# AC 61-128 CHG 1: Announcement of Availability: FAA-S-8081-6A, Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Airplane (Single-Engine and Multiengine) with Change 1

- Type: Advisory circular (guidance, not mandatory unless a rule or AD requires it)
- Status: Historical
- Approved: April 5, 1999
- Last reviewed: October 18, 2024
- This change: Canceled by Memo signed by Joseph K. Tintera; dated 04/28/2005.
- Family: AC 61-128
- Cancels: [AC 61-128](https://openairdocs.org/ac/61-128)
- 14 CFR parts: 1
- Pages: 199
- PDF: https://openairdocs.org/files/sha256/c7/56/c756dcab9285872b44a07b67afb708da05136a1117096d9d35537c1f4c43743a
- FAA DRS: https://drs.faa.gov/browse/excelExternalWindow/ADFA8BA0658A8401862569DC00721FEC.0001
- DRS record last changed: November 21, 2025
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ac/61-128

## Versions

- [AC 61-128 CHG 1](https://openairdocs.org/ac/61-128) (Historical), approved Apr 5, 1999, 199 pages. Canceled by Memo signed by Joseph K. Tintera; dated 04/28/2005.

## Text

Each page's text from the PDF; open the PDF at a page with #page=N.

### Page 1

FAA-S-8081-6A with Change 1

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR Practical Test Standards forfor

**AIRPLANEAIRPLANE**

•• SINGLE-ENGINESINGLE-ENGINE

•• MULTIENGINEMULTIENGINE MAY 1991

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE Washington, DC 20591

### Page 2

**FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR**

AIRPLANE Practical Test Standards 1991

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE Washington, DC 20591

### Page 3

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A NOTE The INTRODUCTION of this practical test book includes information that is pertinent to all all flight instructor practical test standards in addition to that which applies specifically to FAA -S-8081-6A, Flight Instructor - Airplane (Single-engine and Multiengine) Practical Test Standards.

Material in FAA-S-8081-6A will be effective May 31, 1991. All previous editions of this book will be obsolete as of this date.

### Page 4

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

**RECORD OF CHANGES FOR FAA-S-8081-6A, FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR**

PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS Change 1: 07/20/97 Reason: Reference change. The reference AC 61-92 was canceled while FAA-S-8081-6A, Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards, was being printed. New reference is AC 61-67.

• AREA OF OPERATION: II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS TASK C: USE OF DISTRACTIONS DURING FLIGHT TRAINING (ASEL and ASES)

### Page 5

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

FOREWORD The Flight Instructor - Airplane Practical Test Standards book has been published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish the standards for the flight instructor certification practical tests for the airplane category and the single-engine and multiengine classes. FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners shall conduct practical tests in compliance with these standards. Flight instructors and applicants should find these standards helpful in practical test preparation.

Thomas C. Accardi Acting Director, Flight Standards Service

### Page 7

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

INTRODUCTION The Aviation Standards National Field Office of the FAA has developed this practical test book as a standard to be used by FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners when conducting flight instructor - airplane (single-engine) and flight instructor - airplane (multiengine) practical tests. Flight instructors are expected to use this book when preparing flight instructor applicants for practical tests.

This book can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by a nation-wide public "Job Task Analysis" team that developed the knowledge, skills, and abilities which appear in this book.

Comments regarding this book should be sent to:

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Aviation Standards National Field Office Operations Support Branch, AVN-130 P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125

### Page 8

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A Practical Test Standard Concept Federal Aviation Regulations ( FAR's) specify the areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the applicant before the issuance of a flight instructor certificate with the associated category and class ratings. The FAR's provide the flexibility that permits the FAA to publish practical test standards containing specific TASKS in which competency must be demonstrated. The FAA will revise this book whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the interest of safety. Adherence to the provisions of regulations and the practical test standards is mandatory for the evaluation of flight instructor applicants.

Flight Instructor Responsibility An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the flight instructor applicant to acceptable standards in all all subject matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKS within the appropriate flight instructor practical test standard. Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to students. The flight instructor must certify that the applicant:

1. is able to make a practical application of the fundamentals of instructing;

2. is competent to teach the subject matter, procedures, and maneuvers included in the standards to students with varying backgrounds and levels of experience and ability;

3. is able to perform the procedures and maneuvers included in the standards to at least the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level 1 (or, in the case of the Flight Instructor - Instrument applicant, to the INSTRUMENT PILOT skill level) while giving effective flight instruction; and

4. is competent to pass the required practical test for the issuance of the flight instructor certificate with the associated category and class ratings or the addition of a category and/or class rating to a flight instructor certificate.

1 The term "Commercial Pilot Skill Level" is defined, for the purpose of this publication, as performing a procedure or maneuver within the tolerances listed in the FAA Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards. If the maneuver appears only in a Private Pilot Practical Test Standard, the term means that the applicant's performance is expected to be "more precise" than that indicated by the stated tolerances. This "more precise" performance must be determined by the examiner through the exercise of subjective judgment.

### Page 9

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible for emphasizing the performance of, and the ability to teach, effective visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures. These areas are covered in AC 90-48, Pilot's Role in Collision Avoidance; AC 61-21, Flight Training Handbook; AC 61-23, Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; and the Airman's Information Manual.

Examiner2 Responsibility The examiner who conducts the practical test is responsible for determining that the applicant meets acceptable standards of knowledge, skill, and teaching ability in the selected TASKS. The examiner makes this determination by accomplishing an action that is appropriate to each selected TASK and includes an evaluation of the applicant's:

1. ability to apply the fundamentals of instructing;

2. knowledge of, and ability to teach, the subject matter, procedures, and maneuvers covered in the TASKS;

3. ability to perform the procedures and maneuvers included in the standards to at least the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level (or in the case of the Flight Instructor - Instrument applicant, to the INSTRUMENT PILOT skill level) while giving effective flight instruction; and

4. ability to analyze and correct common errors related to the procedures and maneuvers covered in the TASKS.

It is intended that oral testing be used at any time during the practical test to determine that the applicant can instruct effectively and has a comprehensive knowledge of the TASKS and their related safety factors.

Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner will evaluate the applicant's use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures, and the applicant's ability to teach those procedures.

2 The word "examiner" is used throughout this standard to denote either the FAA inspector or FAA designated pilot examiner who conducts an official flight test.

### Page 10

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A Flight Instructor Practical Test Book Description This book contains the practical test standards for Flight Instructor - Airplane (Single-engine and Multiengine). Other flight instructor practical test books include:

FAA-S-8081-7, Flight Instructor - Rotorcraft (Helicopter and Gyroplane) FAA-S-8081-8, Flight Instructor - Glider FAA-S-8081-9, Flight Instructor - Instrument (Airplane and Helicopter) The loose-leaf feature of this book allows the incorporation of changes which will be sold, as required. This will permit the dissemination of information concerning changes in regulations, pilot certification procedures, and other areas related to safety upon which emphasis should be placed.

The Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards include the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS for the issuance of an initial flight instructor certificate and for the addition of category and/or class ratings to that certificate.

Initial Flight Instructor Certification An applicant who seeks initial flight instructor certification will be evaluated in all AREAS OF OPERATION of the standards appropriate to the rating(s) sought. The evaluation will include at least one TASK in each AREA OF OPERATION and will always always include the required TASKS.

Addition of Aircraft Category And/Or Class Ratings To A Flight Instructor Certificate An applicant who holds a flight instructor certificate and seeks an additional aircraft category and/or class rating will be evaluated in at least the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS that are unique and appropriate to the rating(s) sought (see table at the beginning of each standard). At the discretion of the examiner, the applicant's competence in all all AREAS OF OPERATION may be evaluated.

### Page 11

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

**CATERGORY**

**AND/OR CLASS**

**RATING(S) SOUGHT**

**APPLICABLE BOOK**

AND SECTION ASE AME RH RG G IA IH FAA-S-8081-6, Section 1 FAA-S-8081-6, Section 2 FAA-S-8081-7, Section 1 FAA-S-8081-7, Section 2 FAA-S-8081-8 FAA-S-8081-9 FAA-S-8081-9 LEGEND ASE Airplane Single-Engine AME Airplane Multiengine RH Rotorcraft Helicopter RG Rotorcraft Gyroplane G Glider IA Instrument Airplane IH Instrument Helicopter NOTE: When administering a test based on FAA-S-8081-6A, Sections 1 and 2, the TASKS appropriate to the class a irplane (land or sea) used for the test should be included.

Flight Instructor Practical Test Standard Description AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test. In this practical test book, the first AREA OF OPERATION is Fundamentals of Instructing; the last is Postflight Procedures. However, the examiner may conduct the practical test in any sequence that results in a complete and efficient test.

TASKS are knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION. The abbreviation(s) within parentheses immediately following a TASK refer to the category and/or class aircraft appropriate to that TASK. The meaning of each abbreviation follows:

ASEL Airplane, Single Engine Land AMEL Airplane, Multiengine Land ASES Airplane, Single-Engine Sea AMES Airplane, Multiengine Sea RH Rotorcraft - Helicopter

### Page 12

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A RG Rotorcraft - Gyroplane G Glider IA Instrument - Airplane IH Instrument - Helicopter REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describes the TASK.

Descriptions of TASKS and maneuver tolerances are not included in the flight instructor standards because this information can be found in references listed for each TASK. Publications other than those listed may be used as references if their content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced publications. References listed in the four flight instructor practical test books include the current revisions of the following publications:

FAR Part 61 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors FAR Part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules FAR Part 97 Standard Instrument Approach Procedures NTSB Part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents and Incidents AC 00-2 Advisory Circular Checklist AC 00-6 Aviation Weather AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services AC 60-14 Aviation Instructor's Handbook AC 61-13 Basic Helicopter Handbook AC 61-21 Flight Training Handbook AC 61-23 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge AC 61-27 Instrument Flying Handbook AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors AC 61-67 Stall and Spin Awareness Training AC 61-84 Role of Preflight Preparation AC 61-94 Pilot Transition Course for Self-Launching or Powered Sailplanes (motorgliders) AC 67-2 Medical Handbook for Pilots AC 90-48 Pilots' Role in Collision Avoidance AC 91-13 Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft AC 91-23 Pilot's Weight and Balance Handbook FAA-S-8081-1 Private Pilot Practical Test Standards FAA-S-8081-2 Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards FAA-S-8081-4 Instrument Rating Practical Test Standards AIM Airman's Information Manual IAP's Instrument Approach Procedures (charts) SID's Standard Instrument Departures STAR's Standard Terminal Arrivals AFD Airport Facility Directory NOTAM's Notices to Airmen Pertinent Pilot Operating Handbooks and FAA- Approved Flight Manuals

### Page 13

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A Each TASK has an Objective. The examiner determines that the applicant meets the TASK Objective through the demonstration of competency in various elements of knowledge and/or skill. The Objectives of TASKS in certain AREAS OF OPERATION, such as Fundamentals of Instructing and Technical Subject Areas, include only only knowledge elements. The Objectives of TASKS in the AREAS OF OPERATION that include elements of skill as well as knowledge also include common errors which the applicant must be able to describe, recognize, analyze, and correct.

The Objective of a TASK that involves pilot skill consists of four parts.

Those four parts include determination that the applicant exhibits:

1. instructional knowledge o f the elements of a TASK. This is accomplished through descriptions, explanations, and simulated instruction;

2. instructional knowledge of common errors related to a TASK, including their recognition, analysis, and correction;

3. the ability to demonstrate and simultaneously explain the key elements of a TASK. The TASK demonstration must be to the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level (or, in the case of the Flight Instructor - Instrument applicant, to the INSTRUMENT PILOT skill level); the teaching techniques and procedures should conform to those set forth in AC 60-14, Aviation Instructor's Handbook; AC 61-21, Flight Training Handbook, and AC 61-27, Instrument Flying Handbook; and

4. the ability to analyze and correct common errors related to a TASK.

Use Of The Practical Test Standards Book All of the procedures and maneuvers in the Private Pilot, Commercial Pilot, and Instrument Rating Practical Test Standards have been included in the Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards. However, to permit the completion of the practical test for initial certification within a reasonable timeframe, the examiner will select one or more TASKS in each AREA OF OPERATION. In certain AREAS OF OPERATION, there are required required TASKS which the examiner must select. These requiredrequired TASKS are identified by NOTES immediately following the AREA OF OPERATION titles.

The term "instructional knowledge" means the "what," "why," and "how" of a subject matter topic, procedure, or maneuver. It also means that the flight instructor applicant's discussions, explanations, and descriptions should follow the recommended teaching procedures and techniques explained in AC 60-14, Aviation Instructor's Handbook.

### Page 14

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance with the appropriate Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards and the policies set forth in the INTRODUCTION. The flight instructor applicant must be prepared to demonstrate the ability to instruct effectively in all all TASKS included in the AREAS OF OPERATION of the appropriate practical test standards.

In preparation for the practical test, the examiner will develop a "plan of action." The "plan of action" for an initial certification test will include one or more TASKS in each AREA OF OPERATION and will always always include the required TASKS. If the applicant is unable to perform a TASK listed in the "plan of action" due to circumstances beyond his/her control, the examiner may substitute another TASK from the applicable AREA OF OPERATION.

The "plan of action" for a test administered for the addition of an aircraft category and/or class rating to a flight instructor certificate will include the required AREAS OF OPERATION as indicated in the table at the beginning of each standard. The required TASKS appropriate to the rating(s) sought must also be included. The examiner will select at least one TASK in each AREA OF OPERATION. In some instances, notes identify additional required required TASKS. Any TASK selected will be Any TASK selected will be evaluated in its entirety.evaluated in its entirety.

NOTE: AREA OF OPERATION IX, Stalls, Spins, and Maneuvering During Slow Flight, contains TASKS referred to as "proficiency" and "demonstration." The intent of TASKS A and B (proficiency) is to ensure that the flight instructor applicant is tested on proficiency for the purpose of teaching these TASKS to students. The intent of TASKS C, D, and E (demonstration) is to ensure that the flight instructor applicant is knowledgeable of the maneuvers and can demonstrate them to students for both familiarization and stall/spin awareness purposes.

With the exception of the required required TASKS, the examiner will not tell the applicant in advance which TASKS will be included in the "plan of action." The applicant should be well prepared in all all knowledge and skill areas included in the standards. Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner will evaluate the applicant's ability to simultaneously demonstrate and explain procedures and maneuvers, and to give flight instruction to students at various stages of flight training and levels of experience.

The purpose for including common errors in certain TASKS is to assist the examiner in determining that the flight instructor applicant has the ability to recognize, analyze, and correct such errors. The examiner The examiner will not simulate any condition that may jeopardize safe flight or resultwill not simulate any condition that may jeopardize safe flight or result in possible damage to the aircraft.in possible damage to the aircraft. The common errors listed in the TASK Objectives may or may not be found in the TASK References.

### Page 15

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A However, the FAA considers their frequency of occurrence justification for their inclusion in the TASK Objectives.

The examiner will place special emphasis on the applicant's demonstrated ability to teach precise aircraft control and sound judgment in decision making. The evaluation of the applicant's ability to teach judgment will be accomplished by asking the applicant to describe the oral discussions and the presentation of practical problems that would be used in instructing students in the exercise of sound judgment. The examiner will also emphasize the evaluation of the applicant's demonstrated ability to teach stall/spin awareness, spatial disorientation, collision avoidance, checklist usage, use of distractions, and any other areas directed by future revisions of the standards.

Flight Instructor Practical Test Prerequisites An applicant for a flight instructor initial certification practical test is required by regulation to:

1. have passed the appropriate flight instructor written test(s) since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which he or she takes the practical test;

2. hold a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate with an aircraft rating appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought;

3. hold an instrument rating if applying for an airplane or an instrument instructor rating;

4. have the prescribed aeronautical experience and instruction for a flight instructor certificate with the rating sought;

5. have reached the age of 18 years; and

6. obtain a written statement from an appropriately certificated and qualified flight instructor certifying that the applicant has been given flight instruction in the items required by FAR Section 61.187(a) in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of application. The statement shall also state that the instructor finds the applicant competent to pass the practical test, and that the applicant has satisfactory knowledge of the subject area(s) in which a deficiency was indicated on the airman written test report.1 An applicant holding a flight instructor certificate who applies for an additional rating on that certificate must:

1. hold an effective pilot certificate with ratings appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought;

2. have at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category and class aircraft appropriate to the rating sought;

### Page 16

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

3. have passed the written test prescribed for the issuance of a flight instructor certificate with the rating sought since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which he or she takes the practical test; and

4. obtain a written statement from an appropriately certificated and qualified flight instructor certifying that the applicant has been given flight instruction in the items required by FAR Section

61.187(a) in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of application. The statement shall also state that the instructor finds the applicant competent to pass the practical test, and that the applicant has satisfactory knowledge of the subject area(s) in which a deficiency was indicated on the airman written test report.1 Aircraft and Equipment Required For The Practical Test The flight instructor applicant is required by FAR Section 61.45 to provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the practical test. This section further requires that the aircraft:

1. have fully functioning dual controls except as provided in FAR Section 61.45; and

2. be capable of performing all appropriate TASKS for the flight instructor rating sought and have no operating limitations which prohibit the performance of those TASKS. A complex airplane must be furnished for the performance of takeoff and landing maneuvers, and appropriate emergency procedures. A complex landplane is one having retractable gear, flaps, and controllable propeller. A complex seaplane is one having flaps and controllable propeller.

Satisfactory Performance The practical test is passed if, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant demonstrates satisfactory performance with regard to:

1. knowledge of the fundamentals of instructing;

2. knowledge of the technical subject areas;

3. knowledge of the flight instructor's responsibilities concerning the pilot certification process;

4. knowledge of the flight instructor's responsibilities concerning logbook entries and pilot certificate endorsements;

1 AC 61-65, Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors, states that the instructor may sign the recommendation on the reverse side of FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, in lieu of the previous statement, provided all appropriate FAR Part 61 requirements are substantiated by reliable records.

### Page 17

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

5. ability to demonstrate the procedures and maneuvers selected by the examiner to at least the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level (or in the case of the Flight Instructor - Instrument applicant, to the INSTRUMENT PILOT skill level) while giving effective instruction;

6. competence in teaching the procedures and maneuvers selected by the examiner;

7. competence in describing, recognizing, ana lyzing, and correcting common errors simulated by the examiner; and

8. knowledge of the development and effective use of a course of training, a syllabus, and a lesson plan.

Unsatisfactory Performance If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not meet the standards of performance of any TASK performed, the applicable AREA OF OPERATION is considered unsatisfactory and; therefore, the practical test is failed. The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test at any time when the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes the applicant ineligible for the certificate or rating sought. The test will be continued only with the consent of the applicant. If the test is discontinued, the applicant is entitled credit for only those AREAS OF OPERATION satisfactorily performed. However, during the retest and at the discretion of the examiner, any TASK may be re-evaluated, including those previously considered satisfactory. Specific reasons for disqualification are:

1. failure to perform a procedure or maneuver to the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level (or in the case of the Flight Instructor - Instrument applicant, to the INSTRUMENT PILOT skill level) while giving effective flight instruction;

2. failure to provide an effective instructional explanation while demonstrating a procedure or maneuver (explanation during the demonstration must be clear, concise, technically accurate, and complete with no prompting from the examiner);

3. any action or lack of action by the applicant which requires corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight;

4. failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.

### Page 18

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

### Page 19

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A SECTION 1**

**FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR**

AIRPLANE - SINGLE-ENGINE Practical Test Standards

### Page 20

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

### Page 21

1-i FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A

**ADDITION OF A SINGLE-ENGINE CLASS RATING (AND AN**

**AIRPLANE CATEGORY RATING, IF APPROPRIATE) TO A FLIGHT**

**INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATE**

**REQUIRED**

**AREAS OF**

**OPERATION**

**FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATE AND RATING HELD**

**AME RH RG G IA IH**

I NO NO NO NO NO NO

**II NO YES YES YES YES YES**

**III NO YES YES YES YES YES**

IV NO NO NO NO NO NO

**V NO YES YES YES YES YES**

**VI NO NO NO NO YES YES**

**VII YES YES YES YES YES YES**

**VIII NO YES YES YES YES YES**

**IX YES YES YES YES YES YES**

**X NO YES YES YES NO YES**

**XI YES YES YES YES YES YES**

**XII YES YES YES YES YES YES**

**XIII YES YES YES YES YES YES**

**XIV YES YES YES YES YES YES**

XV NO YES YES YES YES YES NOTE: If an applicant holds more than one rating on a flight instructor certificate and the table indicates both a "yes" and a "no" for a particular AREA OF OPERATION, the "no" entry applies. This is logical since the applicant has satisfactorily accomplished the AREA OF OPERATION on a previous flight instructor practical test. At the discretion of the examiner, the applicant's competence in all AREAS OF OPERATION may be evaluated.

### Page 22

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-ii

CONTENTS A. CHECKLISTS:

1. Applicant's Practical Test Checklist … 1-vii

2. Examiner's Checklist … 1-ix

**B. AREAS OF OPERATION I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING**

A. The Learning Process … 1-1

B. The Teaching Process … 1-1

C. Teaching Methods … 1-2

D. Evaluation … 1-2

E. Flight Instructor Characteristics

and Responsibilities … 1-3

F. Human Factors … 1-3

G. Planning Instructional Activity … 1-4

**II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS**

A. Aeromedical Factors … 1-5

B. Visual Scanning and Collision

Avoidance … 1-6

C. Use of Distractions During Flight

Training … 1-6

D. Principles of Flight … 1-7

E. Elevators, Ailerons, and Rudder … 1-7

F. Trim Devices … 1-7

G. Wing Flaps … 1-8

H. Airplane Weight and Balance … 1-8

I. Navigation and Flight Planning … 1-8

J. Night Operations … 1-9

K. High Altitude Operations … 1-9

L. Federal Aviation Regulations … 1-10

M. Use of Minimum Equipment List … 1-10

N. Publications … 1-11

O. National Airspace System … 1-11

P. Logbook Entries and Certificate

Endorsements … 1-11

### Page 23

1-iii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A CONTENTS (continued) III. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. Certificates and Documents … 1-12

B. Weather Information … 1-12

C. Operation of Systems … 1-13

D. Performance and Limitations … 1-13

E. Water and Seaplane Characteristics..1-14 F. Seaplane Bases, Rules, and Aids to

Marine Navigation … 1-14

**IV. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE**

**PERFORMED IN FLIGHT**

Maneuver Lesson … 1-15

**V. GROUND AND WATER OPERATIONS**

A. Visual Inspection … 1-16

B. Cockpit Management … 1-17

C. Engine Starting … 1-18

D. Taxiing - Landplane … 1-19

E. Taxiing - Seaplane … 1-19

F. Sailing … 1-20

G. Pretakeoff Check … 1-21

VI. AIRPORT OPERATIONS A. Radio Communications and ATC

Light Signals … 1-23

B. Traffic Patterns … 1-24

C. Airport and Runway Markings and

Lighting … 1-25

VII. TAKEOFFS AND CLIMBS A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb1-26

B. Short-Field Takeoff and Climb … 1-27

C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb … 1-28

D. Rough-Water Takeoff and Climb … 1-29

E. Confined-Area Takeoff and Climb … 1-30

### Page 24

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-iv CONTENTS (continued) VIII. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT

A. Straight-and-Level Flight … 1-32

B. Level Turns … 1-32

C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns...1-34 D. Straight Descents and Descending

Turns … 1-35

**IX. STALLS, SPINS, AND MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT**

A. Power-On Stalls (Proficiency) … 1-36

B. Power-Off Stalls (Proficiency) … 1-37

C. Crossed-Control Stalls

(Demonstration) … 1-38

D. Elevator Trim Stalls (Demonstration)..1-39

E. Secondary Stalls (Demonstration) … 1-40

F. Spins … 1-41

G. Maneuvering During Slow Flight … 1-43

**X. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS**

A. Straight-and-Level Flight … 1-44

B. Straight, Constant Airspeed Climbs … 1-45

C. Straight, Constant Airspeed

Descents … 1-46

D. Turns to Headings … 1-47

E. Recovery from Unusual Flight

Attitudes … 1-48

F. Radio Aids and Radar Services … 1-49

**XI. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS**

A. Steep Turns … 1-50

B. Chandelles … 1-51

C. Lazy Eights … 1-52

**XII. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS**

A. Rectangular Course … 1-53

B. S-Turns Across a Road … 1-54

C. Turns Around a Point … 1-55

D. Eights on Pylons … 1-56

### Page 25

1-v FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A CONTENTS (continued) XIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS A. Emergency Approach and Landing

(Simulated) … 1-57

B. Systems and Equipment

Malfunctions … 1-58

C. Emergency Equipment and Survival

Gear … 1-59

XIV. APPROACHES AND LANDINGS A. Normal and Crosswind Approach

and Landing … 1-60

B. Forward Slip to a Landing … 1-61

C. Go-Around … 1-62

D. Short-Field Approach and Landing … 1-63

E. Soft-Field Approach and Landing … 1-64

F. Glassy-Water Approach and

Landing … 1-65

G. Rough-Water Approach and

Landing … 1-66

H. Confined-Area Approach and

Landing … 1-67

**XV. AFTER-LANDING PROCEDURES**

A. Anchoring … 1-69

B. Docking and Mooring … 1-70

C. Beaching … 1-71

D. Ramping … 1-72

E. Postflight Procedures … 1-73

### Page 26

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-vi

APPLICANT'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST APPOINTMENT WITH INSPECTOR OR EXAMINER:

**NAME**

**TIME/DATE**

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT  View-Limiting Device (if applicable)  Aircraft Documents:

Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate Operating Limitations  FCC Station License  Aircraft Maintenance Records:

Airworthiness Inspections  Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT  Current Aeronautical Charts  Computer and Plotter  Flight Plan Form  Flight Logs  Current AIM  Current Airport Facility Directory

PERSONAL RECORDS  Pilot Certificate  Medical Certificate  Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application  AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report or Computer Test Report  Logbook with Instructor's Endorsement  Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)  Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)  Examiner's Fee (if applicable)

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1-vii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A

**EXAMINER'S CHECKLIST**

**FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR - AIRPLANE (SINGLE-ENGINE)**

**APPLICANT'S NAME**

**EXAMINER'S NAME**

DATE TYPE CHECK AREA OF OPERATION:

I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING  A. The Learning Process  B. The Teaching Process  C. Teaching Methods  D. Evaluation  E. Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities  F. Human Factors  G. Planning Instructional Activity II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS  A. Aeromedical Factors  B. Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance  C. Use of Distractions During Flight Training  D. Principles of Flight  E. Elevators, Ailerons, and Rudder  F. Trim Devices  G. Wing Flaps  H. Airplane Weight and Balance  I. Navigation and Flight Planning  J. Night Operations  K. High Altitude Operations  L. Federal Aviation Regulations  M. Use of Minimum Equipment List  N. Publications  O. National Airspace System  P. Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements

### Page 28

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-viii

**EXAMINER'S CHECKLIST**

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR-AIRPLANE (SINGLE-ENGINE) (continued) III. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION  A. Certificates and Documents  B. Weather Information  C. Operation of Systems  D. Performance and Limitations  E. Water and Seaplane Characteristics  F. Seaplane Bases, Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation IV. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE

PERFORMED IN FLIGHT  Maneuver Lesson V. GROUND AND WATER OPERATIONS  A. Visual Inspection  B. Cockpit Management  C. Engine Starting  D. Taxiing - Landplane  E. Taxiing - Seaplane  F. Sailing  G. Pretakeoff Check VI. AIRPORT OPERATIONS  A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals  B. Traffic Patterns  C. Airport and Runway Markings and Lighting VII. TAKEOFFS AND CLIMBS  A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb  B. Short-Field Takeoff and Climb  C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb  D. Rough-Water Takeoff and Climb  E. Confined-Area Takeoff and Climb

### Page 29

1-ix FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A

**EXAMINER'S CHECKLIST**

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR-AIRPLANE (SINGLE-ENGINE) (continued) VIII. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT  A. Straight-and-Level Flight  B. Level Turns  C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns  D. Straight Descents and Descending Turns IX. STALLS, SPINS, AND MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT  A. Power-On Stalls (Proficiency)  B. Power-Off Stalls (Proficiency)  C. Crossed-Control Stalls (Demonstration)  D. Elevator Trim Stalls (Demonstration)  E. Secondary Stalls (Demonstration)  F. Spins  G. Maneuvering During Slow Flight X. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS  A. Straight-and-Level Flight  B. Straight, Constant Airspeed Climbs  C. Straight, Constant Airspeed Descents  D. Turns to Headings  E. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes  F. Radio Aids and Radar Services XI. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS  A. Steep Turns  B. Chandelles  C. Lazy Eights

### Page 30

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-x

**EXAMINER'S CHECKLIST**

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR-AIRPLANE (SINGLE-ENGINE) (continued) XII. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS  A. Rectangular Course  B. S-Turns Across a Road  C. Turns Around a Point  D. Eights on Pylons XIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS  A. Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)  B. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions  C. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear XIV. APPROACHES AND LANDINGS  A. Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing  B. Forward Slip to a Landing  C. Go-Around  D. Short-Field Approach and Landing  E. Soft-Field Approach and Landing  F. Glassy-Water Approach and Landing  G. Rough-Water Approach and Landing  H. Confined-Area Approach and Landing XV. AFTER-LANDING PROCEDURES  A. Anchoring  B. Docking and Mooring  C. Beaching  D. Ramping  E. Postflight Procedures

### Page 31

2-i FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A I. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNDAMENTALS OF

INSTRUCTINGINSTRUCTING NOTE: The examiner will select at least TASKS E and G.

A. TASK: THE LEARNING PROCESS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the learning process by describing:

1. The definition of learning.

2. Characteristics of learning.

3. Practical application of the laws of learning.

4. Factors involved in how people learn.

5. Recognition and proper use of the various levels of learning.

6. Principles that are applied in learning a skill.

7. Factors related to forgetting and retention.

8. How transfer of learning affects the learning process.

9. How the formation of habit patterns affects the learning process.

B. TASK: THE TEACHING PROCESS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by describing:

1. Preparation for a lesson or an instructional period.

2. Presentation of knowledge and skills, including the methods which are suitable in particular situations.

3. Application, by the student, of the knowledge and skills presented by the instructor.

4. Review of the material presented and the evaluation of student performance and accomplishment.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-ii C. TASK: TEACHING METHODS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by describing:

1. The organization of a lesson, i.e., introduction, development, and conclusion.

2. The lecture method.

3. The guided discussion method.

4. The demonstration/performance method.

5. Programmed instruction.

6. Audio-visual instruction.

D. TASK: EVALUATION (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of evaluation by describing:

1. The purpose of evaluation.

2. Characteristics of effective oral questions.

3. Types of oral questions to avoid.

4. Responses to student questions.

5. Characteristics and development of effective written tests.

6. Characteristics and uses of performance tests, specifically, the FAA practical test standards.

### Page 33

2-iii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A E. TASK: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPONSIBILITIES (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities by describing:

1. Major considerations and qualifications which must be included in flight instructor professionalism.

2. Role of the flight instructor in dealing with student stress, anxiety, and psychological abnormalities.

3. Flight instructor's responsibility with regard to student pilot supervision and surveillance.

4. Flight instructor's authority a nd responsibility for endorsements and recommendations.

5. Flight instructor's responsibility in the conduct of the required FAA flight review.

F. TASK: HUMAN FACTORS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to human factors by describing:

1. Control of human behavior.

2. Development of student potential.

3. Relationship of human needs to behavior and learning.

4. Relationship of d efense mechanisms to student learning.

5. Relationship of defense mechanisms to pilot decision making.

6. General rules which a flight instructor should follow during student training to ensure good human relations.

### Page 34

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-iv G. TASK: PLANNING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the planning of instructional activity by describing:

1. Development of a course of training.

2. Content and use of a training syllabus.

3. Purpose, characteristics, proper use, and items of a lesson plan.

4. Flexibility features of a course of training, syllabus, and lesson plan required to accommodate students with varying backgrounds, levels of experience, and ability.

### Page 35

2-v FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A II. AREA OF OPERATION: TECHNICAL SUBJECT TECHNICAL SUBJECT

AREASAREAS NOTE: The examiner will select TASK P and at least one other TASK.

A. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by describing:

1. How to obtain an appropriate medical certificate.

2. How to obtain a medical certificate in the event of a possible medical deficiency.1

3. Hypoxia, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

4. Hyperventilation, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

5. Middle ear and sinus problems, their causes, effects, and corrective action.

6. Spatial disorientation, its causes, effects, and corrective action.

7. Motion sickness, its causes, effects, and corrective action.

8. Effects of alcohol and drugs, and their relationship to flight safety.

9. Carbon monoxide poisoning, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

10. Effect of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives and how this affects pilots and passengers during flight.

11. Fatigue, its effects and corrective action.

1 The flight instructor should encourage a person considering flight training to obtain an appropriate medical certificate from an Aviation Medical Examiner before training is started. In the event a person's eligibility to hold a medical certificate is questionable, the flight instructor should be aware that some physical handicaps do not always prohibit activity as pilot of an aircraft. The flight instructor should advise such a person that assistance in obtaining a medical certificate is available through the cooperation of the medical examiner and the local FAA Flight Standards district office. However, this assistance is available only when requested specifically by the person seeking the medical certificate.

### Page 36

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-vi B. TASK: VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 67-2, AC 90-48; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of visual scanning and collision avoidance by describing:

1. Relationship between a pilot's physical or mental condition and vision.

2. Various environmental conditions that degrade vision.

3. Various optical illusions.

4. "See and avoid" concept.

5. Practice of "time sharing" of attention inside and outside the cockpit.

6. Proper visual scanning technique.

7. Relationship between poor visual scanning habits and increased collision risk.

8. Proper clearing procedures.

9. Importance of knowing aircraft blind spots.

10. Relationship between aircraft speed differential and collision risk.

11. Situations which involve the greatest collision risk.

C. TASK: USE OF DISTRACTIONS DURING FLIGHT TRAINING (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCE: AC 61-92.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the use of distractions by describing:

1. Flight situations where pilot distraction is a cause factor related to stall/spin accidents.

2. Selection of realistic distractions for specific flight situations.

3. Relationship between division of attention and flight instructor use of distractions.

4. Difference between proper use of distractions and harassment.

### Page 37

2-vii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A D. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of principles of flight by describing:

1. Airplane and airfoil design characteristics.

2. Forces acting on an airplane in various flight maneuvers.

3. Airplane stability and controllability.

4. Torque effect and correction.

5. Structural integrity and velocity/load factor chart.

6. Wingtip vortices and precautions to be taken.

E. TASK: ELEVATORS, AILERONS, AND RUDDER (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the elevators, ailerons, and rudder by describing:

1. Purpose of each primary control.

2. Location, attachments, and system of control.

3. Direction of movement relative to airflow.

4. Effect on airplane control.

5. Proper technique for use.

F. TASK: TRIM DEVICES (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to trim devices by describing:

1. Purpose.

2. Location, attachments, and system of control.

3. Direction of movement relative to airflow and the primary control surface.

4. Effect on airplane control.

5. Proper technique for use.

### Page 38

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-viii G. TASK: WING FLAPS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to wing flaps by describing:

1. Purpose.

2. Various types.

3. Location, attachments, and system of control.

4. Effect on airplane control.

5. Proper technique for use.

H. TASK: AIRPLANE WEIGHT AND BALANCE (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-23.

Objective. To determine that the a pplicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of airplane weight and balance by describing:

1. Weight and balance terms.

2. Effect of weight and balance on performance.

3. Methods of weight and balance control.

4. Determination of total weight and center of gravity and the changes that occur when adding, removing, or shifting weight.

I. TASK: NAVIGATION AND FLIGHT PLANNING (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhib its instructional knowledge of the elements of navigation and flight planning by describing:

1. Terms used in navigation.

2. Features of aeronautical charts.

3. Importance of using the proper and current aeronautical charts.

4. Identification of various types of airspace.

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2-ix FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A

5. Method of plotting a course, selection of fuel stops and alternates, and appropriate actions in the event of unforeseen situations.

6. Fundamentals of pilotage and dead reckoning.

7. Fundamentals of radio navigation.

8. Diversion to an alternate.

9. Lost procedures.

10. Computation of fuel consumption.

11. Importance of preparing and properly using a flight log.

12. Importance of a weather check and the use of good judgment in making a "go/no-go" decision.

13. Purpose of, and procedure used in, filing a flight plan.

J. TASK: NIGHT OPERATIONS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of night operations by describing:

1. Factors related to night vision.

2. Disorientation and night optical illusions.

3. Importance of assuring that windshield and windows are clean.

4. Proper adjustment of interior lights.

5. Importance of having a flashlight with a red lens.

6. Night preflight inspection.

7. Engine starting procedures, including use of position and anticollision lights prior to start.

8. Taxiing and orientation on an airport.

9. Takeoff and climb-out.

10. Inflight orientation.

11. Importance of verifying the airplane's attitude by reference to flight instruments.

12. Recovery from critical flight attitudes.

13. Emergencies such as electrical failure, engine malfunction, and emergency landings.

14. Traffic patterns.

15. Approaches and landings with and without landing lights.

16. Go-arounds.

### Page 40

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-x K. TASK: HIGH ALTITUDE OPERATIONS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: FAR Part 91; AC 61-107, AC 67-2; AIM; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of high altitude operations by describing:

1. Regulatory requirements for use of oxygen.

2. Physiological hazards associated with high altitude operations.

3. Characteristics of a pressurized airplane and various types of supplemental oxygen systems.

4. Importance of "aviators breathing oxygen."

5. Care and storage of high pressure oxygen bottles.

6. Problems associated with rapid decompression and corresponding solutions.

L. TASK: FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: FAR Parts 61 and 91; NTSB Part 830.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to Federal Aviation Regulations by describing:

1. Availability and method of revision.

2. FAR Part 61, FAR Part 91, and NTSB Part 830 -

(a) purpose.

(b) general content.

### Page 41

2-xi FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A M. TASK: USE OF MINIMUM EQ UIPMENT LIST (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCE: FAR Section 91.213.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the use of an approved minimum equipment list by describing:

1. Aircraft that require use of a minimum equipment list.

2. Airworthiness limitations imposed on aircraft operations with inoperative instruments or equipment.

3. Requirements for letter of authorization from FAA district office.

4. Supplemental type certificate.

5. Instrument and equipment exemptions.

6. Special flight permit

7. Procedures for deferring maintenance on aircraft without an approved minimum equipment list.

N. TASK: PUBLICATIONS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 00-2, AC 61-21, AC 61-23;

AIM; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to flight information publications, advisory circulars, practical test standards, pilot operating handbooks, and FAA-approved airplane flight manuals by describing:

1. Availability.

2. Purpose.

3. General content.

### Page 42

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xii O. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: FAR Part 91; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the national airspace system by describing:

1. General dimension of airspace segments.

2. Operating limitations associated with uncontrolled, controlled, special use, and other airspace.

P. TASK: LOGBOOK ENTRIES AND CERTIFICATE ENDORSEMENTS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: FAR Part 61; AC 61-21, AC 61-65.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to logbook entries and certificate endorsements by describing:

1. Required logbook entries for instruction given.

2. Required student pilot certificate endorsements, including appropriate logbook entries.

3. Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test, including appropriate logbook entry.

4. Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory completion of the required FAA flight review.

5. Required flight instructor records.

### Page 43

2-xiii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A III. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREFLIGHT

PREPARATIONPREPARATION NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: FAR Parts 43, 61, and 91;

AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by describing:

1. Requirements for the issuance of pilot and flight instructor certificates and ratings, and the privileges and limitations of those certificates and ratings.

2. Class and duration of medical certificates.

3. Airworthiness and registration certificates.

4. Airplane handbooks and manuals.

5. Airplane maintenance requirements, tests, and records.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to weather information by describing:

1. Importance of a thorough weather check.

2. Various means of obtaining weather information.

3. Use of weather reports, forecasts, and charts.

4. Use of PIREP's, SIGMET's, AIRMET's, and NOTAM's.

5. Recognition of aviation weather hazards to includ e wind shear.

6. Factors to be considered in making a "go/no-go" decision.

### Page 44

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xiv C. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems, as applicable to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing:

1. Primary flight controls and trim.

2. Pitot static/vacuum system and associated instruments.

3. Landing gear.

4. Wing flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers.

5. Powerplant, including controls, indicators, cooling, and fire detection.

6. Propellers, including controls and indicators.

7. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic systems.

8. Electrical system.

9. Environmental system.

10. Deicing and anti-icing systems.

11. Avionics system.

12. Any system unique to the airplane flown.

D. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84, AC 91-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by describing:

1. Determination of weight and balance condition.

2. Use of performance charts, tables, and other data in determining performance in various phases of flight.

3. Effects of exceeding limitations.

4. Effects of atmospheric conditions on performance.

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2-xv FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A

5. Factors to be considered in determining that the required performance is within the airplane's capabilities.

E. TASK: WATER AND SEAPLANE CHARACTERISTICS (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to water and seaplane characteristics by describing:

1. Characteristics of water surface as it is affected by such factors as size of the water area, currents, debris, wind, sandbars, islands, or shoals.

2. Seaplane float or hull construction and its relationship to performance.

3. Causes of porpoising and skipping and pilot action necessary to prevent or to correct those occurrences.

F. TASK: SEAPLANE BASES, RULES, AND AIDS TO

MARINE NAVIGATION (ASES) REFERENCES: FAR Part 91; AC 61-21; Rules of the Road; Aids to Marine Navigation.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to seaplane bases, rules, and aids to marine navigation by describing:

1. How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories.

2. Operating restrictions at various seaplane bases.

3. Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation.

4. Purpose and identification of marine navigation aids such as buoys, beacons, lights, and sound signals.

### Page 46

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xvi IV. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A

MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHTMANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT NOTE: Examiner will select at least one maneuver from AREAS OF OPERATION VII through XIV, and ask the applicant to present a preflight lesson on the selected maneuver as the lesson would be taught to a student.

TASK: MANEUVER LESSON (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-23;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual;

Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the selected maneuver by:

1. Stating the purpose.

2. Giving an accurate, compre hensive oral description, including the elements and common errors.

3. Using instructional aids, as appropriate.

4. Describing the recognition, analysis, and correction of common errors.

### Page 47

2-xvii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A V. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND AND WATER GROUND AND WATER

OPERATIONSOPERATIONS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: VISUAL INSPECTION (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a visual inspection, as applicable to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing -

(a) reasons for the visual inspection, items that should be inspected, and how defects are detected.

(b) importance of using the appropriate checklist.

(c) how to determine fuel and oil quantity.

(d) methods used to determine fuel and oil contamination.

(e) detection of fuel, oil, and hydraulic leaks.

(f) inspection of the oxygen system, including supply and proper operation.

(g) inspection of the flight controls and water rudder.

(h) detection of visible structural damage.

(i) removal of tie-downs, control locks, and wheel chocks.

(j) removal of ice and frost.

(k) importance of the proper loading and securing of baggage, cargo, and equipment.

(l) use of sound judgment in determining whether the airplane is in condition for safe flight.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a visual inspection by describing -

(a) failure to use or the improper use of checklist.

(b) hazards which may result from allowing distractions to interrupt a visual inspection.

(c) inability to recognize discrepancies.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xviii

(d) failure to assure servicing with the proper fuel and oil.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a visual inspection from an instructional standpoint.

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of cockpit management by describing -

(a) proper arranging and securing of essential materials and equipment in the cockpit.

(b) proper and orderly maintenance of records that reflect the progress of the flight.

(c) proper use and/or adjustment of such cockpit items as safety belts, shoulder harnesses, rudder pedals, and seats.

(d) occupant briefing on emergency procedures and use of safety belts.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to cockpit management by describing -

(a) failure to place and secure essential materials and equipment for easy access during flight.

(b) failure to maintain accurate records essential to the progress of the flight.

(c) improper adjustment of equipment and controls.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains cockpit management from an instructional standpoint.

### Page 49

2-xix FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-13, AC 91-55; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of engine starting, as appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing -

(a) safety precautions related to starting.

(b) use of external power.

(c) effect of atmospheric conditions on starting.

(d) importance of following the appropriate checklist.

(e) adjustment of engine controls during start.

(f) prevention of airplane movement during and after start.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to engine starting by describing -

(a) failure to use or the improper use of the checklist.

(b) excessively high RPM after starting.

(c) improper preheat of the engine during severe cold weather conditions.

(d) failure to assure proper clearance of the propeller.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine starting from an instructional standpoint.

### Page 50

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xx D. TASK: TAXIING - LANDPLANE (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of landplane taxiing by describing -

(a) proper brake check and correct use of brakes.

(b) compliance with airport surface marking, signals, and clearances.

(c) how to control direction and speed.

(d) control positioning for various wind conditions.

(e) techniques used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to landplane taxiing by describing -

(a) improper use of brakes.

(b) improper positioning of the flight controls for various wind conditions.

(c) hazards of taxiing too fast.

(d) failure to comply with markings, signals, or clearances.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains landplane taxiing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to landplane taxiing.

E. TASK: TAXIING - SEAPLANE (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of seaplane taxiing by describing -

(a) wind effect.

(b) prevention of porpoising and skipping.

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(c) selection of the most suitable course for taxiing, following available marking aids.

(d) conditions where idle, plowing, and step taxiing are used.

(e) techniques for idle, plowing, and step taxiing.

(f) control positioning for various wind conditions.

(g) use of water rudders.

(h) techniques used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.

(i) techniques used to avoid excessive water spray into the propeller.

(j) 180° and 360° turns in idle, plowing, and step positions.

(k) application of right-of-way rules.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to seaplane taxiing by describing -

(a) improper positioning of flight controls for various wind conditions.

(b) improper control of speed and direction.

(c) failure to prevent porpoising and skipping.

(d) failure to use the most suitable course and available marking aids.

(e) failure to use proper clearing procedures to avoid hazards.

(f) failure to apply right-of-way rules.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains seaplane taxiing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to seaplane taxiing.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xxii F. TASK: SAILING (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of sailing by describing -

(a) techniques used in sailing (eng ine idling or shut down, as appropriate).

(b) conditions and situations where sailing would be used.

(c) selection of the most favorable course to follow.

(d) use of flight controls, flaps, doors, and water rudders to follow the selected course.

(e) techniques used to change direction from downwind to crosswind.

(f) control of speed.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to sailing by describing -

(a) failure to select the most favorable course to destination.

(b) improper use of controls, flaps, and water rudders.

(c) improper technique when changing direction.

(d) improper technique for speed control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains sailing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to sailing.

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2-xxiii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A G. TASK: PRETAKEOFF CHECK (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the pretakeoff check by describing -

(a) positioning the airplane with consideration for other aircraft, surface conditions and wind.

(b) division of attention inside and outside the cockpit.

(c) importance of following the checklist and responding to each checklist item.

(d) reasons for assuring suitable engine temperatures and pressures for run-up and takeoff.

(e) method used to determine that airplane is in a safe operating condition.

(f) importance of reviewing takeoff performance airspeeds, expected takeoff distances, and emergency procedures.

(g) method used for assuring that the takeoff area or path is free of hazards.

(h) method used for assuring adequate clearance from other traffic.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to the pretakeoff check by describing -

(a) failure to use or the improper use of the checklist.

(b) improper positioning of the airplane.

(c) acceptance of marginal engine performance.

(d) an improper check of flight controls.

(e) hazards of failure to review takeoff and emergency procedures.

(f) failure to check for hazards and other traffic.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a pretakeoff check from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a pretakeoff check.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xxiv VI. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT OPERATIONS AIRPORT OPERATIONS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM;

**FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of radio communications and ATC light signals by describing -

(a) selection and use of appropriate radio frequencies.

(b) recommended procedure and phraseology for radio voice communications.

(c) receipt, acknowledgement of, and compliance with, ATC clearances and other instructions.

(d) interpretation of, and compliance with, ATC light signals.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to radio communications and ATC light signals by describing -

(a) use of improper frequencies.

(b) improper procedure and phraseology when using radio voice communications.

(c) failure to acknowledge, or properly comply with, ATC clearances and other instructions.

(d) failure to understand, or to properly comply with, ATC light signals.

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-23;

AIM; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of traffic patterns by describing -

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(a) operations at controlled and uncontrolled airports and seaplane bases.

(b) adherence to traffic pattern procedures, instructions, and rules.

(c) how to maintain proper spacing from other traffic.

(d) how to maintain the desired ground track.

(e) wind shear and wake turbulence.

(f) orientation with the runway or landing area in use.

(g) how to establish a final approach at an appropriate distance from the runway or landing area.

(h) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to traffic patterns by describing -

(a) failure to comply with traffic pattern instructions, procedures, and rules.

(b) improper correction for wind drift.

(c) inadequate spacing from other traffic.

(d) poor altitude or airspeed control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains traffic patterns from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to traffic patterns.

C. TASK: AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM;

**FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of airport and runway markings and lighting by describing:

1. Identification and proper interpretation of airport, runway, and taxiway markings.

2. Identification and proper interpretation of airport, runway, and taxiway lighting.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xxvi VII. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS AND CLIMBS TAKEOFFS AND CLIMBS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) review of wind conditions.

(b) takeoff hazards.

(c) use of wing flaps.

(d) alignment with takeoff path.

(e) initial positioning of flight controls.

(f) power application.

(g) directional control during acceleration on the surface.

(h) crosswind control technique during acceleration on the surface.

(i) lift-off attitude and airspeed.

(j) climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (VY).

(k) crosswind correction and track during climb.

(l) use of checklist.

(m) difference between a normal and a glassywater takeoff (seaplane).

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) improper initial positioning of flight controls and wing flaps.

(b) improper power application

(c) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(d) poor directional control.

(e) improper use of ailerons.

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(f) improper pitch attitude during lift-off.

(g) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeed.

(h) drift during climb.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or a crosswind takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a normal or a crosswind takeoff and climb.

B. TASK: SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a short-field takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) review of wind conditions.

(b) takeoff and climb hazards, particularly those related to obstacles.

(c) use of wing flaps.

(d) how to position and align the airplane for maximum utilization of available takeoff area.

(e) initial positioning of flight controls.

(f) power application.

(g) directional control during acceleration on the surface.

(h) crosswind control technique during acceleration on the surface.

(i) lift-off attitude and airspeed.

(j) initial climb attitude and airspeed (V X) until obstacle is cleared (50 feet/16 meters AGL).

(k) track during climb.

(l) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a short-field takeoff and climb by describing -

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(a) failure to position the airplane for maximum utilization of available takeoff area.

(b) improper initial positioning of flight controls and wing flaps.

(c) improper power application.

(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(e) poor directional control.

(f) improper use of brakes.

(g) improper pitch attitude during lift-off.

(h) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeed.

(i) drift during climb.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a shortfield takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a short-field takeoff and climb.

C. TASK: SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elem ents of a soft-field takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) factors related to the transfer of airplane weight from the landing gear to the wings as rapidly as possible.

(b) review of wind conditions and takeoff surface.

(c) use of wing flaps.

(d) how to align the airplane with the takeoff path without stopping.

(e) initial positioning of flight controls.

(f) power application.

(g) directional control during acceleration on the surface.

(h) crosswind control technique during acceleration on the surface.

(i) lift-off attitude and airspeed.

(j) acceleration in ground effect to climb airspeed (VY).

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(k) track during climb.

(l) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a soft-field takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) improper initial positioning of the flight controls or wing flaps.

(b) hazards of allowing the airplane to stop on the takeoff surface prior to initiating takeoff.

(c) improper power application.

(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(e) poor directional control.

(f) improper use of brakes.

(g) improper pitch attitude during lift-off.

(h) hazards of settling back to takeoff surface after becoming airborne.

(i) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeed.

(j) drift during climb.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a softfield takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated c ommon errors related to a soft-field takeoff and climb.

D. TASK: ROUGH-WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rough-water takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) review of wind conditions.

(b) takeoff hazards.

(c) factors which should be considered i n the selection of the most suitable takeoff area.

(d) use of wing flaps.

(e) alignment with proposed takeoff path.

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(f) initial positioning of flight controls.

(g) power application.

(h) directional control.

(i) most efficient planing angle.

(j) lift-off attitude and airspeed.

(k) climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed.

(l) track during climb.

(m) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a rough-water takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) poor judgment in the selection of a suitable takeoff area.

(b) improper initial positioning of flight controls and wing flaps.

(c) improper power application.

(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(e) poor directional control.

(f) improper correction for porpoising, skipping, or an unusual increase in water drag.

(g) improper pitch attitude during takeoff run and lift-off.

(h) hazards of inadvertent contact with the water after becoming airborne.

(i) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeed.

(j) drift during climb.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rough-water takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a rough-water takeoff and climb.

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2-xxxi FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A E. TASK: CONFINED-AREA TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a confined-area takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) review of wind conditions.

(b) takeoff hazards, particularly those related to obstacles.

(c) use of wing flaps.

(d) factors related to minimum takeoff run and maximum climb performance.

(e) factors that should be considered in the selection of the most suitable takeoff area.

(f) alignment with the proposed takeoff path.

(g) initial positioning of flight controls.

(h) power application.

(i) directional control during acceleration on the surface.

(j) the most efficient planing angle.

(k) lift-off attitude and airspeed.

(l) climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed for obstacle clearance.

(m) track during climb.

(n) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a confined-area takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) failure to position t he airplane to take full advantage of the available takeoff area.

(b) improper initial positioning of flight controls or wing flaps.

(c) improper power application.

(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(e) poor directional control.

(f) improper correction for porpoising, skipping, or an unusual increase in water drag.

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(g) improper pitch attitude during lift-off.

(h) hazards of inadvertent contact with the water after becoming airborne.

(i) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeed.

(j) drift during climb.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a confined-area takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a confined-area takeoff and climb.

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2-xxxiii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNDAMENTALS OF

FLIGHTFLIGHT NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-and-level flight by describing -

(a) effect and use of flight controls.

(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.

(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;

and the control technique used.

(d) trim technique.

(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight-and-level flight by describing -

(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.

(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.

(c) uncoordinated use of flight controls.

(d) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level flight from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight-and-level flight.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xxxiv B. TASK: LEVEL TURNS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of level turns by describing -

(a) effect and use of flight controls.

(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.

(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;

and the control technique used.

(d) trim technique.

(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to level turns by describing -

(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.

(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.

(c) uncoordinated use of flight controls.

(d) faulty altitude and bank control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains level turns from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to level turns.

C. TASK: STRAIGHT CLIMBS AND CLIMBING TURNS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight climbs and climbing turns by describing -

(a) effect and use of flight controls.

(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.

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(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;

and the control technique used.

(d) trim technique.

(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight climbs and climbing turns by describing -

(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.

(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.

(c) improper correction for torque effect.

(d) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight climbs and climbing turns from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight climbs and climbing turns.

D. TASK: STRAIGHT DESCENTS AND DESCENDING TURNS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight descents and descending turns by describing -

(a) effect and use of flight controls.

(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.

(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;

and the control technique used.

(d) trim technique.

(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.

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2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight descents and descending turns by describing -

(a) failure to cros s-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.

(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.

(c) uncoordinated use of flight controls.

(d) faulty trim technique.

(e) failure to clear engine and use carburetor heat, as appropriate.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight descents and descending turns from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight descents and descending turns.

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2-xxxvii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A IX. AREA OF OPERATION: STALLS, SPINS, AND STALLS, SPINS, AND

MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHTMANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT NOTE: The examiner will select at least one proficiency stall (TASK A or B), at least one demonstration stall (TASK C, D, or E), and TASK F.

A. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS (PROFICIENCY) (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) aerodynamics of power-on stalls.

(b) relationship of various factors such as landing gear and flap configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, and bank angle to stall speed.

(c) flight situations where unintentional power-on stalls may occur.

(d) recognition of the first indications of power-on stalls.

(e) performance of power-on stalls in climbing flight (straight or turning).

(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.

(g) coordination of flight controls.

(h) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap configuration prior to entry.

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(b) improper pitch, heading, and ban k control during straight ahead stalls.

(c) improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.

(d) rough or uncoordinated control technique.

(e) failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.

(f) failure to achieve a stall.

(g) improper torque correction.

(h) poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.

(i) excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during recovery.

(j) secondary stall during recovery.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains poweron stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations.

B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS (PROFICIENCY) (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) aerodynamics of power-off stalls.

(b) relationship of various factors such as landing gear and flap configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, and bank angle to stall speed.

(c) flight situations where unintentional power-off stalls may occur.

(d) recognition of the first indications of power-off stalls.

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(e) performance of power-off stalls in descending flight (straight or turning).

(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.

(g) coordination of flight controls.

(h) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) failure to establ ish the specified landing gear and flap configuration prior to entry.

(b) improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straight ahead stalls.

(c) improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.

(d) rough or uncoordinated control technique.

(e) failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.

(f) failure to achieve a stall.

(g) improper torque correction.

(h) poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.

(i) excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during recovery.

(j) secondary stall during recovery.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains poweroff stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xl C. TASK: CROSSED-CONTROL STALLS (DEMONSTRATION) (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of crossed-control stalls, with the landing gear extended, by describing -

(a) aerodynamics of crossed-control stalls.

(b) effects of crossed controls in gliding or reduced airspeed descending turns.

(c) hazards of crossed controls in a base leg to final approach turn.

(d) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.

(e) recognition of crossed-control stalls.

(f) flight situations where unintentional crossedcontrol stalls may occur.

(g) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to crossed-control stalls, with the landing gear extended, by describing -

(a) failure to establish selected configuration prior to entry.

(b) failure to establish a crossed-control turn and stall condition that will adequately demonstrate the hazards of a crossed-control stall.

(c) improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition of and recovery from a crossedcontrol stall.

(d) failure to present simulated student instruction that adequately emphasizes the hazards of a crossed-control condition in a gliding or reduced airspeed condition.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a crossed-control stall, with the landing gear extended, from an instructional standpoint.

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4. Analyzes and co rrects simulated common errors related to a crossed-control stall with the landing gear extended.

D. TASK: ELEVATOR TRIM STALLS (DEMONSTRATION) (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of elevator trim stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) aerodynamics of elevator trim stalls.

(b) hazards of inadequate control pressures to compensate for thrust, torque, and up-elevator trim during go- arounds and other related maneuvers.

(c) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.

(d) recognition of elevator trim stalls.

(e) importance of recovering from an elevator trim stall immediately upon recognition.

(f) flight situations where elevator trim stalls occur.

(g) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

2. Exhibits instructional kn owledge of common errors related to elevator trim stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) failure to establish selected configuration prior to entry.

(b) failure to establish the thrust, torque, and upelevator trim conditions that will result in a realistic demonstration.

(c) improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition of and the recovery from an elevator trim stall.

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(d) failure to present simulated student instruction that adequately emphasizes the hazards of poor correction for torque and up-elevator trim during go-arounds and other maneuvers.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains elevator trim stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to elevator trim stalls in selected landing gear and flap configurations.

E. TASK: SECONDARY STALLS (DEMONSTRATION) (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of secondary stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) aerodynamics of secondary stalls.

(b) flight situations where secondary stalls may occur.

(c) hazards of secondary stalls during normal stall or spin recovery.

(d) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.

(e) recognition of a secondary stall.

(f) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to secondary stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) failure to establish selected configuration prior to entry.

(b) improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition of and recovery from a secondary stall.

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(c) failure to establish a condition that will cause a secondary stall to occur.

(d) failure to present simulated student instruction that adequately emphasizes the hazards of poor technique in recovering from a primary stall.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains secondary stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to secondary stalls in selected landing gear and flap configurations.

F. TASK: SPINS (ASEL) NOTE: At the discretion of the examiner, a logbook record attesting applicant instructional competency in spin entries, spins, and spin recoveries may be accepted in lieu of this TASK. Logbook record shall be certified by the flight instructor who conducted the spin instruction.

REFERENCES: FAR Part 23; Type Certificate;

AC 60-14, AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of spins by describing -

(a) aerodynamics of spins.

(b) airplanes approved for the spin maneuver based on airworthiness category and type certificate.

(c) relationship of various factors such as configuration, weight, center of gravity, and control coordination to spins.

(d) flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.

(e) how to recognize and recover from imminent, unintentional spins.

(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude for intentional spins.

(g) control technique to maintain a stabilized spin.

(h) orientation during a spin.

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(i) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude for intentional spins.

(j) anxiety factors associated with spin instruction.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to spins by describing -

(a) failure to establish proper configuration prior to spin entry.

(b) failure to achieve and maintain a full stall during spin entry.

(c) failure to close throttle when a spin entry is achieved.

(d) failure to recognize the indications of an imminent, unintentional spin.

(e) improper use of flight controls during spin entry, rotation, or recovery.

(f) disorientation during a spin.

(g) failure to distinguish between a high speed spiral and a spin.

(h) excessive speed or accelerated stall during recovery.

(i) failure to recover with minimum loss of altitude.

(j) hazards of attempting to spin an airplane not approved for spins.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a spin (one turn) from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to spins.

G. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of maneuvering during slow flight by describing -

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(a) relationship of configuration, weight, center of gravity, maneuvering loads, angle of bank, and power to flight characteristics and controllability.

(b) relationship of the maneuver to critical flight situations, such as go-arounds.

(c) performance of the maneuver in various landing gear and flap configurations during straight-and-level flight and level turns.

(d) specified airspeed for the maneuver.

(e) coordination of flight controls.

(f) trim technique.

(g) re-establishment of cruise flight.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to maneuvering during slow flight by describing -

(a) failure to establish specified configuration.

(b) improper entry technique.

(c) failure to establish and maintain the specified airspeed.

(d) excessive variations of altitude, heading, and bank when a constant altitude, heading, and bank are specified.

(e) rough or uncoordinated control technique.

(f) faulty trim technique.

(g) unintentional stall.

(h) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneousl y explains maneuvering during slow flight from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to maneuvering during slow flight.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xlvi X. AREA OF OPERATION: BASIC INSTRUMENT BASIC INSTRUMENT

MANEUVERSMANEUVERS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.

(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control, and how those instruments are used to maintain altitude, heading, and airspeed.

(c) trim technique.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.

(b) improper instrument interpretation.

(c) improper control applications.

(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during altitude, heading, or airspeed corrections.

(e) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments.

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2-xlvii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A B. TASK: STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.

(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the climb, and during level-off, and how those instruments are used to maintain climb heading and airspeed.

(c) trim technique.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.

(b) improper instrument interpretation.

(c) improper control applications.

(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.

(e) improper entry or level-off technique.

(f) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight, constant airspeed climb, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xlviii C. TASK: STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.

(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the descent, and during level-off, and how those instruments are used to maintain descent heading and airspeed.

(c) trim technique.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.

(b) improper instrument interpretation.

(c) improper control applications.

(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.

(e) improper entry or level-off technique.

(f) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight, constant airspeed descent, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments.

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2-xlix FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments by describing -

(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.

(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during turn entry, during the turn, and during the turn rollout, and how those instruments are used.

(c) trim technique.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.

(b) improper instrument interpretation.

(c) improper control applications.

(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, and power adjustments during altitude, bank, and airspeed corrections.

(e) improper entry or rollout technique.

(f) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a turn to a heading, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-l E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of recovery from unusual flight attitudes by describing -

(a) conditions and situations that may result in unusual flight attitudes.

(b) the two basic unusual flight attitudes - nosehigh (climbing turn) and nose-low (diving spiral).

(c) how unusual flight attitudes are recognized.

(d) control sequence for recovery from a nosehigh attitude and the reasons for that sequence.

(e) control sequence for recovery from a nose-low attitude and the reasons for that sequence.

(f) reasons why the controls should be coordinated during unusual flight attitude recoveries.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to recovery from unusual flight attitudes by describing -

(a) failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude.

(b) consequences of attempting to recover from an unusual flight attitude by "feel" rather than by instrument indications.

(c) inappropriate control applications during recovery.

(d) failure to recognize from instrument indications when the airplane is passing through a level flight attitude.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a recovery from nose-high and a nose-low flight attitude from an instructional standpoint.

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4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to recovery from unusual flight attitudes.

F. TASK: RADIO AIDS AND RADAR SERVICES (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services by describing -

(a) situations that would require the use of radio aids or radar assistance.

(b) available radio aids and radar services.

(c) how to determine minimum safe altitude.

(d) procedures to be followed when using a radio aid or radar services.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services by describing -

(a) hazards of delay in using a radio aid or in obtaining radar services.

(b) failure to properly control the airplane.

(c) failure to properly select, tune, or identify a radio facility.

(d) failure to maintain minimum safe altitude.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains the emergency use of radio aids or radar services from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-lii XI. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE

MANEUVERSMANEUVERS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: STEEP TURNS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of steep turns by describing -

(a) relationship of bank angle, load factor, and stalling speed.

(b) overbanking tendency.

(c) torque effect in right and left turns.

(d) selection of a suitable altitude.

(e) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(f) appropriate power setting and airspeed prior to entry.

(g) entry and rollout technique.

(h) coordination of flight controls.

(i) differential wing drag.

(j) altitude, bank, and power control during the turn.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to steep turns by describing -

(a) improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry and rollout.

(b) uncoordinated use of flight controls.

(c) inappropriate control applications.

(d) improper technique in correcting altitude deviations.

(e) loss of orientation.

(f) excessive deviation from desired heading during rollout.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains steep turns from an instructional standpoint.

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4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to steep turns.

B. TASK: CHANDELLES (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

**FAA-S-8081-2.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of chandelles by describing -

(a) selection of a suitable entry altitude.

(b) entry airspeed and power setting.

(c) entry technique, including power application.

(d) division of attention and planning.

(e) coordination of flight controls.

(f) pitch and bank attitudes at various points during the maneuver.

(g) proper correction for torque effect in right and left turns.

(h) achievement of maximum performance.

(i) completion technique.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to chandelles by describing -

(a) improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry or completion.

(b) uncoordinated use of flight controls.

(c) improper planning and timing of pitch and bank attitude changes.

(d) factors related to failure in achieving maximum performance.

(e) a stall during the maneuver.

(f) excessive deviation from desired heading during completion.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains chandelles from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to chandelles.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-liv C. TASK: LAZY EIGHTS (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

**FAA-S-8081-2.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of lazy eights by describing -

(a) selection of a suitable entry altitude.

(b) selection of suitable reference points.

(c) entry airspeed and power setting.

(d) entry technique.

(e) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(f) coordination of flight controls.

(g) pitch a nd bank attitudes at key points during the maneuver.

(h) consistent airspeed and altitude control at key points during the maneuver.

(i) proper correction for torque effect in right and left turns.

(j) loop symmetry.

(k) importance of constant rate pitch and bank attitude changes throughout the maneuver.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to lazy eights by describing -

(a) poor selection of reference points.

(b) uncoordinated use of flight controls.

(c) unsymmetrical loops resulting from poorly planned pitch and bank attitude changes.

(d) inconsistent airspeed and altitude at key points.

(e) loss of orientation.

(f) excessive deviation from reference points.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains lazy eights from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to lazy eights.

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2-lv FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A XII. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND REFERENCE GROUND REFERENCE

MANEUVERSMANEUVERS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rectangular course by describing -

(a) how to select a suitable altitude.

(b) how to select a suitable ground reference with consideration given to emergency landing areas.

(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.

(e) relationship of a rectangular course to an airport traffic pattern.

(f) wind drift correction.

(g) how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and distance from ground reference boundaries.

(h) timing of turn entries and rollouts.

(i) coordination of flight controls.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a rectangular course by describing -

(a) poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.

(b) uncoordinated flight control application.

(c) improper correction for wind drift.

(d) failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.

(e) selection of a ground reference where there is no suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rectangular course from an instructional standpoint.

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4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a rectangular course.

B. TASK: S-TURNS ACROSS A ROAD (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of S-turns across a road by describing -

(a) how to select a suitable altitude.

(b) how to select a suitable ground reference line with consideration given to emergency landing areas.

(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.

(e) entry technique.

(f) wind drift correction.

(g) tracking of semicircles of equal radii on either side of the selected ground reference line.

(h) how to maintain desired altitude and airspeed.

(i) turn reversal over the ground reference line.

(j) coordination of flight controls.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to S-turns across a road by describing -

(a) faulty entry technique.

(b) poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.

(c) uncoordinated flight control application.

(d) improper correction for wind drift.

(e) an unsymmetrical ground track.

(f) failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.

(g) selection of a ground reference line where there is no suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains S -turns across a road from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to S-turns across a road.

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2-lvii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns around a point by describing -

(a) how to select a suitable altitude.

(b) how to select a suitable ground reference point with consideration given to emergency landing areas.

(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.

(e) entry technique.

(f) wind drift correction.

(g) how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and distance from reference point.

(h) coordination of flight controls.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to turns around a point by describing -

(a) faulty entry technique.

(b) poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.

(c) uncoordinated flight control application.

(d) improper correction for wind drift.

(e) failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.

(f) selection of a ground reference point where there is no suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains turns around a point from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to turns around a point.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-lviii D. TASK: EIGHTS ON PYLONS (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

**FAA-S-8081-2.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of eights on pylons by describing -

(a) how to determine the approximate pivotal altitude.

(b) how to select suitable pylons with consideration given to emergency landing areas.

(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.

(e) relationship of groundspeed change to the performance of the maneuver.

(f) pilot's "line-of-sight" reference to the pylon.

(g) entry technique.

(h) technique for maintaining "line-of-sight" on the pylon.

(i) timing of turn entries and rollouts.

(j) how to correct for wind drift between pylons.

(k) coordination of flight controls.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to eights on pylons by describing -

(a) faulty entry technique.

(b) poor planning, orientation, and division of attention.

(c) uncoordinated flight control application.

(d) use of an improper "line-of-sight" reference.

(e) application of rudder alone to maintain "line-ofsight" on the pylon.

(f) improper timing of turn entries and rollouts.

(g) improper correction for wind drift between pylons.

(h) selection of pylons where there is no suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

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3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains eights on pylons from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to eights on pylons.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-lx XIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS EMERGENCY OPERATIONS NOTE: The examiner will select at least TASKS A and B.

A. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING (SIMULATED) (ASEL and ASES) NOTE: The examiner will NOT simulate a power failure by placing the fuel selector to the "off" position or by placing the mixture control in the "idle-cutoff" position. The examiner will tell the instructor applicant that such practices are violations of FAA policy. No simulated emergency approach will be continued below 500 feet AGL, unless over an area where a safe landing can be accomplished in compliance with FAR Section 91.79.

REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to an emergency approach and landing by describing -

(a) prompt establishment of the best glide airspeed and the recommended configuration.

(b) how to select a suitable emergency landing area.

(c) planning and execution of approach to the selected landing area.

(d) use of emergency checklist.

(e) importance of attempting to determine reason for the malfunction.

(f) importance of dividing attention between flying the approach and accomplishing emergency checklist.

(g) techniques that can be used to compensate for undershooting or overshooting selected emergency landing area.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to an emergency approach and landing by describing -

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(a) improper airspeed control.

(b) poor judgment in the selection of an emergency landing area.

(c) failure to estimate the approximate wind speed and direction.

(d) failure to fly the most suitable pattern for existing situation.

(e) failure to accomplish the emergency checklist.

(f) undershooting or overshooting selected emergency landing area.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains an emergency approach with a simulated engine failure from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to an emergency approach with a simulated engine failure.

B. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

NOTE: The examiner will not simulate a system or equipment malfunction in a manner that may jeopardize safe flight or result in possible damage to the airplane.

Objective. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the elements related to systems and equipment malfunctions, appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing recommended pilot action for:

1. Smoke, fire, or both, during ground or flight operations.

2. Rough running engine or partial power loss.

3. Loss of engine oil pressure.

4. Fuel starvation.

5. Engine overheat.

6. Hydraulic system malfunction.

7. Electrical system malfunction.

8. Carburetor or induction icing.

9. Door or window opening in flight.

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10. Inoperative or "runaway" trim.

11. Landing gear or flap malfunction.

12. Pressurization malfunction.

13. Any other system or equipment malfunction.

C. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test by describing:

1. Locations in the airplane.

2. Purpose.

3. Method of operation or use.

4. Servicing.

5. Storage.

6. Equipment and gear appropriate for operation in various climates, over various types of terrain, and over water.

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2-lxiii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A XIV. AREA OF OPERATION: APPROACHES AND APPROACHES AND

LANDINGSLANDINGS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a normal and a crosswind approach and landing by describing -

(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.

(b) configuration, power, and trim.

(c) obstructions and other hazards which should be considered.

(d) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the selected touchdown area.

(e) coordination of flight controls.

(f) a precise ground track.

(g) wind shear and wake turbulence.

(h) most suitable crosswind technique.

(i) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown.

(j) directional control after touchdown.

(k) use of brakes (landplane).

(l) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a normal and a crosswind approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time or in proper sequence.

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(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.

(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(e) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.

(f) poor directional control after touchdown.

(g) improper use of brakes (landplane).

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or a crosswind approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a normal or crosswind approach and landing.

B. TASK: FORWARD SLIP TO A LANDING (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a forward slip to a landing by describing -

(a) configuration, power, and trim.

(b) obstructions and other hazards which should be considered.

(c) a stabilized slip at the appropriate airspeed to the selected touchdown area.

(d) possible airspeed indication errors.

(e) proper application of flight controls.

(f) a precise ground track.

(g) wind shear and wake turbulence.

(h) timing, judgment, and control technique during transition from slip to touchdown.

(i) directional control after touchdown.

(j) use of brakes (landplane).

(k) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a forward slip to a landing by describing -

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(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time or in proper sequence.

(c) failure to maintain a stabilized slip.

(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(e) improper technique during transition from the slip to the touchdown.

(f) poor directional control after touchdown.

(g) improper use of brakes (landplane).

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a forward slip to a landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a forward slip to a landing.

C. TASK: GO-AROUND (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a go-around by describing -

(a) situations where a go-around is necessary.

(b) importance of making a prompt decision.

(c) importance of applying takeoff power immediately after the go-around decision is made.

(d) importance of establishing proper pitch attitude.

(e) wing flaps retraction.

(f) use of trim.

(g) landing gear retraction.

(h) proper climb speed.

(i) proper track and obstruction clearance.

(j) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a go-around by describing -

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(a) failure to recognize a situation where a goaround is necessary.

(b) hazards of delaying a decision to go around.

(c) improper power application.

(d) failure to control pitch attitude.

(e) failure to compensate for torque effect.

(f) improper trim technique.

(g) failure to maintain recommended airspeeds.

(h) improper wing flaps or landing gear retraction procedure.

(i) failure to maintain proper track during climbout.

(j) failure to remain well clear of obstructions and other traffic.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a goaround from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a go-around.

D. TASK: SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a short-field approach and landing by describing -

(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.

(b) configuration and trim.

(c) proper use of pitch and power to maintain desired approach angle.

(d) barriers and other hazards which should be considered.

(e) effect of wind.

(f) selection of touchdown and go-around points.

(g) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the selected touchdown point.

(h) coordination of flight controls.

(i) a precise ground track.

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(j) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown.

(k) directional control after touchdown.

(l) use of brakes.

(m) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a short-field approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time or in proper sequence.

(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.

(d) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, and trim.

(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(f) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.

(g) poor directional control after touchdown.

(h) improper use of brakes.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a shortfield approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a short-field approach and landing.

E. TASK: SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a soft-field approach and landing by describing -

(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.

(b) configuration and trim.

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(c) obstructions and other hazards which should be considered.

(d) effect of wind and landing surface.

(e) selection of a touchdown area.

(f) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the selected touchdown area.

(g) coordination of flight controls.

(h) a precise ground track.

(i) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown.

(j) touchdown in a nose-high pitch attitude at minimum safe airspeed.

(k) proper use of power.

(l) directional control after touchdown.

(m) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a soft-field approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at proper time or in proper sequence.

(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.

(d) failure to consider the effect of wind and landing surface.

(e) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.

(f) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(g) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.

(h) failure to hold back elevator pressure after touchdown.

(i) closing the throttle too soon after touchdown.

(j) poor directional control after touchdown.

(k) improper use of brakes.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a softfield approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a soft-field approach and landing.

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2-lxix FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A F. TASK: GLASSY-WATER APPROACH AND LANDING (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a glassy-water approach and landing by describing -

(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.

(b) configuration and trim.

(c) deceptive characteristics of glassy water.

(d) selection of a suitable landing area and goaround point.

(e) terrain and obstructions which should be considered.

(f) detection of hazards in the la nding area such as shallow water, obstructions, or floating debris.

(g) coordination of flight controls.

(h) a precise ground track.

(i) a power setting and pitch attitude that will result in the recommended airspeed and rate of descent throughout the final approach to touchdown.

(j) how to maintain positive after-landing control.

(k) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a glassy-water approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time and in proper sequence.

(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed and rate of descent.

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(d) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.

(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(f) failure to touch down with power in the proper stabilized attitude.

(g) failure to maintain positive after-la nding control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a glassy-water approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a glassy-water approach and landing.

G. TASK: ROUGH-WATER APPROACH AND LANDING (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rough-water approach and landing by describing -

(a) determination of landing performance and limitations.

(b) review of wind conditions.

(c) how landing area characteristics can be evaluated.

(d) selection of a suitable landing area and goaround point.

(e) terrain and obstructions which should be considered.

(f) detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow water, obstructions, or floating debris.

(g) configuration and trim.

(h) coordination of flight controls.

(i) a precise ground track.

(j) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the selected touchdown area.

(k) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown.

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(l) maintenance of positive after-landing control.

(m) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a rough-water approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time or in proper sequence.

(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.

(d) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.

(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(f) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.

(g) failure to maintain positive after-landing control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rough-water approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related a rough-water approach and landing.

H. TASK: CONFINED-AREA APPROACH AND LANDING (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a confined-area approach and landing by describing -

(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.

(b) approaches and landings on various types of water areas.

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(c) effect of wind and water condition.

(d) selection of a suitable landing area and goaround point.

(e) terrain and obstructions which should be considered.

(f) detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow water, obstructions, or floating debris.

(g) configuration and trim.

(h) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the selected touchdown area.

(i) coordination of flight controls.

(j) a precise ground track.

(k) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown.

(l) touchdown in the proper pitch attitude at the minimum safe airspeed.

(m) how to maintain positive after-landing control.

(n) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a confined-area approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time and in proper sequence.

(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.

(d) improper technique in the use of power, wing flaps, and trim.

(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.

(f) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.

(g) failure to maintain positive after-landing control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a confined-area approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and correct s simulated common errors related to a confined-area approach and landing.

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2-lxxiii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A XV. AREA OF OPERATION: AFTER-LANDING AFTER-LANDING

PROCEDURESPROCEDURES NOTE: The examiner will select at least TASK E.

A. TASK: ANCHORING (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of anchoring by describing -

(a) how to select a suitable area for anchoring.

(b) recommended procedure for ancho ring in a lake, river, or tidal area.

(c) number of anchors and lines to be used to ensure seaplane security in various conditions.

(d) hazards to be avoided.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to anchoring by describing -

(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended procedures.

(b) consequences of poor planning, improper technique, or poor judgment when anchoring.

(c) consequences of failure to use anchor lines of adequate length and strength to ensure seaplane security.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains anchoring from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to anchoring.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-lxxiv B. TASK: DOCKING AND MOORING (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of docking and mooring by describing -

(a) recommended procedures for docking.

(b) recommended procedures for mooring.

(c) hazards to be considered when docking and mooring.

(d) procedures to be followed to ensure seaplane security.

(e) requirement for mooring lights.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to docking and mooring by describing -

(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended procedures.

(b) consequences of poor planning, improper technique, or poor judgment when docking and mooring.

(c) consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to avoid hazards or to ensure that seaplane is secure.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains docking and mooring from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to docking and mooring.

C. TASK: BEACHING (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of beaching by describing -

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(a) recommended procedures for beaching.

(b) factors to be considered such as beach selection, water depth, current, tide, and wind.

(c) procedures to be followed to ensure seaplane security.

(d) hazards to be avoided.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to beaching by describing -

(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended procedures.

(b) consequences of poor beach selection, poor planning, improper technique, or faulty judgment when beaching.

(c) consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to avoid hazards or to ensure that seaplane is secure.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains beaching from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to beaching.

D. TASK: RAMPING (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of ramping by describing -

(a) factors such as type of ramp surface, wind, current, and direction and control of approach speed.

(b) recommended procedures for ramping.

(c) hazards to be avoided.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to ramping by describing -

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(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended procedures.

(b) consequences of poor planning, improper technique, or faulty judgment when ramping.

(c) consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to avoid hazards or to ensure that the seaplane is secure.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains ramping from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to ramping.

E. TASK: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of postflight procedures by describing -

(a) parking technique and procedure (landplane).

(b) engine shutdown and securing cockpit.

(c) deplaning passengers.

(d) securing airplane.

(e) postflight inspection.

(f) refueling.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to postflight procedures by describing -

(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended procedures.

(b) poor planning, improper technique , or faulty judgment in performance of postflight procedures.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains postflight procedures from an instructional standpoint.

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4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to postflight procedures.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-lxxviii SECTION 2

**FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR**

AIRPLANE - MULTIENGINE Practical Test Standards

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**ADDITION OF A MULTIENGINE CLASS RATING (AND AN**

**AIRPLANE CATEGORY RATING, IF APPROPRIATE) TO A FLIGHT**

**INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATE**

**REQUIRED**

**AREAS OF**

**OPERATION**

**FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATE AND RATING HELD**

**ASE RH RG G IA IH**

I NO NO NO NO NO NO

**II NO YES YES YES YES YES**

**III NO YES YES YES YES YES**

IV NO NO NO NO NO NO

**V YES YES YES YES YES YES**

**VI NO YES YES YES YES NES**

**VII NO YES YES YES YES YES**

**VIII YES YES YES YES YES YES**

**IX NO YES YES YES YES YES**

**X YES YES YES YES YES YES**

**XI NO YES YES YES NO YES**

**XII NO YES YES YES YES YES**

**XIII NO YES YES YES YES YES**

**XIV YES YES YES YES YES YES**

**XV YES YES YES YES YES YES**

XVI NO YES YES YES YES YES NOTE: If an applicant holds more than one rating on a flight instructor certificate and the table indicates both a "yes" and a "no" for a particular AREA OF OPERATION, the "no" entry applies. This is logical since the applicant has satisfactorily accomplished the AREA OF OPERATION on a previous flight instructor practical test. At the discretion of the examiner, the applicant's competence in all AREAS OF OPERATION may be evaluated.

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CONTENTS A. CHECKLISTS:

1. Applicant's Practical Test Checklist … 2-vii

2. Examiner's Checklist … 2-ix

**B. AREAS OF OPERATION I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING**

A. The Learning Process … 2-1

B. The Teaching Process … 2-1

C. Teaching Methods … 2-2

D. Evaluation … 2-2

E. Flight Instructor Characteristics

and Responsibilities … 2-3

F. Human Factors … 2-3

G. Planning Instructional Activity … 2-4

**II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS**

A. Aeromedical Factors … 2-5

B. Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance … 2-6

C. Use of Distractions During Flight Training … 2-6

D. Principles of Flight … 2-7

E. Elevators, Ailerons, and Rudder … 2-7

F. Trim Devices … 2-7

G. Wing Flaps … 2-8

H. Airplane Weight and Balance … 2-8

I. Navigation and Flight Planning … 2-8

J. Night Operations … 2-9

K. High Altitude Operations … 2-10

L. Federal Aviation Regulations … 2-10

M. Use of Minimum Equipment List … 2-11

N. Publications … 2-11

O. National Airspace System … 2-12

P. Logbook Entries and Certificate

Endorsements … 2-12

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2-lxxxi FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A CONTENTS (continued) III. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. Certificates and Documents … 2-13

B. Weather Information … 2-13

C. Water and Seaplane Characteristics … 2-14

D. Seaplane Bases, Rules, and Aids to

Marine Navigation … 2-14

**IV. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE**

**PERFORMED IN FLIGHT**

Maneuver Lesson … 2-15

**V. MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS**

A. Operation of Systems … 2-16

B. Performance and Limitations … 2-17

C. Flight Principles - Engine Inoperative … 2-18

D. Emergency Procedures … 2-19

**VI. GROUND AND WATER OPERATIONS**

A. Visual Inspection … 2-20

B. Cockpit Management … 2-21

C. Engine Starting … 2-22

D. Taxiing - Landplane … 2-23

E. Taxiing - Seaplane … 2-24

F. Sailing … 2-25

G. Pretakeoff Check … 2-26

VII. AIRPORT OPERATIONS A. Radio Communications and ATC

Light Signals … 2-27

B. Traffic Patterns … 2-28

C. Airport and Runway Markings and Lighting … 2-29

VIII. TAKEOFFS AND CLIMBS A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff

and Climb … 2-30

B. Short-Field Takeoff and Climb … 2-31

C. Rough-Water Takeoff and Climb … 2-33

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D. Confined-Area Takeoff and Climb … 2-34

CONTENTS (continued) IX. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT

A. Straight-and-Level Flight … 2-36

B. Level Turns … 2-37

C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns … 2-38

D. Straight Descents and Descending Turns … 2-39

**X. STALLS AND MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT**

A. Power-On Stalls … 2-40

B. Power-Off Stalls … 2-42

C. Maneuvering During Slow Flight … 2-43

**XI. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS**

A. Straight-and-Level Flight … 2-45

B. Straight, Constant Airspeed Climbs … 2-46

C. Straight, Constant Airspeed Descents … 2-47

D. Turns to Headings … 2-48

E. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes … 2-49

F. Radio Aids and Radar Services … 2-50

**XII. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS**

A. Steep Turns … 2-51

B. Emergency Descent … 2-52

**XIII. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS**

A. Rectangular Course … 2-53

B. S-Turns Across a Road … 2-54

C. Turns Around a Point … 2-55

**XIV. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS**

A. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions … 2-56

B. Maneuvering with One Engine

Inoperative … 2-57

C. Engine Inoperative Loss of Directional

Control Demonstration … 2-59

D. Demonstrating the Effects of Various

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2-lxxxiii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A Airspeeds and Configurations During

Engine Inoperative Performance … 2-61

CONTENTS (continued) E. Engine Failure During Takeoff

Before VMC … 2-62

F. Engine Failure After Lift-Off … 2-63

G. Approach and Landing with an

Inoperative Engine … 2-64

H. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear … 2-66

XV. APPROACHES AND LANDINGS A. Normal and Crosswind Approach

and Landing … 2-67

B. Go-Around … 2-68

C. Short-Field Approach and Landing … 2-69

D. Glassy-Water Approach and Landing … 2-70

E. Rough-Water Approach and Landing … 2-72

F. Confined-Area Approach and Landing … 2-73

**XVI. AFTER-LANDING PROCEDURES**

A. Anchoring … 2-75

B. Docking and Mooring … 2-76

C. Beaching … 2-77

D. Ramping … 2-78

E. Postflight Procedures … 2-78

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APPLICANT'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST APPOINTMENT WITH INSPECTOR OR EXAMINER:

**NAME**

**TIME/DATE**

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT  View-Limiting Device (if applicable)  Aircraft Documents:

Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate Operating Limitations  FCC Station License  Aircraft Maintenance Records:

Airworthiness Inspections  Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT  Current Aeronautical Charts  Computer and Plotter  Flight Plan Form  Flight Logs  Current AIM  Current Airport Facility Directory

PERSONAL RECORDS  Pilot Certificate  Medical Certificate  Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application  AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report or Computer Test Report  Logbook with Instructor's Endorsement  Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)  Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)  Examiner's Fee (if applicable)

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**EXAMINER'S CHECKLIST**

**FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR - AIRPLANE (MULTIENGINE)**

**APPLICANT'S NAME**

**EXAMINER'S NAME**

DATE TYPE CHECK AREA OF OPERATION:

I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING  A. The Learning Process  B. The Teaching Process  C. Teaching Methods  D. Evaluation  E. Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities  F. Human Factors  G. Planning Instructional Activity II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS  A. Aeromedical Factors  B. Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance  C. Use of Distractions During Flight Training  D. Principles of Flight  E. Elevators, Ailerons, and Rudder  F. Trim Devices  G. Wing Flaps  H. Airplane Weight and Balance  I. Navigation and Flight Planning  J. Night Operations  K. High Altitude Operations  L. Federal Aviation Regulations  M. Use of Minimum Equipment List  N. Publications  O. National Airspace System  P. Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-lxxxvi

**EXAMINER'S CHECKLIST**

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR-AIRPLANE (MULTIENGINE) (continued) III. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION  A. Certificates and Documents  B. Weather Information  C. Water and Seaplane Characteristics  D. Seaplane Bases, Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation IV. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE

PERFORMED IN FLIGHT  Maneuver Lesson V. MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS  A. Operation of Systems  B. Performance and Limitations  C. Flight Principles - Engine Inoperative  D. Emergency Procedures VI. GROUND AND WATER OPERATIONS  A. Visual Inspection  B. Cockpit Management  C. Engine Starting  D. Taxiing - Landplane  E. Taxiing - Seaplane  F. Sailing  G. Pretakeoff Check VII. AIRPORT OPERATIONS  A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals  B. Traffic Patterns  C. Airport and Runway Markings and Lighting

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2-lxxxvii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A

**EXAMINER'S CHECKLIST**

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR-AIRPLANE (MULTIENGINE) (continued) VIII. TAKEOFFS AND CLIMBS  A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb  B. Short-Field Takeoff and Climb  C. Rough-Water Takeoff and Climb  D. Confined-Area Takeoff and Climb IX. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT  A. Straight-and-Level Flight  B. Level Turns  C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns  D. Straight Descents and Descending Turns X. STALLS AND MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT  A. Power-On Stalls  B. Power-Off Stalls  C. Maneuvering During Slow Flight XI. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS  A. Straight-and-Level Flight  B. Straight, Constant Airspeed Climbs  C. Straight, Constant Airspeed Descents  D. Turns to Headings  E. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes  F. Radio Aids and Radar Services XII. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS  A. Steep Turns  B. Emergency Descent XIII. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS  A. Rectangular Course  B. S-Turns Across a Road  C. Turns Around a Point

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-lxxxviii

**EXAMINER'S CHECKLIST**

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR-AIRPLANE (MULTIENGINE) (continued) XIV. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS  A. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions  B. Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative  C. Engine Inoperative Loss of Directional Control Demonstration  D. Demonstrating the Effects of Various Airspeeds and Configurations During Engine Inoperative Performance  E. Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC  F. Engine Failure After Lift-Off  G. Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine  H. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear XV. APPROACHES AND LANDINGS  A. Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing  B. Go-Around  C. Short-Field Approach and Landing  D. Glassy-Water Approach and Landing  E. Rough-Water Approach and Landing  F. Confined-Area Approach and Landing XVI. AFTER-LANDING PROCEDURES  A. Anchoring  B. Docking and Mooring  C. Beaching  D. Ramping  E. Postflight Procedures

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2-lxxxix FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A

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1-1 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A I. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNDAMENTALS OF

INSTRUCTINGINSTRUCTING NOTE: The examiner will select at least TASKS E and G.

A. TASK: THE LEARNING PROCESS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the learning process by describing:

1. The definition of learning.

2. Characteristics of learning.

3. Practical application of the laws of learning.

4. Factors involved in how people learn.

5. Recognition and proper use of the various levels of learning.

6. Principles that are applied in learning a skill.

7. Factors related to forgetting and retention.

8. How transfer of learning affects the learning process.

9. How the formation of habit patterns affects the learning process.

B. TASK: THE TEACHING PROCESS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by describing:

1. Preparation for a lesson or an instructional period.

2. Presentation of knowledge and skills, including the methods which are suitable in particular situations.

3. Application, by the student, of the knowledge and skills presented by the instructor.

4. Review of the material presented and the evaluation of student performance and accomplishment.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-2 C. TASK: TEACHING METHODS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by describing:

1. The organization of a lesson, i.e., introduction, development, and conclusion.

2. The lecture method.

3. The guided discussion method.

4. The demonstration/performance method.

5. Programmed instruction.

6. Audio-visual instruction.

D. TASK: EVALUATION (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of evaluation by describing:

1. The purpose of evaluation.

2. Characteristics of effective oral questions.

3. Types of oral questions to avoid.

4. Responses to student questions.

5. Characteristics and development of effective written tests.

6. Characteristics and uses of performance tests, specifically, the FAA practical test standards.

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1-3 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A E. TASK: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPONSIBILITIES (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities by describing:

1. Major considerations and qualifications which must be included in flight instructor professionalism.

2. Role of the flight instructor in dealing with student stress, anxiety, and psychological abnormalities.

3. Flight instructor's responsibility with regard to student pilot supervision and surveillance.

4. Flight instructor's authority and responsibility for endorsements and recommendations.

5. Flight instructor's responsibility in the conduct of the required FAA flight review.

F. TASK: HUMAN FACTORS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to human factors by describing:

1. Control of human behavior.

2. Development of student potential.

3. Relationship of human needs to behavior and learning.

4. Relationship of defense mechanisms to student learning.

5. Relationship of defense mechanisms to pilot decision making.

6. General rules which a flight instructor should follow during student training to ensure good human relations.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-4 G. TASK: PLANNING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the planning of instructional activity by describing:

1. Development of a course of training.

2. Content and use of a training syllabus.

3. Purpose, characteristics, proper use, and items of a lesson plan.

4. Flexibility features of a course of training, syllabus, and lesson plan required to accommodate students with varying backgrounds, levels of experience, and ability.

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1-5 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A II. AREA OF OPERATION: TECHNICAL SUBJECT TECHNICAL SUBJECT

AREASAREAS NOTE: The examiner will select TASK P and at least one other TASK.

A. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by describing:

1. How to obtain an appropriate medical certificate.

2. How to obtain a medical certificate in the event of a possible medical deficiency.1

3. Hypoxia, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

4. Hyperventilation, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

5. Middle ear and sinus problems, their causes, effects, and corrective action.

6. Spatial disorientation, its causes, effects, and corrective action.

7. Motion sickness, its causes, effects, and corrective action.

8. Effects of alcohol and drugs, and their relationship to flight safety.

9. Carbon monoxide poisoning, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.

10. Effect of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives and how this affects pilots and passengers during flight.

11. Fatigue, its effects and corrective action.

1 The flight instructor should encourage a person considering flight training to obtain an appropriate medical certificate from an Aviation Medical Examiner before training is started. In the event a person's eligibility to hold a medical certificate is questionable, the flight instructor should be aware that some physical handicaps do not always prohibit activity as pilot of an aircraft. The flight instructor should advise such a person that assistance in obtaining a medical certificate is available through the cooperation of the medical examiner and the local FAA Flight Standards district office. However, this assistance is available only when requested specifically by the person seeking the medical certificate.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-6 Change 1 07/20/97 B. TASK: VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 67-2, AC 90-48; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of visual scanning and collision avoidance by describing:

1. Relationship between a pilot's physical or mental condition and vision.

2. Various environmental conditions that degrade vision.

3. Various optical illusions.

4. "See and avoid" concept.

5. Practice of "time sharing" of attention inside and outside the cockpit.

6. Proper visual scanning technique.

7. Relationship between poor visual scannin g habits and increased collision risk.

8. Proper clearing procedures.

9. Importance of knowing aircraft blind spots.

10. Relationship between aircraft speed differential and collision risk.

11. Situations which involve the greatest collision risk.

C. TASK: USE OF DISTRACTIONS DURING FLIGHT TRAINING (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 61-67.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the use of distractions by describing:

1. Flight situations where pilot distraction is a cause factor related to stall/spin accidents.

2. Selection of realistic distractions for specific flight situations.

3. Relationship between division of attention and flight instructor use of distractions.

4. Difference between proper use of distractions and harassment.

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1-7 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A D. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of principles of flight by describing:

1. Airplane and airfoil design characteristics.

2. Forces acting on an airplane in various flight maneuvers.

3. Airplane stability and controllability.

4. Torque effect and correction.

5. Structural integrity and velocity/load factor chart.

6. Wingtip vortices and precautions to be taken.

E. TASK: ELEVATORS, AILERONS, AND RUDDER (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the elevators, ailerons, and rudder by describing:

1. Purpose of each primary control.

2. Location, attachments, and system of control.

3. Direction of movement relative to airflow.

4. Effect on airplane control.

5. Proper technique for use.

F. TASK: TRIM DEVICES (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to trim devices by describing:

1. Purpose.

2. Location, attachments, and system of control.

3. Direction of movement relative to airflow and the primary control surface.

4. Effect on airplane control.

5. Proper technique for use.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-8 G. TASK: WING FLAPS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to wing flaps by describing:

1. Purpose.

2. Various types.

3. Location, attachments, and system of control.

4. Effect on airplane control.

5. Proper technique for use.

H. TASK: AIRPLANE WEIGHT AND BALANCE (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of airplane weight and balance by describing:

1. Weight and balance terms.

2. Effect of weight and balance on performance.

3. Methods of weight and balance control.

4. Determination of total weight and center of gravity and the changes that occur when adding, removing, or shifting weight.

I. TASK: NAVIGATION AND FLIGHT PLANNING (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of navigation and flight planning by describing:

1. Terms used in navigation.

2. Features of aeronautical charts.

3. Importance of using the proper and current aeronautical charts.

4. Identification of various types of airspace.

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**1-9 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

5. Method of plotting a course, selection of fuel stops and alternates, and appropriate actions in the event of unforeseen situations.

6. Fundamentals of pilotage and dead reckoning.

7. Fundamentals of radio navigation.

8. Diversion to an alternate.

9. Lost procedures.

10. Computation of fuel consumption.

11. Importance of preparing and properly using a flight log.

12. Importance of a weather check and the use of good judgment in making a "go/no-go" decision.

13. Purpose of, and procedure used in, filing a flight plan.

J. TASK: NIGHT OPERATIONS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of night operations by describing:

1. Factors related to night vision.

2. Disorientation and night optical illusions.

3. Importance of assuring that windshield and windows are clean.

4. Proper adjustment of interior lights.

5. Importance of having a flashlight with a red lens.

6. Night preflight inspection.

7. Engine starting procedures, including use of position and anticollision lights prior to start.

8. Taxiing and orientation on an airport.

9. Takeoff and climb-out.

10. Inflight orientation.

11. Importance of verifying the airplane's attitude by reference to flight instruments.

12. Recovery from critical flight attitudes.

13. Emergencies such as electrical failure, engine malfunction, and emergency landings.

14. Traffic patterns.

15. Approaches and landings with and without landing lights.

16. Go-arounds.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-10 K. TASK: HIGH ALTITUDE OPERATIONS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: FAR Part 91; AC 61-107, AC 67-2; AIM; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of high altitude operations by describing:

1. Regulatory requirements for use of oxygen.

2. Physiological hazards associated with high altitude operations.

3. Characteristics of a pressurized airplane and various types of supplemental oxygen systems.

4. Importance of "aviators breathing oxygen."

5. Care and storage of high pressure oxygen bottles.

6. Problems associated with rapid decompression and corresponding solutions.

L. TASK: FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: FAR Parts 61 and 91; NTSB Part 830.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to Federal Aviation Regulations by describing:

1. Availability and method of revision.

2. FAR Part 61, FAR Part 91, and NTSB Part 830 -

(a) purpose.

(b) general content.

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1-11 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A M. TASK: USE OF MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: FAR Section 91.213.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the use of an approved minimum equipment list by describing:

1. Aircraft that require use of a minimum equipment list.

2. Airworthiness limitations imposed on aircraft operations with inoperative instruments or equipment.

3. Requirements for letter of authorization from FAA district office.

4. Supplemental type certificate.

5. Instrument and equipment exemptions.

6. Special flight permit

7. Procedures for deferring maintenance on aircraft without an approved minimum equipment list.

N. TASK: PUBLICATIONS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 00-2, AC 61-21, AC 61-23;

AIM; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to flight information publications, advisory circulars, practical test standards, pilot operating handbooks, and FAA-approved airplane flight manuals by describing:

1. Availability.

2. Purpose.

3. General content.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-12 O. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: FAR Part 91; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the national airspace system by describing:

1. General dimension of airspace segments.

2. Operating limitations associated with uncontrolled, controlled, special use, and other airspace.

P. TASK: LOGBOOK ENTRIES AND CERTIFICATE ENDORSEMENTS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: FAR Part 61; AC 61-21, AC 61-65.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to logbook entries and certificate endorsements by describing:

1. Required logbook entries for instruction given.

2. Required student pilot certificate endorsements, including appropriate logbook entries.

3. Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test, including appropriate logbook entry.

4. Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory completion of the required FAA flight review.

5. Required flight instructor records.

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1-13 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A III. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION PREFLIGHT PREPARATION NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: FAR Parts 43, 61, and 91;

AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by describing:

1. Requirements for issuance of pilot and flight instructor certificates and ratings, and the privileges and limitations of those certificates and ratings.

2. Class and duration of medical certificates.

3. Airworthiness and registration certificates.

4. Airplane handbooks and manuals.

5. Airplane maintenance requirements, tests, and records.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to weather information by describing:

1. Importance of a thorough weather check.

2. Various means of obtaining weather information.

3. Use of weather reports, forecasts, and charts.

4. Use of PIREP's, SIGMET's, AIRMET's, and NOTAM's.

5. Recognition of aviation weather hazards to include wind shear.

6. Factors to be considered in making a "go/no-go" decision.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-14 C. TASK: WATER AND SEAPLANE CHARACTERISTICS (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to water and seaplane characteristics by describing:

1. Characteristics of water surface as it is affected by such factors as size of the water area, currents, debris, wind, sandbars, islands, or shoals.

2. Seaplane float or hull construction and its relationship to performance.

3. Causes of porpoising and skipping and pilot action necessary to prevent or to correct those occurrences.

D. TASK: SEAPLANE BASES, RULES, AND AIDS TO

MARINE NAVIGATION (AMES) REFERENCES: FAR Part 91; AC 61-21; Rules of the Road; Aids to Marine Navigation.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to seaplane bases, rules, and aids to marine navigation by describing:

1. How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories.

2. Operating restrictions at various seaplane bases.

3. Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation.

4. Purpose and identification of marine navigation aids such as buoys, beacons, lights, and sound signals.

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1-15 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A IV. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A

MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHTMANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT NOTE: Examiner will select at least one maneuver from AREAS OF OPERATION VII through XV, and ask the applicant to present a preflight lesson on the selected maneuver as the lesson would be taught to a student.

TASK: MANEUVER LESSON (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-23;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual;

Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the selected maneuver by:

1. Stating the purpose.

2. Giving an accurate, comprehensive oral description, including the elements and common errors.

3. Using instructional aids, as appropriate.

4. Describing the recognition, analysis, and correction of common errors.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-16 V. AREA OF OPERATION: MULTIENGINE MULTIENGINE

OPERATIONSOPERATIONS NOTE: The examiner will select TASKS A, B, C, and D.

A. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems, as applicable to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing:

1. Primary flight controls and trim.

2. Pitot static/vacuum system and associated instruments.

3. Landing gear.

4. Wing flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers.

5. Powerplant, including controls, indicators, cooling, and fire detection.

6. Propellers, including controls and indicators.

7. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic systems.

8. Electrical system.

9. Environmental system.

10. Deicing and anti-icing systems.

11. Avionics system.

12. Any system unique to the airplane flown.

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1-17 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A B. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84, AC 91-23; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by describing:

1. Determination of weight and balance condition.

2. Use of performance charts, tables, and other data in determining performance in various phases of flight.

3. Effects of exceeding limitations.

4. Effects of atmospheric conditions on performance.

5. Factors to be considered in determining that the required performance is within the airplane's capabilities.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-18 C. TASK: FLIGHT PRINCIPLES - ENGINE INOPERATIVE (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to flight principles - engine inoperative by describing:

1. Effects of density altitude.

2. Importance of reducing drag.

3. Importance of establishing and maintaining proper airspeed.

4. Importance of maintaining proper pitch and bank attitudes, and proper coordination of controls.

5. Effects of weight and center of gravity.

6. Critical engine.

7. Reasons for loss of directional control.

8. Indications of approaching loss of directional control.

9. Reasons for variations in VMC.

10. Relationship of V MC to stall speed, including determination of whether a loss of directional control demonstration can be safely accomplished.

11. Takeoff emerg encies, including planning, decisions, and single-engine operations.

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1-19 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A D. TASK: EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of emergency procedures appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test by describing:

1. Importance of availability and use of an emergency checklist.

2. Possible causes of partial or complete power loss in various flight situations.

3. Procedures to be followed if partial or complete power loss occurs during any phase of flight.

4. Procedures to be followed in icing conditions.

5. Procedures to be followed in the event of instrument malfunction.

6. Recommended recovery procedure from an unintentional spin.

7. Any other emergency appropriate to the airplane flown.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-20 VI. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND AND WATER GROUND AND WATER

OPERATIONSOPERATIONS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: VISUAL INSPECTION (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a visual inspection, as applicable to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing -

(a) reasons for the visual inspection, items that should be inspected, and how defects are detected.

(b) importance of using the appropriate checklist.

(c) how to determine fuel and oil quantity.

(d) methods used to determine fuel and oil contamination.

(e) detection of fuel, oil, and hydraulic leaks.

(f) inspection of the oxygen system, including supply and proper operation.

(g) inspection of the flight controls and water rudder.

(h) detection of visible structural damage.

(i) removal of tie-downs, control locks, and wheel chocks.

(j) removal of ice and frost.

(k) importance of proper loading and securing of baggage, cargo, and equipment.

(l) use of sound judgment in determining whether the airplane is in condition for safe flight.

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**1-21 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a visual inspection by describing -

(a) failure to use or improper use of checklist.

(b) hazards which may result from allowing distractions to interrupt a visual inspection.

(c) inability to recognize discrepancies.

(d) failure to assure servicing with th e proper fuel and oil.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a visual inspection from an instructional standpoint.

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of cockpit management by describing -

(a) proper arranging and securing of essential materials and equipment in the cockpit.

(b) proper and orderly maintenance of records that reflect the progress of the flight.

(c) proper use and/or adjustment of such cockpit items as safety belts, shoulder harnesses, rudder pedals, and seats.

(d) occupant briefing on emergency procedures and use of safety belts.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to cockpit management by describing -

(a) failure to place and secure essential materials and equipment for easy access during flight.

(b) failure to maintain accurate records essential to the progress of the flight.

(c) improper adjustment of equipment and controls.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains cockpit management from an instructional standpoint.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-22 C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-13, AC 91-55; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of engine starting, as applicable to the airplane used for the practical test by describing -

(a) safety precautions related to starting.

(b) use of external power.

(c) effect of atmospheric conditions on starting.

(d) importance of following the appropriate checklist.

(e) adjustment of engine controls during start.

(f) prevention of airplane movement during and after start.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to engine starting by describing -

(a) failure to use or the improper use of the checklist.

(b) excessively high RPM after starting.

(c) improper preheat of the engine during severe cold weather conditions.

(d) failure to assure proper clearance of the propellers.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine starting from an instructional standpoint.

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1-23 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A D. TASK: TAXIING - LANDPLANE (AMEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of landplane taxiing by describing -

(a) proper brake check and correct use of brakes.

(b) compliance with airport surface marking, signals, and clearances.

(c) how to control direction and speed.

(d) control positioning for various wind conditions.

(e) techniques used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledg e of common errors related to landplane taxiing by describing -

(a) improper use of brakes.

(b) improper positioning of the flight controls for various wind conditions.

(c) hazards of taxiing too fast.

(d) failure to comply with markings, signals, or clearances.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains landplane taxiing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to landplane taxiing.

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FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-24 E. TASK: TAXIING - SEAPLANE (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of seaplane taxiing by describing -

(a) wind effect.

(b) prevention of porpoising and skipping.

(c) selection of the most suitable course for taxiing, following available marking aids.

(d) conditions where idle, plowing, and step taxiing are used.

(e) techniques for idle, plowing, and step taxiing.

(f) control positioning for various wind conditions.

(g) use of water rudders.

(h) techniques used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.

(i) techniques used to avoid excessive water spray into the propeller.

(j) 180° and 360° turns in idle, plowing, and step positions.

(k) application of right-of-way rules.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to seaplane taxiing by describing -

(a) improper positioning of flight controls for various wind conditions.

(b) improper control of speed and direction.

(c) failure to prevent porpoising and skipping.

(d) failure to use the most suitable course and available marking aids.

(e) failure to use proper clearing procedures to avoid hazards.

(f) failure to apply right-of-way rules.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains seaplane taxiing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to seaplane taxiing.

### Page 145

1-25 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A F. TASK: SAILING (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of sailing by describing -

(a) techniques used in sailing (engines idling or shut down, as appropriate).

(b) conditions and situations where sailing would be used.

(c) selection of the most favorable course to follow.

(d) use of flight controls, flaps, doors, and water rudders to follow the selected course.

(e) techniques used to change direction from downwind to crosswind.

(f) control of speed.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to sailing by describing -

(a) failure to select the most favorable course to destination.

(b) improper use of controls, flaps, and water rudders.

(c) improper technique when changing direction.

(d) improper technique for speed control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains sailing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to sailing.

### Page 146

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-26 G. TASK: PRETAKEOFF CHECK (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a pretakeoff check by describing -

(a) positioning the airplane with consideration for other aircraft, surface conditions, and wind.

(b) division of attention inside and outside the cockpit.

(c) importance of following the checklist and responding to each checklist item.

(d) reasons for ensuring suitable engine temperatures and pressures for run-up and takeoff.

(e) method used to determine that airplane is in a safe operating condition.

(f) importance of reviewing takeoff performance airspeeds, expected takeoff distances, and emergency procedures.

(g) method used for assuring that the takeoff area or path is free of hazards.

(h) method used for assuring adequate clearance from other traffic.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a pretakeoff check by describing -

(a) failure to use or the improper use of the checklist.

(b) improper positioning of the airplane.

(c) acceptance of marginal engine performance.

(d) an improper check of flight controls.

(e) hazards of failure to review takeoff and emergency procedures.

(f) failure to check for hazards and other traffic.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a pretakeoff check from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a pretakeoff check.

### Page 147

1-27 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A VII. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT OPERATIONS AIRPORT OPERATIONS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23;

**FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of radio communications and ATC light signals by describing -

(a) selection and use of appropriate radio frequencies.

(b) recommended procedure and phraseology for radio voice communications.

(c) receipt, acknowledgement of, and compliance with, ATC clearances and other instructions.

(d) interpretation of, and compliance with, ATC light signals.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to radio communications and ATC light signals by describing -

(a) use of improper frequencies.

(b) improper techniques and phraseologies when transmitting radio voice communications.

(c) failure to acknowledge, or properly comply with, ATC clearances and other instructions.

(d) failure to understand, or to properly comply with, ATC light signals.

### Page 148

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-28 B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-23;

AIM; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of traffic patterns by describing -

(a) operations at controlled and uncontrolled airports and seaplane bases.

(b) adherence to traffic pattern procedures, instructions, and rules.

(c) how to maintain proper spacing from other traffic.

(d) how to maintain the proper ground track.

(e) wind shear and wake turbulence.

(f) orientation with the runway or landing area in use.

(g) how to establish a final approach at an appropriate distance from approach end of the runway or landing area.

(h) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to traffic patterns by describing -

(a) failure to comply with traffic pattern instructions, procedures, and rules.

(b) improper correction for wind drift.

(c) improper spacing from other traffic.

(d) poor altitude or airspeed control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains traffic patterns from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated com mon errors related to traffic patterns.

### Page 149

1-29 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A C. TASK: AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM;

**FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of airport and runway markings and lighting by describing:

1. Identification and proper interpretation of airport, runway, and taxiway markings.

2. Identification and proper interpretation of airport, runway, and taxiway lighting.

### Page 150

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-30 VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS AND CLIMBS TAKEOFFS AND CLIMBS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) review of wind conditions.

(b) takeoff hazards.

(c) use of wing flaps.

(d) alignment with takeoff path.

(e) initial positioning of flight controls.

(f) power application.

(g) directional control during acceleration on the surface.

(h) crosswind control technique during acceleration on the surface.

(i) rotation at airspeed appropriate for the airplane flown.

(j) how to establish the single-engine best rate-ofclimb pitch attitude.

(k) how to establish and maintain VY.

(l) how to establish and maintain cruise climb airspeed and the appropriate power setting.

(m) crosswind correction and track during climb.

(n) use of checklist.

(o) difference between a normal and a glassywater takeoff (seaplane).

### Page 151

**1-31 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) improper initial positioning of flight controls or wing flaps.

(b) improper power application.

(c) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

(d) poor directional control.

(e) improper use of ailerons.

(f) rotation at improper airspeed.

(g) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeeds.

(h) drift during climb.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or a crosswind takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a normal or a crosswind takeoff and climb.

B. TASK: SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (AMEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a short-field takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) review of wind conditions.

(b) takeoff and climb hazards, particularly those related to obstacles.

(c) use of wing flaps.

(d) how to position and align the airplane for maximum utilization of available takeoff area.

(e) initial positioning of flight controls.

(f) power application.

(g) directional control during acceleration on the surface.

(h) rotation at the airspeed appropriate for airplane used in the practical test.

### Page 152

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-32**

(i) initial climb attitude and airspeed (V X) until obstacle is cleared (50 feet/16 meters AGL).

(j) acceleration to V Y and establishment and maintenance of VY.

(k) how to establish and maintain cruise climb airspeed and the appropriate power setting.

(l) track during climb.

(m) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a short-field takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) failure to position the airplane for maximum utilization of available takeoff area.

(b) improper initial positioning of flight controls and wing flaps.

(c) improper power application.

(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

(e) poor directional control.

(f) improper use of ailerons.

(g) improper use of brakes.

(h) rotation at improper airspeed.

(i) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeeds.

(j) drift during climb.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a shortfield takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a short-field takeoff and climb.

### Page 153

1-33 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A C. TASK: ROUGH-WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rough-water takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) review of wind conditions.

(b) takeoff hazards.

(c) factors which should be considered in the selection of the most suitable takeoff area.

(d) use of wing flaps.

(e) alignment with proposed takeoff path.

(f) initial positioning of flight controls.

(g) power application.

(h) directional control.

(i) most efficient planing angle.

(j) rotation at the airspeed appropriate to the airplane used in the practical test.

(k) how to establish the single-engine best rate-ofclimb pitch attitude and acceleration to VY.

(l) how to establish and maintain VY.

(m) how to establish and maintain cruise climb airspeed and the appropriate power setting.

(n) track during climb.

(o) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a rough-water takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) poor judgment in the selection of a suitable takeoff area.

(b) improper initial positioning of flight controls and wing flaps.

(c) improper power application.

(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

(e) poor directional control.

(f) improper correction for porpoising, skipping, or an unusual increase in water drag.

### Page 154

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-34**

(g) improper pitch attitude during takeoff run and lift-off.

(h) hazards of inadvertent contact with the water after becoming airborne.

(i) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeeds.

(j) drift during climb.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rough water takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a rough-water takeoff and climb.

D. TASK: CONFINED-AREA TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a confined-area takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) review of wind conditions.

(b) takeoff hazards, particularly those related to obstacles.

(c) use of wing flaps.

(d) factors related to minimum takeoff run and maximum climb performance.

(e) factors that should be considered in the selection of the most favorable takeoff area.

(f) alignment with the proposed takeoff path.

(g) initial positioning of flight controls.

(h) power application.

(i) directional control during acceleration on the surface.

(j) the most efficient planing angle.

(k) rotation at the airspeed appropriate for airplane used for the practical test.

(l) initial climb attitude and airspeed (V X) until obstacle is cleared (50 feet/16 meters AGL).

(m) acceleration to V Y and the establishment and maintenance of VY.

### Page 155

**1-35 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

(n) how to establish and maintain cru ise climb airspeed and the appropriate power setting.

(o) track during climb.

(p) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a confined-area takeoff and climb by describing -

(a) failure to position the airplane to take advantage of the available takeoff area.

(b) improper initial positioning of flight controls or wing flaps.

(c) improper power application.

(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

(e) poor directional control.

(f) rotation of improper airspeed.

(g) improper correction for porpoising, skipping, or an unusual increase in water drag.

(h) hazards of inadvertent contact with the water after becoming airborne.

(i) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeeds.

(j) drift during climb.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a confined-area takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a confined-area takeoff and climb.

### Page 156

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-36 IX. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNDAMENTALS OF

FLIGHTFLIGHT NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-and-level flight by describing -

(a) effect and use of flight controls.

(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.

(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;

and the control technique used.

(d) trim technique.

(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight-and-level flight by describing -

(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.

(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.

(c) uncoordinated use of flight controls.

(d) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level flight from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight-and-level flight.

### Page 157

1-37 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A B. TASK: LEVEL TURNS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of level turns by describing -

(a) effect and use of flight controls.

(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.

(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;

and the control technique used.

(d) trim technique.

(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to level turns by describing -

(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.

(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.

(c) uncoordinated use of flight controls.

(d) faulty altitude and bank control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a level turn from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to level turns.

### Page 158

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-38 C. TASK: STRAIGHT CLIMBS AND CLIMBING TURNS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight climbs and climbing turns by describing -

(a) effect and use of flight controls.

(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.

(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;

and the control technique used.

(d) trim technique.

(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight climbs and climbing turns by describing -

(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.

(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.

(c) improper correction for torque effect.

(d) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight climb and a climbing turn from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight climbs and climbing turns.

### Page 159

1-39 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A D. TASK: STRAIGHT DES CENTS AND DESCENDING TURNS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight descents and descending turns by describing -

(a) effect and use of flight controls.

(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.

(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;

and the control technique used.

(d) trim technique.

(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight descents and descending turns by describing -

(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.

(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.

(c) uncoordinated use of flight controls.

(d) faulty trim technique.

(e) failure to clear engine and use carburetor heat, as appropriate.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight descent and a descending turn from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight descents and descending turns.

### Page 160

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-40 X. AREA OF OPERATION: STALLS AND STALLS AND

MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHTMANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. Stalls will not be performed with one engine at reduced power or inoperative and the other engine(s) developing effective power.

Stalls using high power settings should not be performed. The high pitch angles necessary to induce these stalls could possibly result in uncontrollable flight.

Examiners and instructors should be alert to the possible development of high sink rates when performing stalls in multiengine airplanes with high wing loadings; therefore, the altitude loss during stall entries should be no more than 50 feet.

A. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Ope rating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) aerodynamics of power-on stalls.

(b) relationship of various factors such as landing gear and flap configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, and bank angle to stall speed.

(c) flight situations where unintentional power-on stalls may occur.

(d) recognition of the first indications of power-on stalls.

(e) performance of power-on stalls in climbing flight (straight or turning).

(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.

(g) coordination of flight controls.

(h) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

### Page 161

**1-41 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap configuration prior to entry.

(b) improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straight ahead stalls.

(c) improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.

(d) rough or uncoordinated control technique.

(e) failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.

(f) failure to achieve a stall.

(g) improper torque correction.

(h) poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.

(i) excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during recovery.

(j) secondary stall during recovery.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains poweron stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight and turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations.

### Page 162

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-42 B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) aerodynamics of power-off stalls.

(b) relationship of various factors such as landing gear and flap configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, and bank angle to stall speed.

(c) flight situations where unintentional power-off stalls may occur.

(d) recognition of the first indications of power-off stalls.

(e) performance of power-off stalls in descending flight (straight or turning).

(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.

(g) coordination of flight controls.

(h) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -

(a) failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap configuration prior to entry.

(b) improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straight ahead stalls.

(c) improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.

(d) rough or uncoordinated control technique.

(e) failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.

(f) failure to achieve a stall.

(g) improper torque correction.

### Page 163

**1-43 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

(h) poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.

(i) excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during recovery.

(j) secondary stall during recovery.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains poweroff stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations.

C. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of maneuvering during slow flight by describing -

(a) relationship of configuration, weight, center of gravity, maneuvering loads, angle of bank, and power to flight characteristics and controllability.

(b) relationship of the maneuver to critical flight situations, such as go-arounds.

(c) performance of the maneuver with selected landing gear and flap configurations in straightand-level flight and level turns.

(d) specified airspeed for the maneuver.

(e) coordination of flight controls.

(f) trim technique.

(g) re-establishment of cruise flight.

### Page 164

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-44**

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to maneuvering during slow flight by describing -

(a) failure to establish specified gear and flap configuration.

(b) improper entry technique.

(c) failure to establish and maintain the specified airspeed.

(d) excessive variations of altitude and heading when a constant altitude and heading are specified.

(e) rough or uncoordinated control technique.

(f) improper correction for torque effect.

(g) improper trim technique.

(h) unintentional stalls.

(i) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains maneuvering during slow flight from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to maneuvering during slow flight.

### Page 165

1-45 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A XI. AREA OF OPERATION: BASIC INSTRUMENT BASIC INSTRUMENT

MANEUVERSMANEUVERS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.

(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control, and how those instruments are used to maintain altitude, heading, and airspeed.

(c) trim technique.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments by describing -

(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.

(b) improper instrument interpretation.

(c) improper control applications.

(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during altitude, heading, or airspeed corrections.

(e) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common error s related to straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments.

### Page 166

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-46 B. TASK: STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.

(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the climb, and during level-off, and how those instruments are used to maintain climb heading and airspeed.

(c) trim technique.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.

(b) improper instrument interpretation.

(c) improper control applications.

(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.

(e) improper entry or level-off technique.

(f) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight, constant airspeed climb, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments.

### Page 167

1-47 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A C. TASK: STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.

(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the descent, and during level-off, and how those instruments are used to maintain descent heading and airspeed.

(c) trim technique.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.

(b) improper instrument interpretation.

(c) improper control applications.

(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.

(e) improper entry or level-off technique.

(f) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight, constant airspeed descent, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments.

### Page 168

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-48 D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments by describing -

(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.

(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during turn entry, during the turn, and during the turn rollout, and how those instruments are used.

(c) trim technique.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -

(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.

(b) improper instrument interpretation.

(c) improper control applications.

(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, and power adjustments during altitude, bank, and airspeed corrections.

(e) improper entry or rollout technique.

(f) faulty trim technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a turn to a heading, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments.

### Page 169

1-49 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of recovery from unusual flight attitudes by describing -

(a) conditions and situations that may result in unusual flight attitudes.

(b) the two basic unusual flight attitudes - nosehigh (climbing turn) and nose-low (diving spiral).

(c) how unusual flight attitudes are recognized.

(d) control sequence for recovery from a nosehigh attitude and the reasons for that sequence.

(e) control sequence for recovery from a nose-low attitude and the reasons for that sequence.

(f) reasons why the controls should be coordinated during unusual flight attitude recoveries.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of comm on errors related to recovery from unusual flight attitudes by describing -

(a) failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude.

(b) consequences of attempting to recover from an unusual flight attitude by "feel" rather than by instrument indications.

(c) inappropriate control applications during recovery.

(d) failure to recognize from instrument indications when the airplane is passing through a level flight attitude.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains recovery from a nose-high and a nose-low unusual flight attitude from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to recovery from unusual flight attitudes.

### Page 170

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-50 F. TASK: RADIO AIDS AND RADAR SERVICES (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services by describing -

(a) situations that would require the use of radio aids or radar assistance.

(b) available radio aids and radar services.

(c) how to determine minimum safe altitude.

(d) procedures to be followed when using a radio aid or radar services.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services by describing -

(a) hazards of delay in using a radio aid or in obtaining radar services.

(b) failure to properly control the airplane.

(c) failure to pro perly select, tune, or identify a radio facility.

(d) failure to maintain minimum safe altitude.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains the emergency use of a radio aid or radar services from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services.

### Page 171

1-51 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A XII. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE

MANEUVERSMANEUVERS NOTE: The examiner will select TASKS A and B.

A. TASK: STEEP TURNS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of steep turns by describing -

(a) relationship of bank angle, load factor, and stalling speed.

(b) overbanking tendency.

(c) torque effect in right and left turns.

(d) selection of a suitable altitude.

(e) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(f) appropriate power setting and airspeed prior to entry.

(g) entry and rollout technique.

(h) coordination of flight controls.

(i) differential wing drag.

(j) altitude, bank, and power control during the turn.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to steep turns by describing -

(a) improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry and rollout.

(b) uncoordinated use of flight controls.

(c) inappropriate control applications.

(d) improper technique in correcti ng altitude deviations.

(e) loss of orientation.

(f) excessive deviation from desired heading during rollout.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a steep turn from an instructional standpoint.

### Page 172

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-52**

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to steep turns.

B. TASK: EMERGENCY DESCENT (AMEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of an emergency descent by describing -

(a) situations requiring an emergency descent.

(b) prescribed configuration of aircraft for emergency descent.

(c) prescribed speeds in selected configurations as recommended by the manufacturer.

(d) engine control settings.

(e) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(f) requirement to establish positive load factor during descent.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to an emergency descent by describing -

(a) slow response to the emergency.

(b) failure to establish the prescribed configuration.

(c) failure to establish and maintain the prescribed speed for the configuration.

(d) incorrect engine control settings.

(e) failure to maintain positive load factor in the descent.

(f) uncoordinated use of controls.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains an emergency descent from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common err ors related to an emergency descent.

### Page 173

1-53 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A XIII. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND REFERENCE GROUND REFERENCE

MANEUVERSMANEUVERS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rectangular course by describing -

(a) how to select a suitable altitude.

(b) how to select a suitable ground reference with consideration given to emergency landing areas.

(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.

(e) relationship of a rectangular course to an airport traffic pattern.

(f) wind drift correction.

(g) how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and distance from ground reference boundaries.

(h) timing of turn entries and rollouts.

(i) coordination of flight controls.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a rectangular course by describing -

(a) poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.

(b) uncoordinated flight control application.

(c) improper correction for wind drift.

(d) failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.

(e) selection of a ground reference where there is no suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rectangular course from an instructional standpoint.

### Page 174

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-54**

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a rectangular course.

B. TASK: S-TURNS ACROSS A ROAD (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of S-turns across a road by describing -

(a) how to select a suitable altitude.

(b) how to select a suitable ground reference line with consideration given to emergency landing areas.

(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.

(e) entry technique.

(f) wind drift correction.

(g) tracking of semicircles of equal radii on either side of the selected ground reference line.

(h) how to maintain desired altitude and airspeed.

(i) turn reversal over the ground reference line.

(j) coordination of flight controls.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to S-turns across a road by describing -

(a) faulty entry technique.

(b) poor planning, orientation, or divisio n of attention.

(c) uncoordinated flight control application.

(d) improper correction for wind drift.

(e) an unsymmetrical ground track.

(f) failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.

(g) selection of a ground reference line where there is no suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains S -turns across a road from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to S-turns across a road.

### Page 175

1-55 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

**FAA-S-8081-1.**

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns around a point by describing -

(a) how to select a suitable altitude.

(b) how to select a suitable ground reference point with consideration given to emergency landing areas.

(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.

(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.

(e) entry technique.

(f) wind drift correction.

(g) how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and distance from reference point.

(h) coordination of flight controls.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to turns around a point by describing -

(a) faulty entry technique.

(b) poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.

(c) uncoordinated flight control application.

(d) improper correction for wind drift.

(e) failure to maintain sel ected altitude or airspeed.

(f) selection of a ground reference point where there is no suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains turns around a point from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to turns around a point.

### Page 176

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-56 XIV. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS EMERGENCY OPERATIONS NOTE: The examiner will select TASKS A, B, C, D, E, F, and G.

A. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

NOTE: The examiner will not simulate a system or equipment malfunction in a manner that may jeopardize safe flight or result in possible damage to the airplane.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to systems and equipment malfunctions, appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing recommended pilot action for:

1. Smoke, fire, or both, during ground or flight operations.

2. Rough running engine, partial power loss, or sudden engine stoppage.

3. Propeller malfunction.

4. Loss of engine oil pressure.

5. Fuel starvation.

6. Engine overheat.

7. Hydraulic system malfunction.

8. Electrical system malfunction.

9. Carburetor or induction icing.

10. Door or window opening in flight.

11. Inoperative or "runaway" trim.

12. Landing gear or flap malfunction.

13. Pressurization malfunction.

14. Any other system or equipment malfunction.

### Page 177

1-57 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A B. TASK: MANEUVERING WITH ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

NOTE: The feathering of one propeller shall be demonstrated in any multiengine airplane equipped with propellers which can be safely feathered and unfeathered in flight.

Feathering for pilot flight test purposes should be performed only under such conditions and at such altitudes (no lower than 3,000 feet/1,000 meters above the surface) and positions where safe landings on established airports can be readily accomplished, in the event difficulty is encountered in unfeathering. At altitudes lower than 3,000 feet above the surface, simulated engine failure will be performed by throttling the engine and then establishing zero thrust.

In the event a propeller cannot be unfeathered during the practical test, it should be treated as an emergency.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to maneuvering with one engine inoperative by describing -

(a) flight characteristics and controllability associated with maneuvering with one engine inoperative.

(b) use of prescribed emergency checklist to verify accomplishment of procedures for securing inoperative engine.

(c) proper adjustment of engine controls, reduction of drag, and identification and verification of the inoperative engine.

(d) how to establish and maintain the best engine inoperative airspeed.

(e) proper trim technique.

(f) how to establish and maintain a bank, as required, for best performance.

### Page 178

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-58**

(g) appropriate methods to be used for determining the reason for the malfunction.

(h) importance of establishing a heading toward the nearest suitable airport or seaplane base.

(i) importance of monitoring and adjusting the operating engine.

(j) performance of straight-and-level fl ight, turns, descents, and climbs, if the airplane is capable of those maneuvers under existing conditions.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to maneuvering with one engine inoperative by describing -

(a) failure to follow prescribed emergency checklist.

(b) failure to recognize an inoperative engine.

(c) hazards of improperly identifying and verifying the inoperative engine.

(d) failure to properly adjust engine controls and reduce drag.

(e) failure to e stablish and maintain the best engine inoperative airspeed.

(f) improper trim technique.

(g) failure to establish and maintain proper bank for best performance.

(h) failure to maintain positive control while maneuvering.

(i) hazards of attempting flight contrary to the airplane's operating limitations.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains maneuvering with one engine inoperative from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to maneuvering with one engine inoperative.

### Page 179

1-59 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A C. TASK: ENGINE INOPERATIVE LOSS OF

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL DEMONSTRATION (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

NOTE: FAR Part 1 defines VMC as minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative. There is a density altitude above which the stalling speed is higher than the engine inoperative minimum control speed. When this density altitude exists close to the ground because of high elevations, high temperatures, or both, an effective flight demonstration of loss of directional control may be hazardous and should not be attempted. If it is determined prior to flight that the stall speed is above or equal to V MC, this flight demonstration is impracticable. In this case, the significance of the engine inoperative minimum control speed should be emphasized through oral questioning, including the results of attempting engine inoperative flight below that speed, the recognition of loss of directional control, and proper recovery techniques.

Recovery should be made by simultaneously reducing the power on the operating engine and reducing the angle of attack as necessary to regain directional control and airspeed. Recoveries should not be attempted by increasing power on the simulated failed engine.

Performing this maneuver by increasing pitch attitude to a high angle with both engines operating and then reducing power on the critical engine should be avoided. This technique is hazardous and may result in loss of aircraft control Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to engine inoperative loss of directional control by describing -

(a) causes of loss of directional control at airspeeds less than V MC, the factors affecting VMC, and the safe recovery procedures.

### Page 180

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-60**

(b) establishment of airplane configuration, adjustment of power controls, and trim prior to the demonstration.

(c) establishment of engine inoperative pitch attitude and airspeed.

(d) establishment of a bank attitude as required for best performance.

(e) entry technique to demonstrate loss of directional control.

(f) indications that enable a pilot to recognize loss of directional control.

(g) proper recovery technique.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to engine inoperative loss of directional control by describing -

(a) inadequate knowledge of the causes of loss of directional control at airspeeds less than V MC, factors affecting V MC, and safe recovery procedures.

(b) improper entry procedures, including pitch attitude, bank attitude, and airspeed.

(c) failure to recognize imminent loss of directional control.

(d) failure to use proper recovery technique.

(e) rough and/or uncoordinated control technique.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine inoperative loss of directional control from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to engine inoperative loss of directional control.

### Page 181

1-61 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A D. TASK: DEMONSTRATING THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS

**AIRSPEEDS AND CONFIGURATIONS DURING**

ENGINE INOPERATIVE PERFORMANCE (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the effects of various airspeeds and configurations during engine inoperative performance by describing -

(a) selection of proper altitude for the demonstration.

(b) proper entry procedure to include pitch attitude, bank attitude, and airspeed.

(c) effects on performance of airspeed changes at, above, and below VYSE.

(d) effects on performance of various configurations -

(1) extension of landing gear.

(2) extension of wing flaps.

(3) extension of both landing gear and wing flaps.

(4) windmilling of propeller on inoperative engine.

(e) airspeed control throughout the demonstration.

(f) proper control technique and procedures throughout the demonstration.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to the effects of various airspeeds and configurations during engine inoperative performance by describing -

(a) inadequate knowledge of the effects of airspeeds above or below V YSE and of various configurations on performance.

(b) improper entry procedures, including pitch attitude, bank attitude, and airspeed.

### Page 182

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-62**

(c) improper airspeed control throughout the demonstration.

(d) rough and/or uncoordinated control technique.

(e) improper procedures during resumption of cruise flight.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains the effects of various airspeeds and configurations during engine inoperative performance from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to the effects of various airspeeds and configurations during engine inoperative performance.

E. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF BEFORE VMC (AMEL and AMES) NOTE: Engine failure will not be simulated at a speed greater than 50 percent VMC.

REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to engine failure during takeoff before V MC by describing -

(a) use of prescribed emergency procedure.

(b) prompt closing of throttles.

(c) how to maintain directional control.

(d) proper use of brakes (landplane).

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to engine failure during takeoff before V MC by describing -

(a) failure to follow prescribed emergency procedure.

(b) failure to promptly recognize engine failure.

(c) failure to promptly close throttles following engine failure.

(d) faulty directional control and use of brakes.

### Page 183

**1-63 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a simulated engine failure during takeoff before V MC from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to engine failure during takeoff before VMC.

F. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE AFTER LIFT-OFF (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowled ge of the elements related to engine failure after lift-off by describing -

(a) use of prescribed emergency checklist to verify accomplishment of procedures for securing the inoperative engine.

(b) proper adjustment of engine controls, reduction of drag, and identification and verification of the inoperative engine.

(c) how to establish and maintain a pitch attitude that will result in the best engine inoperative airspeed, considering the height of obstructions.

(d) how to establish and mai ntain a bank as required for best performance.

(e) how to maintain directional control.

(f) methods to be used for determining reason for malfunction.

(g) monitoring and proper use of the operating engine.

(h) an emergency approach and landing, if a climb or level flight is not within the airplane's performance capability.

(i) positive airplane control.

(j) how to obtain assistance from the appropriate facility.

### Page 184

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-64**

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to engine failure after lift-off by describing -

(a) failure to follow prescribed emergency checklist.

(b) failure to properly identify and verify the inoperative engine.

(c) failure to properly adjust engine controls and reduce drag.

(d) failure to maintain directional control.

(e) failure to establish and maintain a pitch attitude that will result in best engine inoperative airspeed, considering the height of obstructions.

(f) failure to establish and maintain proper bank for best performance.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a simulated engine failure after lift-off from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to engine failure after lift-off.

G. TASK: APPROACH AND LANDING WITH AN INOPERATIVE ENGINE (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to an approach and landing with an inoperative engine by describing -

(a) use of the prescribed emergency checklist to verify accomplishment of procedures for securing the inoperative engine.

(b) proper adjustment of engine controls, reduction of drag, and identification and verification of the inoperative engine.

(c) how to establish and maintain best engine inoperative airspeed.

(d) trim technique.

(e) how to establish and maintain a bank as required for best performance.

### Page 185

**1-65 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

(f) the monitoring and adjusting of the operating engine.

(g) proper approach to selected touchdown area, at the recommended airspeed.

(h) proper application of flight controls.

(i) how to maintain a precise ground track.

(j) wind shear and turbulence.

(k) proper timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown.

(l) directional control after touchdown.

(m) use of brakes (landplane).

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to an approach and landing with an inoperative engine by describing -

(a) failure to follow prescribed emergency checklist.

(b) failure to properly identify and verify the inoperative engine.

(c) failure to properly adjust engine controls and reduce drag.

(d) failure to establish and maintain best engine inoperative airspeed.

(e) improper trim technique.

(f) failure to establish proper approach and landing configuration at appropriate time and in proper sequence.

(g) failure to use proper technique for wind shear or turbulence.

(h) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

(i) faulty technique during roundout and touchdown.

(j) improper directional control after touchdown.

(k) improper use of brakes (landplane).

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains an approach and landing with a simulated inoperative engine from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to an approach and landing with an inoperative engine.

### Page 186

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-66 H. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the airplane flown by describing:

1. Locations in the airplane.

2. Purpose.

3. Method of operation or use.

4. Servicing.

5. Storage.

6. Equipment and gear appropriate for operation in various climates, over various types of terrain, and over water.

### Page 187

1-67 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A XV. AREA OF OPERATION: APPROACHES AND APPROACHES AND

LANDINGSLANDINGS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.

A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a normal and a crosswind approach and landing by describing -

(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.

(b) configuration, power, and trim.

(c) obstructions and other hazards which should be considered.

(d) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the selected touchdown area.

(e) coordination of flight controls.

(f) a precise ground track.

(g) wind shear and wake turbulence.

(h) most suitable crosswind technique.

(i) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown.

(j) directional control after touchdown.

(k) use of brakes (landplane).

(l) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a normal and a crosswind approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time or in proper sequence.

### Page 188

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-68**

(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.

(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

(e) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.

(f) poor directional control after touchdown.

(g) improper use of brakes (landplane).

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or a crosswind approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a normal or crosswind approach and landing.

B. TASK: GO-AROUND (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a go-around by describing -

(a) situations where a go-around is necessary.

(b) importance of making a prompt decision.

(c) importance of applying takeoff power immediately after the go-around decision is made.

(d) importance of establishing proper pitch attitude.

(e) wing flaps retraction.

(f) use of trim.

(g) landing gear retraction.

(h) proper climb speed.

(i) proper track and obstruction clearance.

(j) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a go-around by describing -

(a) failure to recognize a situation where a goaround is necessary.

(b) hazards of delaying a decision to go around.

(c) improper power application.

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**1-69 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

(d) failure to control pitch attitude.

(e) failure to compensate for torque effect.

(f) improper trim technique.

(g) failure to maintain recommended airspeeds.

(h) improper wing flaps or landing gear retraction procedure.

(i) failure to maintain proper track during climbout.

(j) failure to remain well clear of obstructions and other traffic.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a goaround from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a go-around.

C. TASK: SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING (AMEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a short-field approach and landing by describing -

(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.

(b) configuration and trim.

(c) proper use of pitch and power to maintain desired approach angle.

(d) barriers and other hazards which should be considered.

(e) effect of wind.

(f) selection of touchdown and go-around points.

(g) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the selected touchdown point.

(h) coordination of flight controls.

(i) a precise ground track.

(j) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown.

(k) directional control after touchdown.

(l) use of brakes.

(m) use of checklist.

### Page 190

**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-70**

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of co mmon errors related to a short-field approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time or in proper sequence.

(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.

(d) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, and trim.

(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

(f) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.

(g) poor directional control after touchdown.

(h) improper use of brakes.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a shortfield approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a short-field approach and landing.

D. TASK: GLASSY-WATER APPROACH AND LANDING (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a glassy-water approach and landing by describing -

(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.

(b) configuration and trim.

(c) deceptive characteristics of glassy water.

(d) selection of a suitable landing area and goaround point.

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**1-71 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A**

(e) terrain and obstructions which should be considered.

(f) detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow water, obstructions, or floating debris.

(g) coordination of flight controls.

(h) a precise ground track.

(i) a power setting and pitch attitude that will result in the recommended airspeed and rate of descent throughout the final approach to touchdown.

(j) how to maintain positive after-landing control.

(k) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a glassy-water approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to estab lish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time and in proper sequence.

(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed and rate of descent.

(d) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.

(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

(f) failure to touch down with power in the proper stabilized attitude.

(g) failure to maintain positive after-landing control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a glassy-water approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a glassy-water approach and landing.

### Page 192

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-72 E. TASK: ROUGH-WATER APPROACH AND LANDING (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rough-water approach and landing by describing -

(a) determination of landing performance and limitations.

(b) review of wind conditions.

(c) how landing area characteristics can be evaluated.

(d) selection of a suitable landing area and goaround point.

(e) terrain and obstructions which should be considered.

(f) detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow water, obstructions, or floating debris.

(g) configuration and trim.

(h) coordination of flight controls.

(i) a precise ground track.

(j) a s tabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the selected touchdown area.

(k) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown.

(l) maintenance of positive after-landing control.

(m) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a rough-water approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time and in proper sequence.

(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.

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(d) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.

(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

(f) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.

(g) failure to maintain positive after-landing control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rough-water approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related a rough-water approach and landing.

F. TASK: CONFINED-AREA APPROACH AND LANDING (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a confined-area approach and landing by describing -

(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.

(b) approaches and landings on various types of water areas.

(c) effect of wind and water condition.

(d) selection of a suitable landing area and goaround point.

(e) terrain and obstructions which should be considered.

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**FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-74**

(f) detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow water, obstructions, or floating debris.

(g) configuration and trim.

(h) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the selected touchdown area.

(i) coordination of flight controls.

(j) a precise ground track.

(k) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown.

(l) touchdown in the proper pitch attitude at the minimum safe airspeed.

(m) how to maintain positive after-landing control.

(n) use of checklist.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a confined-area approach and landing by describing -

(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.

(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at appropriate time and in proper sequence.

(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.

(d) improper technique in the use of power, wing flaps, and trim.

(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.

(f) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.

(g) failure to maintain positive after-landing control.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a confined-area approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a confined-area approach and landing.

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1-75 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A XVI. AREA OF OPERATION: AFTER-LANDING AFTER-LANDING

PROCEDURESPROCEDURES NOTE: The examiner will select at least TASK E.

A. TASK: ANCHORING (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of anchoring by describing -

(a) how to select a suitable area for anchoring.

(b) recommended procedure for anchoring in a lake, river, or tidal area.

(c) number of anchors and li nes to be used to ensure seaplane security in various conditions.

(d) hazards to be avoided.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to anchoring by describing -

(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended procedures.

(b) consequences of poor planning, improper technique, or poor judgment when anchoring.

(c) consequences of failure to use anchor lines of adequate length and strength to ensure seaplane security.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously e xplains anchoring from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to anchoring.

### Page 196

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-76 B. TASK: DOCKING AND MOORING (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of docking and mooring by describing -

(a) recommended procedures for docking.

(b) recommended procedures for mooring.

(c) hazards to be considere d when docking and mooring.

(d) procedures to be followed to ensure seaplane security.

(e) requirement for mooring lights.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to docking and mooring by describing -

(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended procedures.

(b) consequences of poor planning, improper technique, or poor judgment when docking and mooring.

(c) consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to avoid hazards or to ensure that seaplane is secure.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains docking and mooring from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to docking and mooring.

### Page 197

1-77 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A C. TASK: BEACHING (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of beaching by describing -

(a) recommended procedures for beaching.

(b) factors to be considered such as beach selection, water depth, current, tide, and wind.

(c) procedures to be followed to ensure seaplane security.

(d) hazards to be avoided.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to beaching by describing -

(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended procedures.

(b) consequences of poor beach selection, poor planning, improper technique, or faulty judgment when beaching.

(c) consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to avoid hazards or to ensure that seaplane is secure.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains beaching from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to beaching.

### Page 198

FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-78 D. TASK: RAMPING (AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of ramping by describing -

(a) factors such as type of ramp sur face, wind, current, and direction and control of approach speed.

(b) recommended procedures for ramping.

(c) hazards to be avoided.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to ramping by describing -

(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended procedures.

(b) consequences of poor planning, improper technique, or faulty judgment when ramping.

(c) consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to avoid hazards or to ensure that the seaplane is secure.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains ramping from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to ramping.

E. TASK: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;

FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of postflight procedures by describing -

(a) parking technique and procedure (landplane).

(b) engine shutdown and securing cockpit.

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(c) deplaning passengers.

(d) securing airplane.

(e) postflight inspection.

(f) refueling.

2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to postflight procedures by describing -

(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended procedures.

(b) poor planning, improper technique, or faulty judgment in performance of postflight procedures.

3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains postflight procedures from an instructional standpoint.

4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to postflight procedures.

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