; and airspeed, ±10 knots.

B. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight, constant airspeed climbs.

2. Establishes the climb configuration specified by the examiner.

3. Transitions to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

4. Demonstrates climbs solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight.

5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 46

FAA-S-8081-141-25 C. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight, constant airspeed descents.

2. Establishes the descent configuration specified by the examiner.

3. Transitions to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

4. Demonstrates descents solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight.

5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during turns to headings.

2. Transitions to the level-turn attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

3. Demonstrates turns to headings solely by reference to instruments; maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters);

maintains a standard rate turn and rolls out on the assigned heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during unusual attitudes.

2. Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments; recovers promptly to a stabilized level flight attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation and smooth, coordinated control application in the correct sequence.

### Page 47

FAA-S-8081-14 1-26 F. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION

SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications, navigation systems/facilities, and radar services available for use during flight solely by reference to instruments.

2. Selects the proper frequency and identifies the appropriate facility.

3. Follows verbal instructions and/or navigation systems/facilities for guidance.

4. Determines the minimum safe altitude.

5. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 48

FAA-S-8081-141-27 X. AREA OF OPERATION:

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS A. TASK: EMERGENCY DESCENT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an emergency descent.

2. Recognizes the urgency of an emergency descent.

3. Establishes the recommended emerge ncy descent configuration and airspeed, and maintains that airspeed, ±5 knots.

4. Demonstrates orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.

5. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

B. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency approach and landing procedures.

2. Establishes and maintains the recomm ended best-glide attitude, configuration, and airspeed, ±10 knots.

3. Selects a suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans and follows a flight pattern to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.

5. Attempts to determine the reason for the malfunction and makes the correction, if possible.

6. Maintains positive control of the airplane at all times.

7. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 49

FAA-S-8081-14 1-28 C. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test.

2. Analyzes the situation and takes the appropriate action for simulated emergencies, such as–

a. partial or complete power loss.

b. engine roughness or overheat.

c. carburetor or induction icing.

d. loss of oil pressure.

e. fuel starvation.

f. electrical system malfunction.

g. flight instruments malfunction.

h. landing gear or flap malfunction.

i. inoperative trim.

j. inadvertent door or window opening.

k. structural icing.

l. smoke/fire/engine compartment fire.

m. any other emergency appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test.

3. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 50

FAA-S-8081-141-29 D. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test, such as–

a. location in the airplane.

b. method of operation or use.

c. servicing requirements.

d. method of safe storage.

e. equipment and survival gear appropriate for operation in various climates and topographical environments.

2. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 51

FAA-S-8081-14 1-30 XI. AREA OF OPERATION:

NIGHT OPERATIONS NOTE: If an applicant does not meet the aeronautical experience requirements of FAR Section 61.109(a)(2), the applicant's certificate shall bear the limitation “Night Flying Prohibited.”

A. TASK: NIGHT PREPARATION REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 67-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to night operations by explaining:

1. Physiological aspects of night flying including the effec ts of changing light conditions, coping with illusions, and how the pilot's physical condition affects visual acuity.

2. Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, and pilot controlled lighting.

3. Airplane lighting systems.

4. Personal equipment essential for night flight.

5. Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques.

6. Safety precautions and emergencies peculiar to night flying.

B. TASK: NIGHT FLIGHT NOTE: The examiner shall orally evaluate element 1 and at least one of the elements, 2 through 6.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM, Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to night flight.

2. Inspects the interior and exterior of the airplane with emphasis on those items essential for night flight.

3. Taxies and accomplishes the before takeoff check adhering to good operating practice for night conditions.

4. Performs takeoffs and cli mbs with emphasis on visual references.

5. Navigates and maintains orientation under VFR conditions.

6. Approaches, lands, and taxies, adhering to good operating practices for night conditions.

7. Completes all appropriate checklists.

### Page 52

FAA-S-8081-141-31 XII. AREA OF OPERATION:

POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES A. TASK: AFTER LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing procedures.

2. Taxies to the parking/refueling area using the proper wind control technique and obstacle avoidance procedures.

3. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: PARKING AND SECURING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to parking and securing procedures. This shall include an understanding of parking hand signals and deplaning passengers.

2. Parks the airplane properly, considering other aircraft and the safety of nearby persons and property on the ramp.

3. Follows the recommended procedure for engine shutdown and securing the cockpit and the airplane.

4. Performs a satisfactory postflight inspection.

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 53

**SECTION 2**

**AIRPLANE**

MULTIENGINE LAND (AMEL) Practical Test Standard NOTE: An applicant seeking initial certification as a private pilot with an airplane multiengine land class rating will be evaluated in all TASKS listed within this section.

At the discretion of the examiner, an applicant seeking the addition of an airplane multiengine land class rating need not be evaluated on those AREAS OF OPERATIONS/TASKS so noted in the following rating tasks table.

### Page 54

FAA-S-8081-142-i A dd ition of an A irplan e M ultie ng in e La nd R at in g to an E x ist ing P riv ate P ilo t C e rt ific ate R e q uire d TA SK S are in d ic ated b y e ith er th e TA SK le tte r(s) th a t ap p ly(s) o r a n in dica tion th at a ll or n on e of th e T AS KS m u st be te ste d .

A re a o f O p e ra - tio n

A S EL A S ES A M ES R H R G N on - Po wer Glid er P o w e r G lid er F re e B a llo o n A irs h ip A,E A L L B A L L A * N ON E N ON E A L L N ON E A L L A L L A L L A L L A,E A LL B,C A LL A *

N O N E

N O N E A LL

N O N E A LL A LL A LL A LL A,E A L L B,C A L L A *

N O N E

N O N E A L L

N O N E A L L A,B A L L A L L A ,E AL L B AL L A * AL L

N O N E AL L AL L AL L AL L AL L AL L A,E A L L B A L L A * N ON E N ON E A L L A L L A L L A L L A L L A L L A,E A LL A LL A LL A * A LL A LL A LL A LL A LL A LL A LL A LL A ,E AL L B AL L A *

N O N E

N O N E AL L AL L AL L AL L AL L AL L A ,E AL L AL L AL L A * AL L AL L AL L AL L AL L AL L AL L AL L A ,E AL L B AL L A * AL L

N O N E AL L AL L AL L AL L AL L AL L I II III IV V V I V II V III IX X X I X II X III * If the applic ant is ins trum ent rated and ins trum ent c om petenc y in a m ultiengine airplane has not been prev ious ly dem ons trated, TASK S B, C , and D may be perform ed at this time, otherw is e a VF R O N LY res tric tion s hall be s pec ified on the is s ued c ertific ate.

**P RIVATE PILO T RATIN G(S) HE LD**

### Page 55

FAA-S-8081-142-iii

**CONTENTS**

RATING TASKS TABLE … 2-i

CHECKLISTS:

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist … 2-vii

Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist … 2-ix

AREAS OF OPERATION:

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION … 2-1

A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS … 2-1

B. WEATHER INFORMATION … 2-1

C. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING … 2-2

D. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM … 2-2

E. MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST … 2-3

F. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS … 2-3

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES … 2-4

A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION … 2-4

B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT … 2-4

C. ENGINE STARTING … 2-4

D. TAXIING … 2-5

E. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK … 2-5

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS … 2-6

**A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS 2-6**

B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS … 2-6

**C. AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING 2-7**

IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS … 2-8

**A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF**

AND CLIMB … 2-8

**B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND**

LANDING … 2-9

C. SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB … 2-9

D. SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING … 2-10

E. GO-AROUND … 2-11

### Page 56

FAA-S-8081-14 2-iv

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS … 2-12

A. STEEP TURNS … 2-12

**B. ENGINE FAILURE DURING FLIGHT (BY REFERENCE TO**

INSTRUMENTS) … 2-13

C. INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ALL ENGINES OPERATING

(BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS) … 2-14

D. INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE (BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS) 2-15

VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS … 2-17

A. RECTANGULAR COURSE … 2-17

B. S-TURNS … 2-17

C. TURNS AROUND A POINT … 2-18

VII. NAVIGATION … 2-19

A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING … 2-19

B. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES … 2-19

C. DIVERSION … 2-20

D. LOST PROCEDURES … 2-20

VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS … 2-21

A. MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT … 2-21

B. POWER-OFF STALLS … 2-22

C. POWER-ON STALLS … 2-23

D. SPIN AWARENESS … 2-24

IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS … 2-25

A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT … 2-25

B. CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS … 2-25

C. CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS … 2-26

D. TURNS TO HEADINGS … 2-26

E. RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES … 2-27

**F. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION**

SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES … 2-27

### Page 57

FAA-S-8081-142-v

X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS … 2-28

A. EMERGENCY DESCENT … 2-28

B. MANEUVERING WITH ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE... 2-28 C. ENGINE INOPERATIVE – LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL

CONTROL DEMONSTRATION … 2-30

**D. ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF BEFORE VMC**

(SIMULATED) … 2-32

E. ENGINE FAILURE AFTER LIFT-OFF (SIMULATED) … 2-32

**F. APPROACH AND LANDING WITH AN INOPERATIVE**

ENGINE (SIMULATED) … 2-33

G. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS … 2-34

**H. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL**

GEAR … 2-35

XI. MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS … 2-36

A. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS … 2-36

B. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS … 2-36

C. ENGINE INOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT … 2-37

XII. NIGHT OPERATIONS … 2-38

A. NIGHT PREPARATION … 2-38

B. NIGHT FLIGHT … 2-38

XIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES … 2-39

A. AFTER LANDING … 2-39

B. PARKING AND SECURING … 2-39

### Page 58

FAA-S-8081-142-vii APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:

EXAMINER’S NAME_____________________________ LOCATION ____________________________________ DATE/TIME ____________________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT  Aircraft Documents:

Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate Operating Limitations  Aircraft Maintenance Records:

Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD Compliance € Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual  FCC Station License

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT  View-Limiting Device  Current Aeronautical Charts  Computer and Plotter  Flight Plan Form  Flight Logs  Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate Publications

PERSONAL RECORDS € Identification - Photo/Signature ID  Pilot Certificate  Current and appropriate Medical Certificate  Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature (if applicable)  AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report, or Computer Test Report  Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements  FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)  Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)  Examiner’s Fee (if applicable)

### Page 59

FAA-S-8081-142-ix EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST (AMEL) APPLICANT'S NAME_______________________________ LOCATION_______________________________________ DATE/TIME______________________________________ I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION  A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS  B. WEATHER INFORMATION  C. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING  D. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM  E. MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST  F. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES  A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION  B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT  C. ENGINE STARTING  D. TAXIING  E. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS  A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS  B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS  C. AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS  A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING  C. SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  D. SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING  E. GO-AROUND V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS  A. STEEP TURNS  B. ENGINE FAILURE DURING FLIGHT (BY REFERENCE TO

INSTRUMENTS)  C. INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ALL ENGINES OPERATING (BY

REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS)  D. INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE (BY

**REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS)**

### Page 60

FAA-S-8081-14 2-x VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS  A. RECTANGULAR COURSE  B. S-TURNS  C. TURNS AROUND A POINT VII. NAVIGATION  A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING  B. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES  C. DIVERSION  D. LOST PROCEDURES VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS  A. MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT  B. POWER-OFF STALLS  C. POWER-ON STALLS  D. SPIN AWARENESS IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS  A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT  B. CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS  C. CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS  D. TURNS TO HEADINGS  E. UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES  F. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION

SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS  A. EMERGENCY DESCENT  B. MANEUVERING WITH ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE  C. ENGINE INOPERATIVE – LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL

CONTROL DEMONSTRATION  D. ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF BEFORE VMC (SIMULATED)  E. ENGINE FAILURE AFTER LIFT-OFF (SIMULATED)  F. APPROACH AND LANDING WITH AN INOPERATIVE

ENGINE (SIMULATED)  G. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS  H. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR XI. MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS  A. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS  B. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS  C. ENGINE INOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

### Page 61

FAA-S-8081-142-xi XII. NIGHT OPERATIONS  A. NIGHT PREPARATION  B. NIGHT FLIGHT XIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES  A. AFTER LANDING  B. PARKING AND SECURING

### Page 62

FAA-S-8081-142-1 I. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PREPARATION A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS REFERENCES: FAR Parts 43, 61, 91; AC 61- 21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by explaining the appropriate—

a. pilot certificate, privileges and limitations.

b. medical certificate, class and duration.

c. pilot logbook or flight record, required entries.

2. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by locating and explaining the—

a. airworthiness and registration certificates.

b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, handbooks, and/or manuals.

c. weight and balance data, including the equipment list.

d. airworthiness directives and compliance records, maintenance requirements, tests, and appropriate records.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION REFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information by analyzing weather reports and forecasts from various sources with emphasis on—

a. PIREP’s.

b. SIGMETs and AIRMET’s.

c. wind shear reports.

2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather information.

### Page 63

FAA-S-8081-14 2-2 C. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; Navigation Charts; Airport/Facility Directory; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight planning by presenting and explaining a preplanned VFR cross-country flight near the maximum range of the airplane, as previously assigned by the examiner. The final flight plan shall include real-time weather to the first fuel stop, with maximum allowable passenger and baggage loads.

2. Uses appropriate, current aeronautical charts.

3. Plots a course for the intended route of flight.

4. Identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features.

5. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.

6. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather conditions and equipment capabilities.

7. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.

8. Selects appropriate navigat ion systems/facilities and communication frequencies.

9. Confirms availability of alternate airports.

10. Extracts and records pertinent information from NOTAM’s, the Airport/Facility Directory, and other flight publications.

11. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.

D. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM REFERENCES: FAR Parts 71, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:

1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums – for all classes of airspace.

2. Airspace classes – their boundaries, pilot certification and airplane equipment requirements for the following—

a. Class A.

b. Class B.

c. Class C.

d. Class D.

e. Class E.

f. Class G.

3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.

### Page 64

FAA-S-8081-142-3 E. TASK: MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST REFERENCE: FAR Part 91.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the use of an approved Part 91 minimum equipment list by explaining:

1. Required instruments and equipment for day VFR and night VFR flight.

2. Procedures for operating the airplane with inoperative instruments and equipment.

3. Requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight permit.

F. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:

1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at least three of the following—

a. hypoxia.

b. hyperventilation.

c. middle ear and sinus problems.

d. spatial disorientation.

e. motion sickness.

f. carbon monoxide poisoning.

g. stress and fatigue.

2. The effects of alcohol and over-the-counter drugs.

3. The effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives upon a pilot or passenger in flight.

### Page 65

FAA-S-8081-14 2-4 II. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to preflight inspection. This shall include which items must be inspected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.

2. Inspects the airplane with reference to the checklist.

3. Verifies the airplane is in condition for safe flight.

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cockpit management procedures.

2. Organizes material and equipment in a logical, efficient flow pattern.

3. Briefs passengers on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and emergency procedures.

4. Utilizes all appropriate checklists.

C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-13, AC 91-55; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine starting. This shall include the use of an external power source and starting under various atmospheric conditions.

2. Positions the airplane properly considering open hangars, other aircraft, the safety of nearby persons and property on the ramp, and surfaces conditions.

3. Accomplishes the correct starting procedure.

4. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 66

FAA-S-8081-142-5 D. TASK: TAXIING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to safe taxi procedures.

2. Positions the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions.

3. Performs a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving.

4. Controls direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.

5. Complies with airport markings, signals, and ATC clearances.

6. Avoids other aircraft and hazards.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check. This shall include the reasons for checking each item and how to detect malfunctions.

2. Positions the airplane properly considering other aircraft, wind and surface conditions.

3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit.

4. Ensures that engine temperatures and pressures are suitable for run-up and takeoff.

5. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and confirms that the airplane is in safe operating condition.

6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff distances, emergency procedures, and the departure procedure.

7. Assures no conflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 67

FAA-S-8081-14 2-6 III. AREA OF OPERATION:

AIRPORT OPERATIONS A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT

SIGNALS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications and ATC light signals. This shall include radio failure procedures.

2. Selects appropriate frequencies.

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.

4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with instructions.

5. Uses prescribed procedures following radio communications failure.

6. Interprets and complies with ATC light signals.

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns.

This shall include procedures at controlled and uncontrolled airports, runway incursion and collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.

2. Complies with traffic pattern procedures.

3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic.

4. Establishes an appropriate distance from the runway.

5. Corrects for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.

6. Maintains orientation with the runway in use.

7. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters), and the appropriate airspeed, ± 10 knots.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 68

FAA-S-8081-142-7 C. TASK: AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND

LIGHTING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport and runway markings and lighting.

2. Identifies and interprets airport, runway and taxiway markings and lighting.

### Page 69

FAA-S-8081-14 2-8 IV.AREA OF OPERATION:

TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb.

2. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions;

sets the flaps as recommended.

3. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position and aligns the airplane on the runway centerline.

4. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

5. Rotates at the recommended airspeed, lifts off, accelerates to and establishes the pitch attitude for V Y and maintains V Y, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

6. Retracts the landing gear and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

7. Maintains takeoff power and best rate-of-climb airspeed to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets climb power and transitions to the recommended climb airspeed.

8. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

9. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

10. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 70

FAA-S-8081-142-9 B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND

LANDING NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface and obstructions, and selects the most suitable touchdown point.

3. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

4. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, or in its absence not more than 1.3 V SO, +10/-5 knots, with gust factor applied.

5. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

6. Touches down smoothly at the approximate stalling speed, at or within 400 feet (120 meters) beyond a specified point, with no drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.

7. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

C. TASK: SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a short-field takeoff and climb.

2. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions;

sets the flaps as recommended.

3. Clears the area; taxies into the takeoff position so as to allow maximum utilization of the available takeoff area and aligns the airplane on the runway centerline.

4. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

### Page 71

**FAA-S-8081-14 2-10**

5. Rotates at the recommended airspeed, lifts off and accelerates to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX.

6. Establishes the pitch attitude for the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed, or V X, and maintains that airspeed, +10/-5 knots, until the obstacle is cleared, or until the airplane is 50 feet (20 meters) above the surface.

7. After clearing the obstacle, accelerates to VY, establishes the pitch attitude for V Y, and maintains V Y, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

8. Retracts the landing gear and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

9. Maintains takeoff power and best rate-of-climb airspeed to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets climb power and transitions to the recommended climb airspeed.

10. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

11. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

12. Completes the appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a short-field approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions, and selects the most suitable touchdown point.

3. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

4. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, or in its absence not more than 1.3 V SO, +10/-5 knots, with gust factor applied.

5. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

6. Touches down smoothly at the approximate stalling speed, at or within 200 feet (60 meters) beyond a specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.

7. Applies brakes, as necessary, to stop in the shortest distance consistent with safety.

### Page 72

**FAA-S-8081-142-11**

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: GO-AROUND REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around.

2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.

3. Applies takeoff power immedia tely and transitions to the climb pitch attitude for VY, +10/-5 knots.

4. Retracts the flaps to the approach setting.

5. Retracts the landing gear after a positive rate of climb is established.

6. Maintains takeoff power and best rate-of-climb airspeed to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets power and transitions to the airspeed appropriate for the traffic pattern.

7. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.

8. Complies with noise abatement procedures, as appropriate.

9. Flies the appropriate traffic pattern.

10. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 73

FAA-S-8081-14 2-12 V. AREA OF OPERATION: Change 1 PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS 4/28/97 A. TASK: STEEP TURNS REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep turns.

2. Selects an altitude that will allow the task to be performed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL.

3. Establishes the manufacturer’s recommended airspeed or if one is not stated, the examiner may designate a safe airspeed not to exceed VA.

4. Rolls into a coordinated 360° turn; maintains a 45° bank, ±5°;

and rolls out on the entry heading, ±10°.

5. Performs the task in the opposite direction, as specified by the examiner.

6. Divides attention between airplane control and orientation.

7. Maintains the entry altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters), and airspeed, ±10 knots.

NOTE: For applicants electing not to demonstrate competency in TASKS B, C, and D, multiengine privileges will be limited to VFR only.

If the applicant elects to demonstrate competency in TASKS B, C, and D, but then demonstrates unsatisfactorily one or more of those TASKS, the applicant will be issued a “Notice of Disapproval of Application” for the practical test. After the flight test is initiated, the applicant shall not be permitted to revert to the “VFR only” option.

### Page 74

FAA-S-8081-142-13 B. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE DURING FLIGHT (BY

REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS) REFERENCES: FAR Part 61; AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-4.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine failure during flight by (reference to instruments).

2. Recognizes engine failure, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.

3. Sets the engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.

4. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative airspeed.

5. Banks toward the operative engine as required for best performance, trims the airplane, and maintains control.

6. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine malfunction, if appropriate.

7. Simulates feathering the propeller of the inoperative engine.

8. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.

9. Follows the checklist to verify procedures for securing the inoperative engine.

10. Demonstrates coordinated flight with one engine inoperative (propeller at zero thrust), including—

a. straight-and-level flight.

b. turns in both directions.

c. descents to assigned altitudes.

d. climbs to assigned altitudes, if the airplane is capable of climbing under the existing conditions.

11. Demonstrates engine restart in accordance with recommended procedures and completes the checklist.

12. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); the specified heading, ±10°; and the specified airspeed, ±10 knots.

13. Maintains the specified angle of bank, ±10°; rolls out on the specified heading, ±10°; and levels off from climbs and descents within ±100 feet (30 meters).

### Page 75

FAA-S-8081-14 2-14 C. TASK: INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ALL ENGINES

**OPERATING (BY REFERENCE TO**

INSTRUMENTS) REFERENCES: FAR Part 61; AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-4.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a published instrument approach with all engines operating (by reference to instruments).

2. Displays efficient cockpit management procedures throughout the approach.

3. Sets up for the approach by tuning and identifying the correct navigation frequencies and by selecting the correct course(s).

4. Communicates with the appropriate ATC facility and transmits using recommended phraseology.

5. Complies with an actual or simulated ATC IFR clearance, ATC advisories and instructions.

6. Maintains the specified altitude within ±100 feet (30 meters) and the specified airspeed within ±10 knots, prior to reaching the final approach fix.

7. Establishes a rate of descent that will ensure arrival at the MDA or DH with the airplane in a position from which descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made, straight-in or circling.

8. Allows, while on the final approach course, no more than three-quarter-scale deflection of the localizer and glideslope indications, nor more than 10° deflection (full scale deflection) after intercepting the VOR or NDB final approach course.

9. Avoids descent below the MDA or exceeding the visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category when circling.

10. Executes the published missed approach procedure at the missed approach point or complies with instructions from ATC at the designated missed approach point.

11. Completes all appropriate checklists.

### Page 76

FAA-S-8081-142-15 D. TASK: INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ONE ENGINE

**INOPERATIVE (BY REFERENCE TO**

INSTRUMENTS) REFERENCES: FAR Part 61; AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-4.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a published instrument approach with one engine inoperative (by reference to instruments).

2. Displays efficient cockpit management procedures throughout the approach.

3. Sets up for the approach by tuning and identifying the correct navigation frequencies and by selecting the correct course(s).

4. Communicates with the appropriate ATC facility and transmits using recommended phraseology.

5. Complies with an actual or simulated ATC IFR clearance, ATC advisories and instructions.

6. Recognizes engine failure, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.

7. Sets the engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.

8. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative airspeed.

9. Banks toward the operative engine as required for best performance, trims the airplane, and maintains control.

10. Establishes and maintains the recommended flight attitude and configuration for the best performance for all maneuvering necessary for the instrument approach procedure.

11. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine failure, if appropriate.

12. Simulates feathering the propeller of the inoperative engine.

13. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.

14. Follows the checklist to verify procedures for securing the inoperative engine.

15. Maintains the specified altitude within ±100 feet (30 meters) and the specified airspeed within ±10 knots prior to reaching the final approach fix.

16. Establishes a rate of descent that will ensure arrival at the MDA or DH with the airplane in a position from which descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made, straight-in or circling.

### Page 77

**FAA-S-8081-14 2-16**

17. Allows, while on the final approach course, no more than three-quarter-scale deflection of the localizer and glideslope indications, nor more than 10° deflection (full scale deflection) after intercepting the VOR or NDB final approach course.

18. Avoids exceeding the visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category when circling.

19. Completes a safe landing and all appropriate checklists.

### Page 78

FAA-S-8081-142-17 VI. AREA OF OPERATION:

GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular course.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the ground reference area with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at traffic pattern altitude, at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg, with the first circuit to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correction during straight-andturning flight to maintain a constant ground track around the rectangular reference area.

6. Divides attention between airplane control and the ground track and maintains coordinated flight.

7. Exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started, and reverses course as directed by the examiner.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

B. TASK: S-TURNS REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to S-turns.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the reference line with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300 meters) AGL, perpendicular to the selected reference line, downwind, with the first series of turns to the left.

5. Applies a dequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius half-circle on each side of the selected reference line.

6. Divides attention between airplane control and the ground track and maintains coordinated flight.

### Page 79

**FAA-S-8081-14 2-18**

7. Reverses course, as directed by the examiner, and exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to turns around a point.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the reference point with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300 meters) AGL, at an appropriate distance from the reference point, with the airplane headed downwind and the first turn to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius circle around the selected reference point with a bank of approximately 45° at the steepest point in the turn.

6. Divides attention between airplane control and the ground track and maintains coordinated flight.

7. Completes two turns, exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started, and reverses course as directed by the examiner.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 80

FAA-S-8081-142-19 VII. AREA OF OPERATION:

NAVIGATION A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and dead reckoning.

2. Follows the preplanned course solely by reference to landmarks.

3. Identifies landmarks by relating surface features to chart symbols.

4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, groundspeeds, and elapsed time.

5. Corrects for and records the differences between preflight fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those determined en route.

6. Verifies the airplane's position within 3 nautical miles of the flight-planned route at all times.

7. Arrives at the en route checkpoints and destination within 5 minutes of the ETA.

8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and established heading, ±15°.

9. Completes all appropriate checklists.

B. TASK: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Navigation Equipment Operation Manuals.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to navigation systems and radar services.

2. Selects and identifies the appropriate navigation system/facility.

3. Locates the airplane's position using radials, bearings, or coordinates, as appropriate.

4. Intercepts and tracks a given radial or bearing, if appropriate.

5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station passage, if appropriate.

6. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action.

### Page 81

**FAA-S-8081-14 2-20**

7. Uses proper communication procedure s when utilizing ATC radar services.

8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters).

C. TASK: DIVERSION REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diversion.

2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport and route.

3. Diverts promptly toward the alternate airport.

4. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport.

5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and established heading, ±15°.

D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.

2. Selects the best course of action when given a lost situation.

3. Maintains the original or an appropriate heading and climbs, if necessary.

4. Identifies the nearest concentration of prominent landmarks.

5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an appropriate ATC facility for assistance.

6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating weather and/or fuel exhaustion is impending.

### Page 82

FAA-S-8081-142-21 VIII. AREA OF OPERATION:

SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS A. TASK: MANUEVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT REFERENCES: 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to maneuvering during slow flight.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Stabilizes the airspeed at 10 knots, +10/-5 knots, above 1.2 VS1 or VMC, whichever is greater.

4. Accomplishes coordinated straight-and-level flight and level turns, at bank angles and in configurations, as specified by the examiner.

5. Accomplishes coordinated climbs and descents, straight and turning, at bank angles and in configurations, as specified by the examiner.

6. Divides attention between airplane control and orientation.

7. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); the specified heading, ±10°; and the specified airspeed, +10/-5 knots.

8. Maintains the specified angle of bank, not to exceed 30° in level flight, +0/-10°; maintains the specified angle of bank, not to exceed 20° in climbing or descending flight, +0/-10°; rolls out on the specified heading, ±10°; and levels off from climbs and descents within ±100 feet (30 meters).

### Page 83

FAA-S-8081-14 2-22 B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS NOTE: No stall shall be performed with one engine throttled or inoperative and the other engine(s) developing effective power.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-off stalls. This shall include an understanding of the aerodynamics of a stall which occurs as a result of uncoordinated flight. Emphasis shall be placed upon recognition of and recovery from a power-off stall.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Establishes a stabilized approach in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the examiner.

4. Transitions smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.

5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight;

maintains a specified angle of bank not to exceed 30°, +0/-10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.

6. Recognizes and announces the first aerodynamic indications of the oncoming stall, i.e., buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.

7. Recovers promptly after a stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, applying power, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the airplane.

8. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear, if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established; accelerates to VY before the final flap retraction;

returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.

### Page 84

FAA-S-8081-142-23 C. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS NOTE: No stall shall be performed with one engine throttled or inoperative and the other engine(s) developing effective power.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the e lements related to power-on stalls. This shall include an understanding of the aerodynamics of a stall which occurs as a result of uncoordinated flight. Emphasis shall be placed upon recognition of and recovery from a power-on stall.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Establishes the takeoff or departure configuration, airspeed, and power as specified by the examiner.

4. Transitions smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.

5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight;

maintains a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, +0/-10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.

6. Recognizes and announces the first aerodynamic indications of the oncoming stall, i.e., buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.

7. Recovers promptly after a stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, applying power as appropriate, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the airplane.

8. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear after a positive rate of climb is established;

accelerates to V Y before the final flap retraction; returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.

### Page 85

FAA-S-8081-14 2-24 D. TASK: SPIN AWARENESS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to spin awareness by explaining:

1. Flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.

2. The technique used to recognize and recover from unintentional spins.

3. The recommended spin recovery procedure for the airplane used for the practical test.

### Page 86

FAA-S-8081-142-25 IX.AREA OF OPERATION:

BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight.

2. Maintains straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

3. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); heading, ±20°; and airspeed, ±10 knots.

B. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight, constant airspeed climbs.

2. Establishes the climb configuration specified by the examiner.

3. Transitions to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

4. Demonstrates climbs solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight.

5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 87

FAA-S-8081-14 2-26 C. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight, constant airspeed descents.

2. Establishes the descent configuration specified by the examiner.

3. Transitions to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

4. Demonstrates descents solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight.

5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during turns to headings.

2. Transitions to the level-turn attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

3. Demonstrates turns to headings solely by reference to instruments; maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters);

maintains a standard rate turn and rolls out on the assigned heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 88

FAA-S-8081-142-27 E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during unusual attitudes.

2. Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments; recovers promptly to a stabilized level flight attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation and smooth, coordinated control application in the correct sequence.

F. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION

SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications, navigation systems/facilities, and radar services available for use during flight solely by reference to instruments.

2. Selects the proper frequency and identifies the appropriate facility.

3. Follows verbal instructions and/or navigation system/facilities for guidance.

4. Determines the minimum safe altitude.

5. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 89

FAA-S-8081-14 2-28 X. AREA OF OPERATION:

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS A. TASK: EMERGENCY DESCENT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an emergency descent.

2. Recognizes the urgency of an emergency descent.

3. Establishes the recommended emergency descent configuration and airspeed, and maintains that airspeed, ±5 knots.

4. Demonstrates orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.

5. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

B. TASK: MANEUVERING WITH ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

NOTE: The feathering of one propeller shall be demonstrated in multiengine airplanes equipped with propellers which can be safely feathered and unfeathered in flight. An appropriately equipped airplane shall be provided by the applicant. This shall be performed at altitudes, in areas and from positions where safe landings on established airports can be readily accomplished, in the event difficulty is encountered in unfeathering and/or restarting. A propeller that cannot be unfeathered during the practical test shall be treated as an emergency.

At altitudes lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) above the surface, simulated engine failure shall be performed by throttling the engine back to idle and then establishing zero thrust.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to maneuvering with one engine inoperative.

2. Recognizes engine failure, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.

3. Sets the engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.

### Page 90

**FAA-S-8081-142-29**

4. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative airspeed.

5. Banks toward the operating engine as required for best performance, trims the airplane, and maintains control.

6. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine malfunction, if appropriate.

7. Feathers the propeller of the inoperative engine.

8. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.

9. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist to verify procedures for securing the inoperative engine and turns toward the nearest suitable airport.

10. Demonstrates coordinated flight with one engine inoperative (propeller feathered), including—

a. straight-and-level flight.

b. turns in both directions.

c. descents to assigned altitudes.

d. climbs to assigned altitudes, if the airplane is capable of climbing under the existing conditions.

11. Divides attention between coordinated control, the flightpath, and orientation.

12. Demonstrates engine restart in accordance with recommended procedures.

13. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); the specified heading, ±10°; and the specified airspeed, ±10 knots.

14. Maintains the specified angle of bank, ±10°; rolls out on the specified heading, ±10°; and levels off from climbs and descents within ±100 feet (30 meters).

### Page 91

FAA-S-8081-14 2-30 C. TASK: ENGINE INOPERATIVE-LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL

CONTROL DEMONSTRATION REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

NOTE: Airplanes with normally aspirated engines will lose power as altitude increases because of the reduced density of the air entering the induction system of the engines. This loss of power will result in a V MC lower than the stall speed at higher altitudes. Also, some airplanes have such an effective rudder that even at sea level VMC is lower than stall speed. For these airplanes, a demonstration of loss of directional control may be safely conducted by limiting rudder travel to simulate maximum available rudder. Limiting rudder travel should be accomplished at a speed well above the power-off stall speed (approximately 20 knots). This will avoid the hazards of stalling one wing with maximum allowable power applied to the engine on the other wing. In the event of any indication of stall prior to loss of directional control, recover to the entry airspeed. The demonstration should then be accomplished with the rudder travel limited at a higher airspeed.

Do not perform this maneuver by increasing the pitch attitude to a high angle with both engines operating and then reducing power on the critical engine. This technique is hazardous and may result in loss of airplane control.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge o f the elements related to engine inoperative loss of directional control by explaining the—

a. meaning of the term “critical engine.”

b. effects of density altitude on the VMC demonstration.

c. effects of airplane weight and center of gravity on control.

d. reasons for variations in VMC.

e. relationship of VMC to stall speed.

f. reasons for loss of directional control.

g. indications of loss of directional control.

h. importance of maintaining the proper pitch and bank attitude, and the proper coordination of controls.

i. loss of directional control recovery procedure.

j. engine failure during takeoff including planning, decisions, and single-engine operations.

### Page 92

**FAA-S-8081-142-31**

2. Exhibits skills in performing an engine inoperative-loss of directional control demonstration—

a. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the manufacturer's recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

b. Configures the airplane at VSSE/VSSE as follows:

(1) Landing gear retracted.

(2) Flaps set for takeoff.

(3) Cowl flaps set for takeoff.

(4) Trim set for takeoff.

(5) Propellers set for high RPM.

(6) Power on the critical engine reduced to idle.

(7) Power on the operating engine set to takeoff or maximum available power.

c. Establishes a single engine climb attitude with the airspeed at approximately 10 knots above VSSE.

d. Establishes a bank toward the operating engine, required for best performance.

e. Increases the pitch attitude slowly to reduce the airspeed, at approximately 1 knot per second, while applying rudder to maintain directional control until full rudder is applied.

f. Recognizes and announces the first indications of loss of directional control, stall warning or buffet.

g. Recovers promptly by simultaneously reducing power sufficiently on the operating engine while decreasing the angle of attack as necessary to regain airspeed and directional control with a minimum loss of altitude.

Recovery SHOULD NOT be attempted by increasing the power on the simulated failed engine.

h. Recovers within 20° of the entry heading.

i. Accelerates to V XSE/VYSE, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots, during the recovery.

### Page 93

FAA-S-8081-14 2-32 D. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF BEFORE

VMC (SIMULATED) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

NOTE: Engine failure shall be accomplished before reaching 50 percent of the calculated VMC.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine failure on takeoff before VMC.

2. Closes throttles smoothly and promptly after simulated engine failure.

3. Maintains directional control and applies braking as necessary.

E. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE AFTER LIFT-OFF (SIMULATED) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine failure after lift-off.

2. Recognizes engine failure promptly, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.

3. Reduces drag, identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.

4. Simulates feathering the propeller of the inoperative engine.

5. Establishes VYSE; if obstructions are present, establishes VXSE or V MC, +10, whichever is greater, until obstructions are cleared, then transitions to VYSE.

6. Banks toward the operating engine as required for best performance, trims the airplane and maintains control.

7. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments a s necessary.

8. Recognizes the airplane's performance capabilities. If a climb is not possible at V YSE, maintains V YSE and returns to the departure airport for a landing or initiates an approach to the most suitable landing area available.

9. Secures the inoperative engine, if appropriate.

10. Maintains heading, ±10°, and airspeed, +10/-5 knots.

11. Completes the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 94

FAA-S-8081-142-33 F. TASK: APPROACH AND LANDING WITH AN

INOPERATIVE ENGINE (SIMULATED) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an approach and landing with an inoperative engine.

2. Recognizes engine failure, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.

3. Sets the engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.

4. Simulates feathering the propeller of the inoperative engine.

5. Establishes th e recommended best engine inoperative airspeed, +10/-5 knots.

6. Banks toward the operating engine as required for best performance, trims the airplane, and maintains control.

7. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.

8. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions, and selects the most suitable touchdown point.

9. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative approach landing configuration, and airspeed.

10. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recomm ended approach airspeed, +10/-5 knots of V YSE until landing is assured.

11. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

12. Touches down smoothly at or within 500 feet beyond a specified point, with no drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.

13. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

14. Completes the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 95

FAA-S-8081-14 2-34 G. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test.

2. Analyzes the situation and takes appropriate action for simulated emergencies, such as—

a. partial or complete power loss.

b. engine roughness or overheat.

c. carburetor or induction icing.

d. loss of oil pressure.

e. fuel starvation.

f. electrical system malfunction.

g. flight instruments malfunction.

h. landing gear or flap malfunction.

i. inoperative trim.

j. inadvertent door or window opening.

k. structural icing.

l. smoke/fire/engine compartment fire.

m. any other emergency appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test.

3. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 96

FAA-S-8081-142-35 H. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test, by explaining—

a. location in the airplane.

b. method of operation or use.

c. servicing requirements.

d. method of safe storage.

e. equipment and survival gear appropriate for operation in various climates and topographical environments.

2. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 97

FAA-S-8081-14 2-36 XI. AREA OF OPERATION:

MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS A. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84, AC 91-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.

2. Computes weight and balance, including adding, removing, and shifting weight. Determines if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during all phases of flight.

3. Demonstrates use of the appropriate performance charts, tables, and data including takeoff, cruise, range, and endurance.

4. Calculates takeoff and climb performance, accelerate-stop and accelerate-go distances, and service ceilings – all engines, single-engine.

5. Describes the effects of atmospheric conditions on the airplane's performance.

6. Determines whether the computed performance i s within the airplane's capabilities and operating limitations.

B. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test by explaining at least three of the following :

1. Primary flight controls and trim.

2. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers.

3. Powerplants.

4. Propellers.

5. Landing gear.

6. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic systems.

7. Electrical system.

8. Pitot-static system, vacuum/pressure system, and associated flight instruments.

### Page 98

**FAA-S-8081-142-37**

9. Environmental system.

10. Deicing and anti-icing systems.

11. Avionics system.

C. TASK: ENGINE INOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine inoperative principles of flight by explaining:

1. The meaning of the term “critical engine.”

2. The reasons for variation in VMC, for loss of directional control and indications of the approaching loss.

3. The relationship of V MC to stall speed, including a determination of whether a V MC demonstration can be safely accomplished.

4. The effects of weight and center-of-gravity location.

5. The effects of density altitude.

6. Procedures for engine failure on takeoff prior to V MC, after liftoff, during cruise, and on approach to land.

7. Procedures for engine shutdown, securing, and restart.

### Page 99

FAA-S-8081-14 2-38 XII. AREA OF OPERATION:

NIGHT OPERATIONS NOTE: If an applicant does not meet the aeronautical experience requirements of FAR Section 61.109(a)(2), the applicant's certificate shall bear the limitation “Night Flying Prohibited.”

A. TASK: NIGHT PREPARATION REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 67-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits k nowledge of the elements related to night operations by explaining:

1. Physiological aspects of night flying including the effects of changing light conditions, coping with illusions, and how the pilot's physical condition affects visual acuity.

2. Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, and pilot controlled lighting.

3. Airplane lighting systems.

4. Personal equipment essential for night flight.

5. Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques.

6. Safety precautions and emergencies peculiar to night flying.

B. TASK: NIGHT FLIGHT NOTE: The examiner shall orally evaluate element 1 and at least one of the elements, 2 through 6.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to night flight.

2. Inspects the interior and exterior of the airplane with emphasis on those items essential for night flight.

3. Taxies and accomplishes the before takeoff check adhering to good operating practice for night conditions.

4. Performs takeoffs and climbs with emphasis on visual references.

5. Navigates and maintains orientation under VFR conditions.

6. Approaches, lands, and taxies, adhering to good operating practices for night conditions.

7. Completes all appropriate checklists.

### Page 100

FAA-S-8081-142-39 XIII. AREA OF OPERATION:

POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES A. TASK: AFTER LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing procedures.

2. Taxies to the parking/refueling area using the proper wind control technique and obstacle avoidance procedures.

3. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: PARKING AND SECURING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements relate d to parking and securing procedures. This shall include an understanding of parking hand signals and deplaning passengers.

2. Parks the airplane properly, considering other aircraft and the safety of nearby persons and property on the ramp.

3. Follows the recommended procedure for engine shutdown and securing the cockpit and the airplane.

4. Performs a satisfactory postflight inspection.

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 101

**SECTION 3**

**AIRPLANE**

SINGLE-ENGINE SEA (ASES) Practical Test Standard NOTE: An applicant seeking initial certification as a private pilot with an airplane single-engine sea class rating will be evaluated in all TASKS listed within this section.

At the discretion of the examiner, an applicant seeking the addition of an airplane single-engine sea class rating need not be evaluated on those AREAS OF OPERATIONS/TASKS so noted in the following rating tasks table.

### Page 102

FAA-S-8081-143-i Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Sea Rating to an Existing Private Pilot Certificate Required TASKS are indicated by either the TASK letter(s) that apply(s) or an indication that all or none of the TASKS must be tested.

Area of Operation

ASEL AMEL AMES RH RG Non- Power Glider Power Glider Free Balloon Airship A,E,F, G,I,J ALL B,C ALL XXXX NONE NONE ALL NONE ALL NONE ALL A,E,F, G,I,J ALL B,C ALL ALL NONE NONE ALL NONE ALL NONE ALL A,E,F, G A,B,C, D,F B ALL ALL NONE NONE ALL NONE ALL NONE A,F A,E,F, G,I,J ALL B,C ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL A,E,F, G,I,J ALL B,C ALL ALL NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL A,E,F, G,I,J ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL A,E,F, G,I,J ALL B,C ALL ALL NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL A,E,F, G,I,J ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL A,E,F, G,I,J ALL B,C ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

**PRIVATE PILOT RATING(S) HELD**

### Page 103

FAA-S-8081-143-iii

**CONTENTS**

RATING TASKS TABLE … 3-i

**CHECKLISTS**

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist … 3-vii

Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist … 3-ix

AREAS OF OPERATION:

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION … 3-1

A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS … 3-1

B. WEATHER INFORMATION … 3-1

C. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING … 3-2

D. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM … 3-2

E. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS … 3-3

F. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS … 3-3

G. MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST … 3-4

H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS … 3-4

I. WATER AND SEAPLANE CHARACTERISTICS … 3-5

**J. SEAPLANE BASES, MARITIME RULES, AND**

AIDS TO MARINE NAVIGATION … 3-5

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES … 3-6

A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION … 3-6

B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT … 3-6

C. ENGINE STARTING … 3-7

D. TAXIING … 3-7

E. SAILING … 3-8

F. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK … 3-8

III. SEAPLANE BASE AND AIRPORT OPERATIONS … 3-9

**A. RADIO COMMUNICATION AND ATC LIGHT**

SIGNALS … 3-9

B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS … 3-9

**C. SEAPLANE BASE/AIRPORT AND LANDING**

AREA/RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING … 3-10

### Page 104

FAA-S-8081-14 3-iv

IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS … 3-11

**A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND**

CLIMB … 3-11

**B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND**

LANDING … 3-12

C. GLASSY WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB … 3-13

D. GLASSY WATER APPROACH AND LANDING … 3-14

E. ROUGH WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB … 3-15

F. ROUGH WATER APPROACH AND LANDING … 3-16

G. CONFINED-AREA TAKEOFF AND CLIMB … 3-17

H. CONFINED-AREA APPROACH AND LANDING … 3-18

I. FORWARD SLIP TO A LANDING … 3-18

J. GO-AROUND … 3-19

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER … 3-20

STEEP TURNS … 3-20

VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS … 3-21

A. RECTANGULAR COURSE … 3-21

B. S-TURNS … 3-21

C. TURNS AROUND A POINT … 3-22

VII. NAVIGATION … 3-23

A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING … 3-23

**B. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR**

SERVICES … 3-23

C. DIVERSION … 3-24

D. LOST PROCEDURES … 3-24

VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS … 3-25

A. MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT … 3-25

B. POWER-OFF STALLS … 3-26

C. POWER-ON STALLS … 3-27

D. SPIN AWARENESS … 3-28

### Page 105

FAA-S-8081-143-v

IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS … 3-29

A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT … 3-29

B. CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS … 3-29

C. CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS … 3-30

D. TURNS TO HEADINGS … 3-30

**E. RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT**

ATTITUDES … 3-30

**F. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION**

SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES … 3-31

X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS … 3-32

A. EMERGENCY DESCENT … 3-32

B. EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING … 3-32

C. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS … 3-33

**D. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL**

GEAR … 3-34

XI. NIGHT OPERATIONS … 3-35

A. NIGHT PREPARATION … 3-35

B. NIGHT FLIGHT … 3-36

XII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES … 3-37

A. AFTER LANDING … 3-37

B. ANCHORING … 3-37

C. DOCKING AND MOORING … 3-37

D. BEACHING … 3-38

E. RAMPING … 3-38

F. PARKING AND SECURING … 3-39

### Page 106

FAA-S-8081-143-vii APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:

EXAMINER’S NAME_____________________________ LOCATION ____________________________________ DATE/TIME ____________________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT  Aircraft Documents:

Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate Operating Limitations  Aircraft Maintenance Records:

Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD Compliance € Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual  FCC Station License

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT  View-Limiting Device  Current Aeronautical Charts  Computer and Plotter  Flight Plan Form  Flight Logs  Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate Publications

PERSONAL RECORDS € Identification - Photo/Signature ID  Pilot Certificate  Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate  Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature (if applicable)  AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report, or Computer Test Report  Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements  FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)  Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)  Examiner’s Fee (if applicable)

### Page 107

FAA-S-8081-143-ix EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST (ASES) APPLICANT'S NAME_______________________________ LOCATION_______________________________________ DATE/TIME______________________________________ I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION  A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS  B. WEATHER INFORMATION  C. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING  D. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM  E. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS  F. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS  G. MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST  H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS  I. WATER AND SEAPLANE CHARACTERISTICS  J. SEAPLANE BASES, MARITIME RULES, AND AIDS TO

MARINE NAVIGATION II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES  A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION  B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT  C. ENGINE STARTING  D. TAXIING  E. SAILING  F. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK III. SEAPLANE BASE AND AIRPORT OPERATIONS  A. RADIO COMMUNICATION AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS  B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS  C. SEAPLANE BASE/AIRPORT AND LANDING

AREA/RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS  A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING  C. GLASSY WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  D. GLASSY WATER APPROACH AND LANDING  E. ROUGH WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  F. ROUGH WATER APPROACH AND LANDING  G. CONFINED-AREA TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  H. CONFINED-AREA APPROACH AND LANDING  I. FORWARD SLIP TO A LANDING

### Page 108

FAA-S-8081-14 3-x  J. GO-AROUND V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER  STEEP TURNS VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS  A. RECTANGULAR COURSE  B. S-TURNS  C. TURNS AROUND A POINT VII. NAVIGATION  A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING  B. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES  C. DIVERSION  D. LOST PROCEDURES VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS  A. MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT  B. POWER-OFF STALLS  C. POWER-ON STALLS  D. SPIN AWARENESS IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS  A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT  B. CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS  C. CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESENTS  D. TURNS TO HEADINGS  E. UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES  F. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION

SYSTEM/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS  A. EMERGENCY DESCENT  B. EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING  C. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS  D. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR XI. NIGHT OPERATIONS  A. NIGHT PREPARATION  B. NIGHT FLIGHT XII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES  A. AFTER LANDING  B. ANCHORING  C. DOCKING AND MOORING  D. BEACHING  E. RAMPING  F. PARKING AND SECURING

### Page 109

FAA-S-8081-143-1 I. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PREPARATION A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS REFERENCES: FAR Parts 43, 61, 91; AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual;

Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by explaining the appropriate—

a. pilot certificate, privileges and limitations.

b. medical certificate, class and duration.

c. pilot logbook or flight record, required entries.

2. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by locating and explaining the—

a. airworthiness and registration certificates.

b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, handbooks, and manuals.

c. weight and balance data, including the equipment list.

d. airworthiness directives and compliance records, maintenance requirements, tests, and appropriate records.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION REFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information by analyzing weather reports and forecasts from various sources with emphasis on—

a. PIREP's.

b. SIGMET's and AIRMET's.

c. wind shear reports.

2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather information.

### Page 110

FAA-S-8081-14 3-2 C. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; Navigation Charts; Airport/Facility Directory; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight planning by presenting and explaining a preplanned VFR cross-country flight near the maximum range of the seaplane, as previously assigned by the examiner. The final flight plan shall include real-time weather to the first fuel stop, with maximum allowable passenger and baggage loads.

2. Uses appropriate, current aeronautical charts.

3. Plots a course for the intended route of flight.

4. Identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features.

5. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.

6. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather conditions and equipment capabilities.

7. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.

8. Selects approp riate navigation systems/facilities and communication frequencies.

9. Confirms availability of alternate seaplane bases.

10. Extracts and records pertinent information from NOTAM’s, the Airport/Facility Directory, and other flight publications.

11. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.

D. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM REFERENCES: FAR Parts 71, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:

1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums – for all classes of airspace.

2. Airspace classes – their boundaries, pilot certification and seaplane equipment requirements for the following—

a. Class A.

b. Class B.

c. Class C.

d. Class D.

e. Class E.

f. Class G.

3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.

### Page 111

FAA-S-8081-143-3 E. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84, AC 91-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual;

Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data, if available from the manufacturer, to determine performance, including climb, cruise, range, and endurance, and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.

2. Computes weight and balance, including adding, removing, and shifting weight. Determines if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during all phases of flight.

3. Describes the effects of atmospheric conditions on the seaplane's performance.

4. Determines whether the computed performance is within the airplane’s capabilities and operating limitations.

F. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems on the seaplane provided for the flight test by explaining at least three of the following:

1. Primary flight controls and trim.

2. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers.

3. Powerplant.

4. Propeller.

5. Landing gear, if applicable.

6. Floats or hull.

7. Water rudder.

8. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic systems.

9. Electrical system.

10. Pitot-static system, vacuum/pressure system and associated flight instruments.

11. Environmental system.

12. Deicing and anti-icing systems.

13. Avionics system.

### Page 112

FAA-S-8081-14 3-4 G. TASK: MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST REFERENCE: FAR Part 91.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the use of an approved Part 91 minimum equipment list by explaining:

1. Required instruments and equipment for day VFR and night VFR flight.

2. Procedures for operating the airplane with inoperative instruments and equipment.

3. Requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight permit.

H. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:

1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at least three of the following—

a. hypoxia.

b. hyperventilation.

c. middle ear and sinus problems.

d. spatial disorientation.

e. motion sickness.

f. carbon monoxide poisoning.

g. stress and fatigue.

2. The effects of alcohol and over-the-counter drugs.

3. The effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives upon a pilot or passenger in flight.

### Page 113

FAA-S-8081-143-5 I. TASK: WATER AND SEAPLANE CHARACTERISTICS REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to water and seaplane characteristics by explaining:

1. The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features such as—

a. size and location.

b. protected and unprotected areas.

c. surface wind.

d. direction and strength of water current.

e. floating and partially submerged debris.

f. sandbars, islands, and shoals.

g. other features peculiar to the area.

2. Float and hull construction, and their effect on seaplane performance.

3. Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action required to prevent or correct these occurrences.

J. TASK: SEAPLANE BASES, MARITIME RULES, AND AIDS

TO MARINE NAVIGATION REFERENCES: AC 61-21; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to marine navigation by explaining:

1. How to identify and locate seaplane bases on cha rts or in directories.

2. Operating restrictions at various bases.

3. Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation.

4. Marine navigation aids such as buoys, beacons, lights, and sound signals.

### Page 114

FAA-S-8081-14 3-6 II. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION REFERENCES: AC-61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a pr eflight inspection. This shall include which items must be inspected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.

2. Inspects the seaplane with reference to the checklist.

3. Verifies the seaplane is airworthy and in condition for safe flight.

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-69; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements re lated to cockpit management procedures.

2. Ensures all loose items in the cabin and cockpit are secured.

3. Briefs passengers on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and emergency procedures.

4. Organizes material and equipment in a logical, efficient flow pattern.

5. Utilizes all appropriate checklists.

### Page 115

FAA-S-8081-143-7 C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-13, AC 91-55; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual;

Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine starting. This shall include the use of an external power source, hand propping, and starting under various atmospheric conditions, as appropriate for the seaplane used for the practical test.

2. Positions the seaplane properly considering other aircraft, the safety of nearby persons and property, wind and water conditions, and a suitable taxi route.

3. Accomplishes the correct starting procedure.

4. Controls the seaplane's movement after engine start.

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: TAXIING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to safe taxi procedures.

2. Positions the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions.

3. Plans and follows the most favorable course considering wind, water current, and maritime regulations.

4. Uses the appropriate idle, plow, or step taxi technique.

5. Demonstrates 180 or 360° turns, as appropriate.

6. Prevents and corrects for porpoising and skipping.

7. Complies with seaplane base signs, signals, and clearances.

8. Avoids other aircraft, vessels, and hazards.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 116

FAA-S-8081-14 3-8 E. TASK: SAILING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elem ents related to sailing by explaining the techniques used in sailing.

2. Recognizes when power-on sailing and power-off sailing should be used.

3. Plans and follows the most favorable course while sailing toward a point considering the effect of wind, water currents, and water conditions.

4. Uses flight controls, flaps, doors, water rudder, and power correctly so as to follow the desired course.

5. Changes direction while sailing toward a downwind point to sailing toward a crosswind point.

6. Controls seaplane speed, as required.

F. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check. This shall include the reasons for checking each item and how to detect malfunctions.

2. Positions the seaplane properly considering hazards, wind conditions, water surface condition and depth, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit.

4. Ensures that engine temperature and pressure are suitable for run-up and takeoff.

5. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and confirms that the seaplane is in safe operating condition.

6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff distances, emergency procedures, and the departure procedure.

7. Assures no conflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 117

FAA-S-8081-143-9 III. AREA OF OPERATION:

SEAPLANE BASE AND AIRPORT OPERATIONS A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT

SIGNALS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications and ATC light signals. This shall include radio failure procedures.

2. Selects appropriate frequencies.

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.

4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with instructions.

5. Uses prescribed procedures followin g radio communications failure.

6. Interprets and complies with ATC light signals.

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns.

This shall include procedures at controlled and uncontrolled seaports, remote landing sites, boat harbors, landing area/runway incursion and inflight collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.

2. Complies with traffic pattern procedures.

3. Selects the most appropriate approach or departure path considering alignment with the wind, landing area congestion, and shoreline population.

4. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic.

5. Establishes an appropriate distance from the landing area/runway considering the possibility of an engine failure.

6. Corrects for wind-drift to maintain the proper ground track.

7. Maintains orientation with the landing area/runway in use.

8. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet (30 me ters), and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 118

FAA-S-8081-14 3-10 C. TASK: SEAPLANE BASE/AIRPORT AND LANDING

AREA/RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to seaplane base/ airport and landing area/runway markings and lighting.

2. Identifies and interprets seaplane base/airport, landing area/runway and taxiway markings and lighting.

### Page 119

FAA-S-8081-143-11 IV. AREA OF OPERATION:

TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb.

2. Selects a takeoff path appropriate to the existing water conditions.

3. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions;

sets the flaps as recommended.

4. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position and aligns the seaplane properly – considering the takeoff path.

5. Retracts the water rudders, when appropriate, and advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

6. Avoids excessive water spray on the propeller.

7. Establishes and maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and corrects for porpoising and skipping.

8. Lifts off, accelerates to V Y, establishes the pitch attitude for VY and maintains VY, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

9. Retracts the flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

10. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude.

11. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

12. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

13. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 120

FAA-S-8081-14 3-12 B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND

LANDING NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, water surface condition and depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Selects the most suitable approach path, landing and touchdown area.

4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

5. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, +10/-5 knots, with gust factor applied.

6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

7. Contacts the water in the correct pitch attitude.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 121

FAA-S-8081-143-13 C. TASK: GLASSY WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB NOTE: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of glassy water elements shall be evaluated through oral testing. The applicant's skill shall be evaluated by simulating the TASK.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a glassy water takeoff and climb.

2. Selects a takeoff path appropriate to the glassy water conditions.

3. Positions the flight controls for the existing conditions; sets the flaps as recommended.

4. Clears the area, taxis into the takeoff position and aligns the seaplane properly – considering the takeoff path.

5. Retracts the water rudders, when appropriate, and advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

6. Avoids excessive water spray on the propeller.

7. Establishes and maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and corrects for porpoising, skipping, and unusual increases in water drag.

8. Lifts off, ensures a positive rate of climb, and avoids inadvertent water contact after lift-off.

9. Accelerates to VY, establishes the pitch attitude for V Y and maintains VY, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

10. Retracts the flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

11. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude.

12. Selects a flight path that will allow a safe return to the water should an engine failure occur.

13. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

14. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

15. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 122

FAA-S-8081-14 3-14 D. TASK: GLASSY WATER APPROACH AND LANDING NOTE: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of glassy water elements shall be evaluated through oral testing. The applicant's skill shall be evaluated by simulating the TASK.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a glassy water approach and landing.

2. Considers the water surface condition and depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Selects the most suitable approach path, landing and touchdown area.

4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

5. Maintains a stabilized approach, the recommended approach airspeed, +10/-5 knots, and a touchdown pitch attitude throughout the final approach.

6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the touchdown.

7. Contacts the water in the correct pitch attitude and slows to idling taxi speed.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 123

FAA-S-8081-143-15 E. TASK: ROUGH WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB NOTE: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of rough water elements shall be evaluated through oral testing. The applicant's skill shall be evaluated by simulating the TASK.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook; FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to rough water takeoff and climb.

2. Selects a takeoff path appropriate to the rough water conditions.

3. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions;

sets the flaps as recommended.

4. Clears the area, taxis into the takeoff position and aligns the seaplane properly – considering the takeoff path.

5. Retracts the water rudders, when appropriate, and advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

6. Avoids excessive water spray on the propeller.

7. Establishes and maintains the smoothest and most efficient planing/lift-off attitude and corrects for porpoising, skipping, and excessive bouncing.

8. Lifts off, accelerates to V Y, establishes the pitch attitude for VY and maintains VY, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

9. Retracts the flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

10. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude.

11. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

12. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

13. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 124

FAA-S-8081-14 3-16 F. TASK: ROUGH WATER APPROACH AND LANDING NOTE: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of rough water elements shall be evaluated through oral testing. The applicant's skill shall be evaluated by simulating the TASK.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilots Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rough water approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, water surface condition and depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Selects the most suitable approach path, landing, and touchdown area.

4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

5. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, (or in its absence, not more than 1.3 VSO), +10/-5 knots, with gust factor applied.

6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

7. Contacts the water in the correct pitch attitude and at the correct touchdown speed – considering the type of rough water.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 125

FAA-S-8081-143-17 G. TASK: CONFINED-AREA TAKEOFF AND CLIMB REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a confinedarea takeoff and climb.

2. Selects a takeoff path appropriate to the confined area.

3. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions;

sets the flaps as recommended.

4. Clears the area and taxies into the takeoff position so as to allow maximum utilization of available takeoff area.

5. Retracts the water rudders, when appropriate, and advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

6. Avoids excessive water spray on the propeller.

7. Establishes and maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude and corrects for porpoising and skipping.

8. Makes plowing and step turns into the wind at the proper speed and appropriate radius.

9. Lifts off, accelerates to the recommended obstacle clearance speed, if available and if appropriate, or V X, establishes the pitch attitude for the selected airspeed and maintains that airspeed, +10/-5 knots, until the obstacle is cleared, or until the seaplane is 50 feet (20 meters) above the surface.

10. After clearing the obstacle, accelerates to VY, establishes the pitch attitude for V Y, and maintains V Y, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

11. Retracts the flaps after the obstacle is cleared or when recommended.

12. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude.

13. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

14. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

15. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 126

FAA-S-8081-14 3-18 H. TASK: CONFINED-AREA APPROACH AND LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a confinedarea approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, water surface condition and depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Selects the most suitable approach path, landing and touchdown area.

4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

5. Maintains a stabilized approach, and the recommended approach airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 V SO, +10/-5 knots, with gust factor applied.

6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

7. Contacts the water in the correct pitch attitude.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

I. TASK: FORWARD SLIP TO A LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a forward slip to a landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, water surface condition and depth, obstructions, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Selects the most suitable approach path, landing and touchdown area.

4. Establishes the slipping attitude at the point from which a landing can be made using the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed; adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

### Page 127

**FAA-S-8081-143-19**

5. Maintains an appropriate ground track aligned with the landing path and an airspeed which results in minimum float during the roundout.

6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the recovery from the slip, the roundout, and the touchdown.

7. Contacts the water in the correct pitch attitude.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

J. TASK: GO-AROUND REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around.

2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.

3. Applies takeoff power immediately and transitions to the climb pitch attitude for VY, +10/-5 knots.

4. Sets the flaps to the appropriate setting, if applicable.

5. Maintains takeoff power and best rate-of-climb airspeed to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets power and transitions to the airspeed appropriate for the traffic pattern.

6. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.

7. Complies with noise abatement procedures, as appropriate.

8. Flies the appropriate traffic pattern.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 128

FAA-S-8081-14 3-20 V. AREA OF OPERATION: Change 1 PERFORMANCE MANEUVER 4/28/97 TASK: STEEP TURNS REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep turns.

2. Selects an altitude that will allow the task to be performed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL.

3. Establishes the manufacturer’s recommended airspeed or if one is not stated, the examiner may designate a safe airspeed not to exceed VA.

4. Rolls into a coordinated 360° turn; maintains a 45° bank, ±5°;

and rolls out on the entry heading, ±10°.

5. Performs the task in the opposite direction, as specified by the examiner.

6. Divides attention between seaplane control and orientation.

7. Maintains the entry altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters), and airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 129

FAA-S-8081-143-21 VI. AREA OF OPERATION:

GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular course.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the ground reference area with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at traffic pattern altitude, at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg, with the first circuit to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correction during straight-andturning flight to maintain a constant ground track around the rectangular reference area.

6. Divides attention between seaplane control a nd the ground track, and maintains coordinated flight.

7. Exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started, and reverses course as directed by the examiner.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

B. TASK: S-TURNS REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to S-turns.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the reference line with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300 meters) AGL, perpendicular to the selected reference line, downwind, with the first series of turns to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius half-circle on each side of the selected reference line.

### Page 130

**FAA-S-8081-14 3-22**

6. Divides attention between seaplane control and the ground track, and maintains coordinated flight.

7. Reverses course, as directed by the examiner, and exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to turns around a point.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the reference point with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300 meters) AGL, at an appropriate distance from the reference point, with the seaplane headed downwind and the first turn to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius circle around the selected reference point with a bank of approximately 45° at the steepest point in the turn.

6. Divides attention between seaplane control and the ground track, and maintains coordinated flight.

7. Completes two turns, exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started, and reverses course as directed by the examiner.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 131

FAA-S-8081-143-23 VII. AREA OF OPERATION:

NAVIGATION A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and dead reckoning.

2. Follows the preplanned course solely by reference to landmarks.

3. Identifies landmarks by relating surface features to chart symbols.

4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, groundspeeds, and elapsed time.

5. Corrects for and records the differences between preflight fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those determined en route.

6. Verifies the seaplane's position within 3 nautical miles of the flight-planned route at all times.

7. Arrives at the en route checkpoints and destination within 5 minutes of the ETA.

8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and established heading, ±15°.

9. Completes all appropriate checklists.

B. TASK: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to navigation systems and ATC radar services.

2. Selects and identifies the appropriate navigation system/facility.

3. Locates the seaplane's position using radials, bearings, or coordinates, as appropriate.

4. Intercepts and tracks a given radial or bearing, if appropriate.

5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station passage, if appropriate.

6. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action.

7. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing ATC radar services.

8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters).

### Page 132

FAA-S-8081-14 3-24 C. TASK: DIVERSION REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diversion.

2. Selects an appropriate alternate landing si te/airport and route.

3. Diverts promptly toward the alternate landing site/airport.

4. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate seaplane base/airport.

5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and established heading, ±15°.

D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.

2. Selects the best course of action when given a lost situation.

3. Maintains the original or an appropriate heading and climbs, if necessary.

4. Identifies the nearest concentration of prominent landmarks.

5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an ATC facility for assistance, as appropriate.

6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating weather and/or fuel exhaustion is imminent.

### Page 133

FAA-S-8081-143-25 VIII. AREA OF OPERATION:

SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS A. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to maneuvering during slow flight.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Stabilizes the airspeed at 1.2 VS1, +10/-5 knots.

4. Accomplishes coordinated straight-and-level flight and level turns, at bank angles and in configurations, as specified by the examiner.

5. Accomplishes coordinated climbs and descents, straight and turning, at bank angles and in configurations, as specified by the examiner.

6. Divides attention between seaplane control and orientation.

7. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); the specified heading, ±10°; and the specified airspeed, +10/-5 knots.

8. Maintains the specified angle of bank, not to exceed 30° in level flight, +0/-10°; maintains the specified angle of bank, not to exceed 20° in climbing or descending flight, +0/-10°; rolls out on the specified heading, ±10°; and levels off from climbs and descents within ±100 feet (30 meters).

### Page 134

FAA-S-8081-14 3-26 B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-off stalls. This shall include an understanding of the aerodynamics of a stall which occurs as a result of uncoordinated flight. Emphasis shall be placed upon recognition of and recovery from a power-off stall.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Establishes a stabilized approach in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the examiner.

4. Transitions smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.

5. Maintains a specifi ed heading, ±10°, if in straight flight;

maintains a specified angle of bank not to exceed 30°, +0/-10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.

6. Recognizes and announces the first aerodynamic indications of the oncoming stall, i.e., buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.

7. Recovers promptly after a stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, applying power, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the airplane.

8. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear, if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established; accelerates to VY before the final flap retraction;

returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.

### Page 135

FAA-S-8081-143-27 C. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS REFERENCES: AC 61-21; AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of t he elements related to power-on stalls. This shall include an understanding of the aerodynamics of a stall which occurs as a result of uncoordinated flight. Emphasis shall be placed upon recognition of and recovery from a power-on stall.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Establishes the takeoff or departure configuration, airspeed, and power as specified by the examiner.

4. Transitions smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.

5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight;

maintains a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, +0/-10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.

6. Recognizes and announces the first aerodynamic indications of the oncoming stall, i.e., buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.

7. Recovers promptly after a stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, applying power as appropriate, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the airplane.

8. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear, if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established; accelerates to VY before the final flap retraction;

returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.

### Page 136

FAA-S-8081-14 3-28 D. TASK: SPIN AWARENESS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to spin awareness by explaining:

1. Flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.

2. The technique used to recognize and recover from unintentional spins.

3. The recommended spin recovery procedure for the airplane used for the practical test.

### Page 137

FAA-S-8081-143-29 IX. AREA OF OPERATION:

BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight.

2. Maintains straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

3. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); heading, ±20°; and airspeed, ±10 knots.

B. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight, constant airspeed climbs.

2. Establishes the climb configuration specified by the examiner.

3. Transitions to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

4. Demonstrates climbs solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight.

5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 138

FAA-S-8081-14 3-30 C. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight, constant airspeed descents.

2. Establishes the descent configuration specified by the examiner.

3. Transitions to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

4. Demonstrates descents solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight.

5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during turns to headings.

2. Transitions to the level-turn attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

3. Demonstrates turns to headings solely by reference to instruments; maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters);

maintains a standard rate turn and rolls out on the assigned heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during unusual attitudes.

2. Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments; recovers promptly to a stabilized level flight attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation and smooth, coordinated control application in the correct sequence.

### Page 139

FAA-S-8081-143-31 F. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION

SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications, navigation systems/facilities, and radar services available for use during flight solely by reference to instruments.

2. Selects the proper frequency and identifies the appropriate facility.

3. Follows verbal instructions and/or navigation systems/facilities for guidance.

4. Determines the minimum safe altitude.

5. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 140

FAA-S-8081-14 3-32 X. AREA OF OPERATION:

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS A. TASK: EMERGENCY DESCENT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an emergency descent.

2. Recognizes the urgency of an emergency descent.

3. Establishes the recommended emergency descent configuration and airspeed, and maintains that airspeed, ±5 knots.

4. Demonstrates orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.

5. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

B. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved 7Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency approach and landing procedures.

2. Establishes and maintains the recommended best-glide attitude, configuration, and airspeed, ±10 knots.

3. Selects a suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans and follows a flight pattern to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.

5. Attempts to determine the reason for the malfunction and makes the correction, if possible.

6. Maintains positive control of the seaplane at all times.

7. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 141

FAA-S-8081-143-33 C. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to system and equipment malfunctions.

2. Analyzes the situation and takes the appropriate action for simulated emergencies, such as—

a. partial power loss.

b. engine roughness or overheat.

c. carburetor or induction icing.

d. loss of oil pressure.

e. fuel starvation.

f. electrical system malfunction.

g. flight instruments malfunction.

h. landing gear or flap malfunction.

i. water rudder malfunction.

j. inoperative trim.

k. inadvertent door or window opening.

l. structural icing.

m. smoke/fire/engine compartment fire.

n. any other emergency appropriate to the seaplane used for the practical test.

3. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 142

FAA-S-8081-14 3-34 D. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the seaplane used for the practical test, such as—

a. location in the seaplane.

b. method of operation or use.

c. servicing requirements.

d. method of safe storage.

e. equipment and survival gear appropriate for operation in various climates and topographical environments.

2. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 143

FAA-S-8081-143-35 XI. AREA OF OPERATION:

NIGHT OPERATIONS NOTE: If an applicant does not meet the aeronautical experience requirements of FAR Section 61.109(a)(2), the applicant's certificate shall bear the limitation “Night Flying Prohibited.”

A. TASK: NIGHT PREPARATION REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 67-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to night operations by explaining:

1. Physiological aspects of night flying includ ing the effects of changing light conditions, coping with illusions, and how the pilot's physical condition affects visual acuity.

2. Lighting systems identifying seaplane bases/airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, and pilot controlled lighting.

3. Seaplane lighting systems.

4. Personal equipment essential for night flight.

5. Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques.

6. Safety precautions and emergencies peculiar to night flying.

### Page 144

FAA-S-8081-14 3-36 B. TASK: NIGHT FLIGHT NOTE: The examiner shall orally evaluate element 1 and at least one of the elements, 2 through 6.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to night flight.

2. Inspects the interior and exterior of the seaplane with emphasis on those items essential for night flight.

3. Taxies and accomplishes the before takeoff check adhering to good operating practice for night conditions.

4. Performs takeoffs and climbs with emphasis on visual references.

5. Navigates and maintains orientation under VFR conditions.

6. Approaches, lands, and taxies, adhering to good operating practices for night conditions.

7. Completes all appropriate checklists.

### Page 145

FAA-S-8081-143-37 XII. AREA OF OPERATION:

POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES A. TASK: AFTER LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing procedures.

2. Taxies to the parking/refueling area using the proper wind control technique and obstacle avoidance procedures.

3. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: ANCHORING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to anchoring.

2. Selects a suitable area for anch oring, considering seaplane movement, water depth, tide, wind, and weather changes.

3. Uses an adequate number of anchors and lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure the seaplane's security.

C. TASK: DOCKING AND MOORING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to docking and mooring.

2. Approaches the dock or mooring buoy in the proper direction, considering speed, obstructions, current, and wind.

3. Docks or moors the seaplane using lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure the seaplane's security.

4. Departs the dock or mooring buoy in a manner that does not endanger persons or vessels in the area.

### Page 146

FAA-S-8081-14 3-38 D. TASK: BEACHING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to beaching.

2. Selects a suitable area for beaching, considering water depth, tide, current, and wind.

3. Approaches the beach in the proper direction and at a safe speed, considering the beach condition.

4. Beaches and secures the seaplane in a manner that will protect it from the harmful effect of wind, waves, and changes in water level.

5. Departs the beach in a safe manner, considering wind, current, traffic, and hazards.

E. TASK: RAMPING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ramping.

2. Approaches the ramp in the proper direction and at a safe speed, considering current and wind.

3. Ramps the seaplane at the proper speed, in the proper attitude.

4. Secures the seaplane on the ramp in a manner that will protect it from the harmful effect of wind, waves, and changes in water level.

5. Departs the ramp in a manner that does not endanger other persons or vessels in the area.

### Page 147

FAA-S-8081-143-39 F. TASK: PARKING AND SECURING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to parking and securing procedures. This shall include an understanding of parking hand signals and deplaning passengers.

2. Parks the seaplane properly, into the wind if possible, considering other aircraft and the safety of nearby persons and property on the ramp.

3. Follows the recommended procedure for engine shutdown and securing the cockpit and the seaplane.

4. Performs a satisfactory postflight inspection.

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 148

**SECTION 4**

**AIRPLANE**

MULTIENGINE SEA (AMES) Practical Test Standard NOTE: An applicant seeking initial certification as a private pilot with an airplane multiengine sea class rating will be evaluated in all TASKS listed within this section.

At the discretion of the examiner, an applicant seeking the addition of an airplane multiengine sea class rating need not be evaluated on those AREAS OF OPERATIONS/TASKS so noted in the following rating tasks table.

### Page 149

FAA-S-8081-14 Addition of an Airplane Multiengine Sea Rating to an Existing Private Pilot Certificate Required TASKS are indicated by either the TASK letter(s) that apply(s) or an indication that all or none of the TASKS must be tested.

Area of Operation

AMEL ASEL ASES RH RG Non- Power Glider Power Glider Free Balloon Airship A,E,G, H ALL B,C ALL A * NONE NONE ALL NONE ALL A,B NONE ALL A,E,G, H ALL B,C ALL A * NONE NONE ALL NONE ALL ALL NONE ALL A,E A,B,C, D,F B ALL A * NONE NONE ALL NONE ALL ALL NONE ALL A,E,G, H ALL B,C ALL A * ALL NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL A,E,G, H ALL B,C ALL A * NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL A,E,G, H ALL ALL ALL A * ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL A,E,G, H ALL B,C ALL A * NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL A,E,G, H ALL ALL ALL A * ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL A,E,G, H ALL ALL ALL A * ALL NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL NONE ALL I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII * If the applicant is instrument rated and instrument competency in a multiengine airplane has not been previously demonstrated, TASKS B, C, and D may be performed at this time, otherwise a VFR ONLY restriction shall be specified on the issued certificate.

PRIVATE PILOT RATING(S) HELD 4-i

### Page 150

FAA-S-8081-144-iii

**CONTENTS**

RATING TASKS TABLE … 4-i

CHECKLISTS:

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist … 4-vii

Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist … 4-ix

AREAS OF OPERATION:

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION … 4-1

A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS … 4-1

B. WEATHER INFORMATION … 4-1

C. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING … 4-2

D. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM … 4-2

E. MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST … 4-3

F. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS … 4-3

G. WATER AND SEAPLANE CHARACTERISTICS … 4-4

**H. SEAPLANE BASES, MARITIME RULES,**

AND AIDS TO MARINE NAVIGATION … 4-4

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES … 4-5

A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION … 4-5

B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT … 4-5

C. ENGINE STARTING … 4-6

D. TAXIING … 4-6

E. SAILING … 4-7

F. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK … 4-7

III. SEAPLANE BASE AND AIRPORT OPERATIONS … 4-8

**A. RADIO COMMUNICATION AND ATC LIGHT**

SIGNALS … 4-8

B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS … 4-8

**C. SEAPLANE BASE/AIRPORT AND LANDING**

AREA/RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING … 4-9

### Page 151

FAA-S-8081-14 4-iv

IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS … 4-10

**A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND**

CLIMB … 4-10

**B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND**

LANDING … 4-11

C. GLASSY WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB … 4-11

D. GLASSY WATER APPROACH AND LANDING … 4-12

E. ROUGH WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB … 4-13

F. ROUGH WATER APPROACH AND LANDING … 4-14

G. CONFINED-AREA TAKEOFF AND CLIMB … 4-15

H. CONFINED-AREA APPROACH AND LANDING … 4-16

I. GO-AROUND … 4-17

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS … 4-18

A. STEEP TURNS … 4-18

**B. ENGINE FAILURE DURING FLIGHT**

(BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS) … 4-18

C. INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ALL ENGINES

**OPERATING (BY REFERENCE TO**

INSTRUMENTS) … 4-19

D. INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ONE ENGINE

**INOPERATIVE (BY REFERENCE TO**

INSTRUMENTS) … 4-20

VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS … 4-22

A. RECTANGULAR COURSE … 4-22

B. S-TURNS … 4-22

C. TURNS AROUND A POINT … 4-23

VII. NAVIGATION … 4-24

A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING … 4-24

**B. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR**

SERVICES … 4-24

C. DIVERSION … 4-25

D. LOST PROCEDURES … 4-25

VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS … 4-26

A. MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT … 4-26

B. POWER-OFF STALLS … 4-27

C. POWER-ON STALLS … 4-28

D. SPIN AWARENESS … 4-29

### Page 152

FAA-S-8081-144-v

IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS … 4-30

A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT … 4-30

B. CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS … 4-30

C. CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS … 4-31

D. TURNS TO HEADINGS … 4-31

**E. RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT**

ATTITUDES … 4-31

**F. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION**

SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES … 4-32

X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS … 4-33

A. EMERGENCY DESCENT … 4-33

**B. MANEUVERING WITH ONE ENGINE**

INOPERATIVE … 4-33

C. ENGINE INOPERATIVE – LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL

CONTROL DEMONSTRATION … 4-35

**D. ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF BEFORE VMC**

(SIMULATED) … 4-37

**E. ENGINE FAILURE AFTER LIFT-OFF**

(SIMULATED) … 4-37

**F. APPROACH AND LANDING WITH AN INOPERATIVE**

ENGINE (SIMULATED) … 4-38

G. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS … 4-39

**H. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL**

GEAR … 4-40

XI. MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS … 4-41

A. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS … 4-41

B. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS … 4-41

**C. ENGINE INOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES OF**

FLIGHT … 4-42

XII. NIGHT OPERATIONS … 4-43

A. NIGHT PREPARATION … 4-43

B. NIGHT FLIGHT … 4-44

### Page 153

FAA-S-8081-14 4-vi

XIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES … 4-45

A. AFTER LANDING … 4-45

B. ANCHORING … 4-45

C. DOCKING AND MOORING … 4-45

D. BEACHING … 4-46

E. RAMPING … 4-46

F. PARKING AND SECURING … 4-47

### Page 154

FAA-S-8081-144-vii APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:

EXAMINER’S NAME_____________________________ LOCATION ____________________________________ DATE/TIME ____________________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT  Aircraft Documents:

Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate Operating Limitations  Aircraft Maintenance Records:

Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD Compliance € Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual  FCC Station License

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT  View-Limiting Device  Current Aeronautical Charts  Computer and Plotter  Flight Plan Form  Flight Logs  Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate Publications

PERSONAL RECORDS € Identification - Photo/Signature ID  Pilot Certificate  Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate  Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature (if applicable)  AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report, or Computer Test Report  Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements  FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)  Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)  Examiner’s Fee (if applicable)

### Page 155

FAA-S-8081-144-ix EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST (AMES) APPLICANT'S NAME_______________________________ LOCATION_______________________________________ DATE/TIME______________________________________ I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION  A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS  B. WEATHER INFORMATION  C. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING  D. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM  E. MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST  F. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS  G. WATER AND SEAPLANE CHARACTERISTICS  H. SEAPLANE BASES, MARITIME RULES, AND AIDS TO MARINE

NAVIGATION II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES  A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION  B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT  C. ENGINE STARTING  D. TAXIING  E. SAILING  F. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK III. SEAPLANE BASE AND AIRPORT OPERATIONS  A. RADIO COMMUNICATION AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS  B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS  C. SEAPLANE BASE/AIRPORT AND LANDING AREA/RUNWAY

MARKINGS AND LIGHTING IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS  A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING  C. GLASSY WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  D. GLASSY WATER APPROACH AND LANDING  E. ROUGH WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  F. ROUGH WATER APPROACH AND LANDING  G. CONFINED-AREA TAKEOFF AND CLIMB  H. CONFINED-AREA APPROACH AND LANDING  I. GO-AROUND

### Page 156

FAA-S-8081-14 4-x V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS  A. STEEP TURNS  B. ENGINE FAILURE DURING FLIGHT (BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS)  C. INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ALL ENGINES OPERATING (BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS)  D. INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE (BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS) VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS  A. RECTANGULAR COURSE  B. S-TURNS  C. TURNS AROUND A POINT VII. NAVIGATION  A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING  B. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES  C. DIVERSION  D. LOST PROCEDURES VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS  A. MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT  B. POWER-OFF STALLS  C. POWER-ON STALLS  D. SPIN AWARENESS IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS  A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT  B. CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS  C. CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS  D. TURNS TO HEADINGS  E. UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES  F. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION

**SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR**

SERVICES X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS  A. EMERGENCY DESCENT  B. MANEUVERING WITH ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE  C. ENGINE INOPERATIVE - LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL

DEMONSTRATION  D. ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF BEFORE VMC (SIMULATED)  E. ENGINE FAILURE AFTER LIFT-OFF (SIMULATED)  F. APPROACH AND LANDING WITH AN INOPERATIVE ENGINE (SIMULATED)  G. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS  H. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR

### Page 157

FAA-S-8081-144-xi XI. MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS  A. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS  B. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS  C. ENGINE INOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT XII. NIGHT OPERATIONS  A. NIGHT PREPARATION  B. NIGHT FLIGHT XIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES  A. AFTER LANDING  B. ANCHORING  C. DOCKING AND MOORING  D. BEACHING  E. RAMPING  F. PARKING AND SECURING

### Page 158

FAA-S-8081-144-1 I. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PREPARATION A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS REFERENCES: FAR Parts 43, 61, 91; AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual;

Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by explaining the appropriate—

a. pilot certificate, privileges and limitations.

b. medical certificate, class and duration.

c. pilot logbook or flight record, required entries.

2. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by locating and explaining the—

a. airworthiness and registration certificates.

b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, handbooks, and/or manuals.

c. weight and balance data, including the equipment list.

d. airworthiness directives and compliance records, maintenance requirements, tests, and appropriate records.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION REFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information by analyzing weather reports and forecasts from various sources with emphasis on—

a. PIREP’s.

b. SIGMETs and AIRMET’s.

c. wind shear reports.

2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather information.

### Page 159

FAA-S-8081-14 4-2 C. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; Navigation Charts;

Airport/Facility Directory; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight planning by presenting and explaining a preplanned VFR cross-country flight near the maximum range of the seaplane, as previously assigned by the examiner. The final flight plan shall include real-time weather to the first fuel stop, with maximum allowable passenger and baggage loads.

2. Uses appropriate, current aeronautical charts.

3. Plots a course for the intended route of flight.

4. Identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features.

5. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.

6. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather conditions and equipment capabilities.

7. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.

8. Selects appropriat e navigation systems/facilities and communication frequencies.

9. Confirms availability of alternate landing sites.

10. Extracts and records pertinent information from NOTAM’s, the Airport/Facility Directory, and other flight publications.

11. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.

D. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM REFERENCES: FAR Parts 71, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:

1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums – for all classes of airspace.

2. Airspace classes – their boundaries, pilot certification and seaplane equipment requirements for the following—

a. Class A.

b. Class B.

c. Class C.

d. Class D.

e. Class E.

f. Class G.

3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.

### Page 160

FAA-S-8081-144-3 E. TASK: MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST REFERENCE: FAR Part 91.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the use of an approved minimum equipment list by explaining:

1. Required instruments and equipment for day VFR and night VFR flight.

2. Procedures for operating the airplane with inoperative instruments and equipment.

3. Requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight permit.

F. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:

1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at least three of the following—

a. hypoxia.

b. hyperventilation.

c. middle ear and sinus problems.

d. spatial disorientation.

e. motion sickness.

f. carbon monoxide poisoning.

g. stress and fatigue.

2. The effects of alcohol and over-the-counter drugs.

3. The effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives upon a pilot or passenger in flight.

### Page 161

FAA-S-8081-14 4-4 G. TASK: WATER AND SEAPLANE CHARACTERISTICS REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to water and seaplane characteristics by explaining:

1. The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features such as—

a. size and location.

b. protected and unprotected areas.

c. surface wind.

d. direction and strength of water current.

e. floating and partially submerged debris.

f. sandbars, islands, and shoals.

g. other features peculiar to the area.

2. Float and hull construction, and their effect on seaplane performance.

3. Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action required to prevent or correct these occurrences.

H. TASK: SEAPLANE BASES, MARITIME RULES, AND AIDS

TO MARINE NAVIGATION REFERENCES: AC 61-21; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to marine navigation by explaining:

1. How to identify and locate seaplane bases on charts or in directories.

2. Operating restrictions at various bases.

3. Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation.

4. Marine navigation aids such as buoys, beacons, lights, and sound signals.

### Page 162

FAA-S-8081-144-5 II. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION REFERENCES: AC-61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to preflight inspection. This shall include which items must be inspected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.

2. Inspects the seaplane with reference to the checklist.

3. Verifies the seaplane is in condition for safe flight.

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cockpit management procedures.

2. Ensures all loose items in the cabin and cockpit are secured.

3. Briefs passengers on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and emergency procedures.

4. Organizes material and equipment in a logical, efficient flow pattern.

5. Utilizes all appropriate checklists.

### Page 163

FAA-S-8081-14 4-6 C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-13, AC 91-55; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual;

Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine starting. This shall include the use of an external power source and starting under various atmospheric conditions, as appropriate for the seaplane used for the practical test.

2. Positions the seaplane properly considering other aircraft, the safety of nearby persons and property, wind and water conditions, and a suitable taxi route.

3. Accomplishes the correct starting procedure.

4. Controls the seaplane's movement after engine start.

5. Completes the checklist.

D. TASK: TAXIING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-69; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to safe taxi procedures.

2. Positions the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions.

3. Plans and follows the most favorable course considering wind, water current, and maritime regulations.

4. Uses the appropriate idle, plow, or step taxi technique.

5. Demonstrates 180 or 360° turns, as appropriate.

6. Prevents and corrects for porpoising and skipping.

7. Complies with seaplane base signs, signals, and clearances.

8. Avoids other aircraft, vessels, and hazards.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 164

FAA-S-8081-144-7 E. TASK: SAILING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to sailing by explaining the techniques used in sailing.

2. Recognizes when power-on sailing and power-off sailing should be used.

3. Plans and follows the most favorable course while sailing toward a point considering the effect of wind, water currents, and water conditions.

4. Uses flight controls, flaps, doors, water rudder, and power correctly so as to follow the desired course.

5. Changes direction while sailing toward a downwind point to sailing toward a crosswind point.

6. Controls seaplane speed, as required.

F. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check. This shall include the reasons for checking each item and how to detect malfunctions.

2. Positions the seaplane properly considering hazards, wind conditions, water surface condition and depth, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit.

4. Ensures that engine temperatures and pressures are suitable for run-up and takeoff.

5. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and confirm s that the seaplane is in safe operating condition.

6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff distances, emergency procedures, and the departure procedure.

7. Assures no conflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 165

FAA-S-8081-14 4-8 III. AREA OF OPERATION:

SEAPLANE BASE AND AIRPORT OPERATIONS A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT

SIGNALS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowled ge of the elements related to radio communications and ATC light signals. This shall include radio failure procedures.

2. Selects appropriate frequencies.

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.

4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with instructions.

5. Uses prescribed procedures following radio communications failure.

6. Interprets and complies with ATC light signals.

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns.

This shall include procedures at controlled and uncontrolled seaports, remote landing sites, boat harbors, landing area/ runway incursion and inflight collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.

2. Complies with traffic pattern procedures.

3. Selects the most appropriate approach or departure path considering alignment with the wind, landing area congestion, and shoreline population.

4. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic.

5. Establishes an appropriate distance from the landing area/runway.

6. Corrects for wind-drift to maintain the proper ground track.

7. Maintains orientation with the landing area/runway in use.

8. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters), and the appropriate airspeed, ± 10 knots.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 166

FAA-S-8081-144-9 C. TASK: SEAPLANE BASE/AIRPORT AND LANDING

AREA/RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to seaplane base/airport and landing area/runway markings and lighting.

2. Identifies and interprets seaplane base/airport, landing area/runway and taxiway markings and lighting.

### Page 167

FAA-S-8081-14 4-10 IV. AREA OF OPERATION:

TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pi lot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb.

2. Selects a takeoff path appropriate to the existing water conditions.

3. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions;

sets the flaps as recommended.

4. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position and aligns the seaplane properly – considering the takeoff path.

5. Retracts the water rudders, when appropriate, and advances the throttles smoothly to takeoff power.

6. Avoids excessive water spray on the propellers.

7. Establishes and maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and corrects for porpoising and skipping.

8. Lifts off, accelerates to V Y, establishes the pitch attitude for VY, and maintains that airspeed, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

9. Retracts the flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

10. Maintains takeoff power and best rat e-of-climb airspeed to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets climb power and transitions to the recommended climb airspeed.

11. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

12. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

13. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 168

FAA-S-8081-144-11 B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND

LANDING NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, water surface condition and depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Selects the most suitable approach path, landing area and touchdown area.

4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

5. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, +10/-5 knots, with gust factor applied.

6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

7. Contacts the water in the correct pitch attitude.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

C. TASK: GLASSY WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB NOTE: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of glassy water elements shall be evaluated through oral testing. The applicant's skill shall be evaluated by simulating the TASK.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a glassy water takeoff and climb.

2. Selects a takeoff path appropriate to the glassy water conditions.

### Page 169

**FAA-S-8081-14 4-12**

3. Positions the flight controls for the existing conditions; sets the flaps as recommended.

4. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position, and aligns the seaplane properly – considering the takeoff path.

5. Retracts the water rudders, when appropriate, and advances the throttles smoothly to takeoff power.

6. Avoids excessive water spray on the propellers.

7. Establishes and maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and corrects for porpoising, skipping, and unusual increases in water drag.

8. Lifts off, ensures a positive rate of climb, and avoids inadvertent water contact after lift-off.

9. Accelerates to V Y, establishes the pitch attitude for V Y, and maintains that airspeed, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

10. Retracts the landing gear and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

11. Maintains takeoff power and best rate-of-climb airspeed to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets climb power and transitions to the recommended climb airspeed.

12. Selects a flight path that w ill allow a safe return to the water should an engine failure occur.

13. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

14. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

15. Completes the appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: GLASSY WATER APPROACH AND LANDING NOTE: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of glassy water elements shall be evaluated through oral testing. The applicant's skill shall be evaluated by simulating the TASK.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a glassy water approach and landing.

2. Considers the water surface condition and depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Selects the most suitable approach path, landing and touchdown area.

4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

### Page 170

**FAA-S-8081-144-13**

5. Maintains a stabilized approach, the recommended airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 V SO, +10/-5 knots, and a touchdown pitch attitude throughout the final approach.

6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the touchdown.

7. Contacts the water in the correct pitch attitude and slows to idling taxi speed.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: ROUGH WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB NOTE: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of rough water elements shall be evaluated through oral testing. The applicant's skill shall be evaluated by simulating the TASK.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to rough water takeoff and climb.

2. Selects a takeoff path appropriate to the glassy water conditions.

3. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions;

sets the flaps as recommended.

4. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position, and aligns the seaplane properly – considering the takeoff path.

5. Retracts the water rudders, when appropriate, and advances the throttles smoothly to takeoff power.

6. Avoids excessive water spray on the propellers.

7. Establishes and maintains the smoothest and most efficient planing/lift-off attitude and corrects for porpoising, skipping, and excessive bouncing.

8. Lifts off, accelerates to V Y, establishes the pitch attitude for VY, and maintains that airspeed, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

9. Retracts the flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

10. Maintains takeoff power and best rate-of-climb airspeed to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets climb power and transitions to the recommended climb airspeed.

### Page 171

**FAA-S-8081-14 4-14**

11. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

12. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

13. Completes the appropriate checklist.

F. TASK: ROUGH WATER APPROACH AND LANDING NOTE: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of rough water elements shall be evaluated through oral testing. The applicant's skill shall be evaluated by simulating the TASK.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilots Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rough water approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, water surface condition and depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Selects the most suitable approach path, landing and touchdown area.

4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

5. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 V SO, with gust factor applied, +10/-5 knots.

6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

7. Contacts the water in the correct pitch attitude, at the correct touchdown speed, considering the type of rough water.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 172

FAA-S-8081-144-15 G. TASK: CONFINED-AREA TAKEOFF AND CLIMB REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a confinedarea takeoff and climb.

2. Selects a takeoff path appropriate to the confined area.

3. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions;

sets the flaps as recommended.

4. Clears the area and taxies into the takeoff position so as to allow maximum utilization of available takeoff area.

5. Retracts the water rudders, when appropriate, and advan ces the throttles smoothly to takeoff power.

6. Avoids excessive water spray on the propellers.

7. Establishes and maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude and corrects for porpoising and skipping.

8. Makes plowing and step turns at the proper speed and appropriate radius.

9. Lifts off, accelerates to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed, if available and if appropriate, or VX, establishes the pitch attitude for the selected airspeed and maintains that airspeed, +10/-5 knots, until the obstacle is cleared, or until the seaplane is 50 feet (20 meters) above the surface.

10. After clearing the obstacle, accelerates to VY, establishes the pitch attitude for V Y, and maintains V Y, +10/-5 knots, during the climb.

11. Retracts the flaps after the obstacle is cleared or when recommended.

12. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude.

13. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.

14. Complies with noise abatement procedures.

15. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 173

FAA-S-8081-14 4-16 H. TASK: CONFINED-AREA APPROACH AND LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook; FAA- Approved Seaplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a confinedarea approach and landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, water surface condition and depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, and other watercraft.

3. Selects the most suitable approach path, landing and touchdown area.

4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.

5. Maintains a stabilized approach, and the recommended approach airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 V SO, +10/-5 knots, with gust factor applied.

6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

7. Contacts the water in the correct pitch attitude.

8. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 174

FAA-S-8081-144-17 I. TASK: GO AROUND REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around.

2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.

3. Applies takeoff power immediately and transitions to the climb pitch attitude for VY, +10/-5 knots.

4. Retracts the flaps to the appropriate setting.

5. Retracts the wing floats after a positive rate of climb is established.

6. Maintains takeoff power and best rate-of-climb airspeed to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets power and transitions to the airspeed appropriate for the traffic pattern.

7. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.

8. Complies with noise abatement procedures, as appropriate.

9. Flies the appropriate traffic pattern.

10. Completes the appropriate checklist.

### Page 175

FAA-S-8081-14 4-18 V. AREA OF OPERATION: Change 1 PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS 4/28/97 A. TASK: STEEP TURNS REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep turns.

2. Selects an altitude that will allow the task to be performed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL.

3. Establishes the manufacturer’s recommended airspeed or if one is not stated, the examiner may designate a safe airspeed not to exceed VA.

4. Rolls into a coordinated 360° turn; maintains a 45° bank, ±5°;

and rolls out on the entry heading, ±10°.

5. Performs the task in the opposite direction, as specified by the examiner.

6. Divides attention between seaplane control and orientation.

7. Maintains the entry altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters), and airspeed, ±10 knots.

NOTE: For applicants electing not to demonstrate competency in TASKS B, C, and D, multiengine privileges will be limited to VFR only. If the applicant elects to demonstrate competency in TASKS, B, C, and D, but then demonstrates unsatisfactorily one or more of those TASKS, the applicant will be issued a “Notice Of Disapproval of Application” for the practical test. After the flight test is initiated, the applicant shall not be permitted to revert to the “VFR only ” option.

B. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE DURING FLIGHT (BY

REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS) REFERENCES: FAR Part 61; AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-4.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine failure during flight (by reference to instruments).

2. Recognizes engine failure, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.

3. Sets the engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.

4. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative airspeed.

### Page 176

**FAA-S-8081-144-19**

5. Banks toward the operative engine as required for best performance, trims the seaplane, and maintains control.

6. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine malfunction, if appropriate.

7. Simulates feathering the propeller of the inoperative engine.

8. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.

9. Follows the checklist to verify procedures for securing the inoperative engine.

10. Demonstrates coordinated flight with one engine inoperative (propeller at zero thrust), including—

a. straight-and-level flight.

b. turns in both directions.

c. descents to assigned altitudes.

d. climbs to assigned altitudes, if the seaplane is capable of climbing under the existing conditions.

11. Demonstrates engine restart in accordance with recommended procedures and completes the appropriate checklist.

12. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); the specified heading, ±10°; and the specified airspeed, ±10 knots.

13. Maintains the specified angle of bank, ±10°; rolls out on the specified heading, ±10°; and levels off from climbs and descents within ±100 feet (30 meters).

C. TASK: INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ALL ENGINES

OPERATING (BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS) REFERENCES: FAR Part 61; AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-4.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a published instrument approach with all engines operating (by reference to instruments).

2. Displays efficient cockpit management procedures throughout the approach.

3. Sets up for the approach by tuning and identifying the correct navigation frequencies and by selecting the correct course(s).

4. Communicates with the appropriate ATC facility and transmits using recommended phraseology.

5. Complies with an actual or simulated ATC IFR clearance, ATC advisories and instructions.

### Page 177

**FAA-S-8081-14 4-20**

6. Maintains the specified altitude within ±100 feet (30 meters) and the specified airspeed within ±10 knots, prior to reaching the final approach fix.

7. Establishes a rate of descent that will ensure arrival at the MDA or DH with the seaplane in a position from which descent to a landing on the intended landing area can be made, straight-in or circling.

8. Allows, while on the final approach course, no more than three-quarter-scale deflection of the localizer and glideslope indications, nor more than 10° deflection (full scale deflection) after intercepting the VOR or NDB final approach course.

9. Avoids descent below the MDA or exceeding the visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category when circling.

10. Executes the published missed approach procedure at the missed approach point or complies with instructions from ATC at the designated missed approach point.

11. Completes all appropriate checklists.

D. TASK: INSTRUMENT APPROACH – ONE ENGINE

**INOPERATIVE (BY REFERENCE TO**

INSTRUMENTS) REFERENCES: FAR Part 61; AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-4.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a published instrument approach with one engine inoperative (by reference to instruments).

2. Displays efficient cockpit management procedures throughout the approach.

3. Sets up for the approach by tuning and identifying the correct navigation frequencies and by selecting the correct course(s).

4. Communicates with the appropriate ATC facility and transmits using recommended phraseology.

5. Complies with an actual or simulated ATC IFR clearance, ATC advisories and instructions.

6. Recognizes engine failure, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.

7. Sets the engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.

8. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative airspeed.

9. Banks toward the operative engine as required for best performance, trims the airplane, and maintains control.

### Page 178

**FAA-S-8081-144-21**

10. Establishes and maintains the recommended flight attitude and configuration for the best performance for all maneuvering necessary for the instrument approach procedure.

11. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine failure, if appropriate.

12. Simulates feathering the propeller of the inoperative engine.

13. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.

14. Follows the checklist to verify procedures for securing the inoperative engine.

15. Maintains the specified altitude within ±100 feet (30 meters) and the specified airspeed within ±10 knots, prior to reaching the final approach fix.

16. Establishes a rate of descent that will ensure arrival at the MDA or DH with the airplane in a position from which descent to a landing on the intended landing area can be made, straight-in or circling.

17. Allows, while on the final approach course, no more than three-quarter-scale deflection of the localizer and glideslope indications, nor more than 10° deflection (full scale deflection) after intercepting the VOR or NDB final approach course.

18. Avoids exceeding the visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category when circling.

19. Completes a safe landing and all appropriate checklists.

### Page 179

FAA-S-8081-14 4-22 VI. AREA OF OPERATION:

GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular course.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the ground reference area with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at traffic pattern altitude, at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg, with the first circuit to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correc tion during straight-andturning flight to maintain a constant ground track around the rectangular reference area.

6. Divides attention between seaplane control and the ground track and maintains coordinated flight.

7. Exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started and reverses course as directed by the examiner.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ± 10 knots.

B. TASK: S-TURNS REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to S-turns.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the reference line with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300 meters) AGL, perpendicular to the selected reference line, downwind, with the first series of turns to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius half-circle on each side of the selected reference line.

6. Divides attention between seaplane control and the ground track and maintains coordinated flight.

### Page 180

**FAA-S-8081-144-23**

7. Reverses course, as directed by the examiner, and exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT REFERENCE: AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to turns around a point.

2. Determines the wind direction and speed.

3. Selects the reference point with an emergency landing area within gliding distance.

4. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300 meters) AGL at an appropriate distance from the reference point, with the seaplane headed downwind and the first turn to the left.

5. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius circle around the selected reference point with a bank of approximately 45° at the steepest point in the turn.

6. Divides attention between seaplane control and the ground track and maintains coordinated flight.

7. Completes two turns, exits at the point of entry at the same altitude and airspeed at which the maneuver was started, and reverses course as directed by the examiner.

8. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 181

FAA-S-8081-14 4-24 VII. AREA OF OPERATION:

NAVIGATION A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and dead reckoning.

2. Follows the preplanned course solely by reference to landmarks.

3. Identifies landmarks by relating surface features to chart symbols.

4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, groundspeeds, and elapsed time.

5. Corrects for and records the differences between preflight fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those determined en route.

6. Verifies the seaplane's position within 3 nautical miles of the flight-planned route at all times.

7. Arrives at the en route checkpoints and destination within 5 minutes of the ETA.

8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and established heading, ±15°.

9. Completes all appropriate checklists.

B. TASK: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to navigation systems and radar services.

2. Selects and identifies the appropriate navi gation system/facility.

3. Locates the seaplane's position using radials, bearings, or coordinates, as appropriate.

4. Intercepts and tracks a given radial or bearing, if appropriate.

5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station passage, if appropriate.

6. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action.

7. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing ATC radar services.

8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters).

### Page 182

FAA-S-8081-144-25 C. TASK: DIVERSION REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diversion.

2. Selects an appropriate alternate landing area/airport and route.

3. Diverts promptly toward the alternate landing area/airport.

4. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate seaplane base/airport.

5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and established heading, ±15°.

D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.

2. Selects the best course of action when given a lost situation.

3. Maintains the original or an appropriate heading and climbs, if necessary.

4. Identifies the nearest concentration of prominent landmarks.

5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an appropriate ATC facility for assistance, as appropriate.

6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating weather and/or fuel exhaustion is impending.

### Page 183

FAA-S-8081-14 4-26 VIII. AREA OF OPERATION:

SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS A. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to maneuvering during slow flight.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Stabilizes the airspeed at 1.2 VS1, +10/-5 knots.

4. Accomplishes coordinated straight-and-level flight and level turns, at bank angles and in configurations as specified by the examiner.

5. Accomplishes coordinated climbs and descents, straight and turning, at bank angles and in configurations, as specified by the examiner.

6. Divides attention between seaplane control and orientation.

7. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); the specified heading, ±10°; and the specified airspeed, +10/-5 knots.

8. Maintains the specified angle of bank, not to exceed 30° in level flight, +0/-10°; maintains the specified angle of bank, not to exceed 20° in climbing or descending flight, +0/-10°; rolls out on the specified heading, ±10°; and levels off from climbs and descents within ±100 feet (30 meters).

### Page 184

FAA-S-8081-144-27 B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS NOTE: No stall shall be performed with one engine throttled or inoperative and the other engine(s) developing effective power.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61- 67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-off stalls. This shall include an understanding of the aerodynamics of a stall which occurs as a result of uncoordinated flight. Emphasis shall be placed upon recognition of and recovery from a power-off stall.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Establishes a stabilized approach in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the examiner.

4. Transitions smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.

5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight;

maintains a specified angle of bank, +0/-10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.

6. Recognizes and announces the first physical indications of the oncoming stall, i.e., buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.

7. Recovers promptly after a stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, applying power, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the seaplane.

8. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear, if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established; accelerates to VY before the final flap retraction;

returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.

### Page 185

FAA-S-8081-14 4-28 C. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS NOTE: No stall shall be performed with one engine throttled or inoperative and the other engine(s) developing effective power.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved AirplaneFlight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-on stalls. This shall include an understanding of the aerodynamics of a stall which occurs as a result of uncoordinated flight. Emphasis shall be placed upon recognition of and recovery from a power-on stall.

2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

3. Establishes the takeoff or climb configuration, airspeed, and power as specified by the examiner.

4. Transitions smoothly from the takeoff or climb attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.

5. Maintains a sp ecified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight;

maintains a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, +0/-10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.

6. Recognizes and announces the first physical indications of the oncoming stall, i.e., buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.

7. Recovers promptly after a stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, applying power as appropriate, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the seaplane.

8. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear, if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established; accelerates to V Y before the final flap retraction;

returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.

### Page 186

FAA-S-8081-144-29 D. TASK: SPIN AWARENESS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to spin awareness by explaining:

1. Flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.

2. The technique used to recognize and recover from unintentional spins.

3. The recommended spin recovery procedure for the seaplane used for the practical test.

### Page 187

FAA-S-8081-14 4-30 IX. AREA OF OPERATION:

BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight.

2. Maintains straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

3. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); heading, ±20°; and airspeed, ±10 knots.

B. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight constant airspeed climbs.

2. Establishes the climb configuration specified by the examiner.

3. Transitions to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

4. Demonstrates climbs solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight.

5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 188

FAA-S-8081-144-31 C. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight, constant airspeed descents.

2. Establishes the descent configuration specified by the examiner.

3. Transitions to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

4. Demonstrates descents solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight.

5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, +/-200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during turns to headings.

2. Transitions to the level-turn attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.

3. Demonstrates turns to headings solely by reference to instruments; maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters);

maintains a standard rate turn and rolls out on the assigned heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the element s related to attitude instrument flying during unusual attitudes.

2. Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments; recovers promptly to a stabilized level flight attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation and smooth, coordinated control application in the correct sequence.

### Page 189

FAA-S-8081-14 4-32 F. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION

SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-27.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications, navigation systems/facilities, and radar services available for use during flight solely by reference to instruments.

2. Selects the proper frequency and identifies the appropriate facility.

3. Follows verbal instructions and/or navigation systems/facilities for guidance.

4. Determines the minimum safe altitude.

5. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.

### Page 190

FAA-S-8081-144-33 X. AREA OF OPERATION:

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS A. TASK: EMERGENCY DESCENT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an emergency descent.

2. Recognizes the urgency of an emergency descent.

3. Establishes the recommended emergency descent configuration and airspeed, maintains that airspeed, ±5 knots.

4. Demonstrates orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.

5. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

B. TASK: MANEUVERING WITH ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

NOTE: The feathering of one propeller shall be demonstrated in multiengine seaplanes equipped with propellers which can be safely feathered and unfeathered in flight. An appropriately equipped seaplane shall be provided by the applicant. The maneuver shall be performed at altitudes, in areas, and from positions where safe landings can be readily accomplished, in the event difficulty is encountered in unfeathering and/or restarting. A propeller that cannot be unfeathered during the practical test shall be treated as an emergency.

At altitudes lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) above the surface, simulated engine failure shall be performed by throttling the engine back to idle and then establishing zero thrust.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ma neuvering with one engine inoperative.

2. Recognizes engine failure, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.

3. Sets the engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.

### Page 191

**FAA-S-8081-14 4-34**

4. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative airspeed.

5. Banks toward the operating engine as required for best performance, trims the airplane, and maintains control.

6. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine malfunction, if appropriate.

7. Feathers the propeller of the inoperative engine.

8. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.

9. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist to verify procedures for securing the inoperative engine and turns toward the nearest suitable seaplane base/airport.

10. Demonstrates coordinated flight with one engine inoperative (propeller feathered), including—

a. straight-and-level flight.

b. turns in both directions.

c. descents to assigned altitudes.

d. climbs to assigned altitudes, if the seaplane is capable of climbing under the existing conditions.

11. Divides attention between coordinated control, the flightpath, and orientation.

12. Demonstrates engine restart in accordance with recommended procedures.

13. Completes all appropriate checklists.

14. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); the specified heading, ±10°; and the specified airspeed, ±10 knots.

15. Maintains the specified angle of bank, ±10°; rolls out on the specified heading, ±10°; and levels off from climbs and descents within ±100 feet (30 meters).

### Page 192

FAA-S-8081-144-35 C. TASK: ENGINE INOPERATIVE – LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL

CONTROL DEMONSTRATION REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

NOTE: Seaplanes with normally aspirated engines will lose power as altitude increases because of the reduced density of the air entering the induction system of the engines. This loss of power will result in a V MC lower than the stall speed at higher altitudes. Also, some seaplanes have such an effective rudder that even at sea level V MC is lower than stall speed. For these seaplanes, a demonstration of loss of directional control may be safely conducted by limiting rudder travel to simulate maximum available rudder.

Limiting rudder travel should be accomplished at a speed well above the power-off stall speed (approximately 20 knots). This will avoid the hazards of stalling one wing with maximum allowable power applied to the engine on the other wing. In the event of any indication of stall prior to loss of directional control, recover to the entry airspeed. The demonstration should then be accomplished with the rudder travel limited at a higher airspeed.

Do not perform this maneuver by increasing the pitch attitude to a high angle with both engines operating and then reducing power on the critical engine. This technique is hazardous and may result in loss of seaplane control.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine inoperative loss of directional control by explaining the—

a. meaning of the term “critical engine.”

b. effects of density altitude on the VMC demonstration.

c. effects of seaplane weight and center of gravity on control.

d. reasons for variations in VMC.

e. relationship of VMC to stall speed.

f. reasons for loss of directional control.

g. indications of loss of directional control.

h. importance of maintaining the proper pitch and bank attitude, and the proper coordination of controls.

i. loss of directional control recovery procedure.

j. engine failure during takeoff including planning, decisions, and single-engine operations.

### Page 193

**FAA-S-8081-14 4-36**

2. Exhibits skills in performing an engine inoperative-loss of directional control demonstration—

a. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the manufacturer’s recommended altitude, whichever is higher.

b. Configures the seaplane at VSSE/VYSE as follows:

(1) Landing gear retracted.

(2) Flaps set for takeoff.

(3) Cowl flaps set for takeoff.

(4) Trim set for takeoff.

(5) Propellers set to high RPM.

(6) Power on the operating engine set to takeoff or maximum available power.

c. Establishes a single engine climb attitude with the airspeed at approximately 10 knots above VSSE.

d. Establishes a bank toward the operating engine, as required for best performance.

e. Increases the pitch attitude slowly to reduce the airspeed, at approximately 1 knot per second, while applying rudder to maintain directional control until full rudder is applied.

The examiner may reserve the option to block the airplane rudder pedal to simulate maximum available rudder while still at a higher than actual VMC airspeed.

f. Recognizes and announces the first indication of loss of directional control, stall warning or buffet.

g. Recovers promptly by simultaneously reducing power sufficiently on the operating engine while decreasing the angle of attack as necessary to regain airspeed and directional control with a minimum loss of altitude.

Recovery SHOULD NOT be attempted by increasing the power on the simulated failed engine.

h. Recovers within 20° of the entry heading.

i. Accelerates to V XSE/VYSE, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots, during the recovery.

### Page 194

FAA-S-8081-144-37 D. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF BEFORE VMC (SIMULATED) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

NOTE: Engine failure shall be accomplished before reaching 50 percent of the calculated VMC.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine failure on takeoff before VMC.

2. Closes throttles smoothly and promptly after simulated engine failure.

3. Maintains directional control and applies braking as necessary.

E. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE AFTER LIFT-OFF (SIMULATED) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine failure after lift-off.

2. Recognizes engine failure promptly, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure. Engine failure simulation shall be done at or above 100 feet (30 meters) AGL and at or above VY.

3. Lands the seaplane if within the capabilities of the seaplane or continues the takeoff.

4. Reduces drag, identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.

5. Simulates feathering the propeller of the inoperative engine.

6. Establishes VYSE; if obstructions are present, establishes VXSE or V MC, +10, whichever is greater, until obstructions are cleared, then transitions to VYSE.

7. Banks toward the operating engine as required for best performance, trims the seaplane, and maintains control.

8. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.

9. Recognizes the seaplane's performance capabilities. If a climb is not possible at VYSE, maintains VYSE and returns to the departure seaplane base/airport for a landing or initiates an approach to the most suitable landing area available.

### Page 195

**FAA-S-8081-14 4-38**

10. Secures the inoperative engine, if appropriate.

11. Maintains heading, ±10°, and airspeed, +10/-5 knots.

12. Completes the appropriate emergency checklist.

F. TASK: APPROACH AND LANDING WITH AN

INOPERATIVE ENGINE (SIMULATED) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an approach and landing with an inoperative engine.

2. Recognizes engine failure, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.

3. Sets the engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.

4. Simulates feathering the propeller of the inoperative engine.

5. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative airspeed, +10/-5 knots.

6. Banks toward the operating engine as req uired for best performance, trims the seaplane, and maintains control.

7. Monitors the operating engine, and makes adjustments as necessary.

8. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions, and selects the most suitable touchdown point.

9. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative approach and landing configuration, and airspeed.

10. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, +10/-5 knots of V YSE until landing is assured.

11. Makes smooth, timely, a nd correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.

12. Contacts the water in the correct pitch attitude.

13. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.

14. Completes the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 196

FAA-S-8081-144-39 G. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements rel ated to system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the seaplane provided for the flight test.

2. Analyzes the situation and takes appropriate action for simulated emergencies, such as—

a. partial power loss.

b. engine roughness or overheat.

c. carburetor or induction icing.

d. loss of oil pressure.

e. fuel starvation.

f. electrical system malfunction.

g. flight instruments malfunction.

h. landing gear or flap malfunction.

i. water rudder malfunction.

j. inoperative trim.

k. inadvertent door or window opening.

l. structural icing.

m. smoke/fire/engine compartment fire.

n. any other emergency appropriate to the seaplane used for the practical test.

3. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 197

FAA-S-8081-14 4-40 H. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the seaplane used for the practical test, by explaining—

a. location in the seaplane.

b. method of operation or use.

c. servicing requirements.

d. method of safe storage.

e. equipment and survival gear appropriate for operation in various climates and topographical environments.

2. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

### Page 198

FAA-S-8081-144-41 XI. AREA OF OPERATION:

MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS A. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84, AC 91-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual;

Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data, if available from the manufacturer, to determine performance and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.

2. Computes weight and balance, including adding, removing, and shifting weight. Determines if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during all phases of flight.

3. Demonstrates use of the appropriate performance charts, tables, and data including cruise, range, and endurance.

4. Calculates climb performance and service ceilings – all engines, single-engine, as appropriate.

5. Determines the effects of atmospheric conditions on the seaplane's performance.

6. Determines whether the computed performance is within the seaplane’s capabilities and operating limitations.

B. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems on the seaplane provided for the flight test by explaining at least three of the following:

1. Primary flight controls and trim.

2. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers.

3. Powerplants.

4. Propellers.

5. Landing gear, if applicable.

6. Floats or hull design.

7. Water rudders.

8. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic systems.

9. Electrical system.

10. Pitot-static system, vacuum/pressure system and associated flight instruments.

### Page 199

**FAA-S-8081-14 4-42**

11. Environmental system.

12. Deicing and anti-icing systems.

13. Avionics system.

C. TASK: ENGINE INOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 61-21; AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine inoperative principles of flight by explaining:

1. The meaning of the term “critical engine.”

2. The reasons for variation in VMC, for loss of directional control and indications of the approaching loss.

3. The relationship of V MC to stall speed, including a determination of whether a V MC demonstration can be safely accomplished.

4. The effects of weight and center-of-gravity location.

5. The effects of density altitude.

6. Procedures for engine failure on takeoff prior to V MC, after liftoff, during cruise, and on approach to land.

7. Procedures for engine shutdown, securing, and restart.

### Page 200

FAA-S-8081-144-43 XII. AREA OF OPERATION:

NIGHT OPERATIONS NOTE: If an applicant does not meet the aeronautical experience requirements of FAR Section 61.109(a)(2), the applicant's certificate shall bear the limitation “Night Flying Prohibited.”

A. TASK: NIGHT PREPARATION REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 67-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to night operations by explaining:

1. Physiological aspects of night flying including the effects of changing light conditions, coping with illusions, and how the pilot's physical condition affects visual acuity.

2. Lighting systems identifying seaplane bases/airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, and pilot controlled lighting.

3. Seaplane lighting systems.

4. Personal equipment essential for night flight.

5. Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques.

6. Safety precautions and emergencies peculiar to night flying.

### Page 201

FAA-S-8081-14 4-44 B. TASK: NIGHT FLIGHT NOTE: The examiner shall orally evaluate element 1 and at least one of the elements, 2 through 6.

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM, Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to night flight.

2. Inspects the interior and exterior of the seaplane with emphasis on those items essential for night flight.

3. Taxies and accomplishes the b efore takeoff check adhering to good operating practice for night conditions.

4. Performs takeoffs and climbs with emphasis on visual references.

5. Navigates and maintains orientation under VFR conditions.

6. Approaches, lands, and taxies, adhering to good operating practices for night conditions.

7. Completes all appropriate checklists.

### Page 202

FAA-S-8081-144-45 XIII. AREA OF OPERATION:

POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES A. TASK: AFTER LANDING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing procedures.

2. Taxies to the parking/refueling area using the proper wind control technique and obstacle avoidance procedures.

3. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: ANCHORING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to anchoring.

2. Selects a suitable area for anchoring, considering seaplane movement, water depth, tide, wind, and weather changes.

3. Uses an adequate number of anchors and lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure the seaplane's security.

C. TASK: DOCKING AND MOORING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to docking and mooring.

2. Approaches the dock or mooring buoy in the proper direction, considering speed, obstructions, current, and wind.

3. Docks or moors the seaplane using lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure the seaplane's security.

4. Departs the dock or mooring buoy in a manner that does not endanger persons or vessels in the area.

### Page 203

FAA-S-8081-14 4-46 D. TASK: BEACHING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to beaching.

2. Selects a suitable area for beaching, considering water depth, tide, current, and wind.

3. Approaches the beach in the proper direction and at a safe speed, considering the beach condition.

4. Beaches and secures the seaplane in a manner that will protect it from the harmful effect of wind, waves, and changes in water level.

5. Departs the beach in a safe manner considering wind, current, traffic, and hazards.

E. TASK: RAMPING REFERENCES: AC 6-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ramping.

2. Approaches the ramp in the proper direction and at a safe speed, considering current and wind.

3. Ramps the seaplane at the proper speed, in the proper attitude.

4. Secures the seaplane on the ramp in a manner that will protect it from the harmful effect of wind, waves, and changes in water level.

5. Departs the ramp in a manner that does not endanger other persons or vessels in the area.

### Page 204

FAA-S-8081-144-47 F. TASK: PARKING AND SECURING REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual; Seaplane Supplement.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to parking and securing procedures. This shall include an understanding of parking hand signals and deplaning passengers.

2. Parks the seaplane properly, into the wind if possible, considering other aircraft and the safety of nearby persons and property on the ramp.

3. Follows the recommended procedure for engine shutdown and securing the cockpit and the seaplane.

4. Performs a satisfactory postflight inspection.

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.