# AC 61-130: Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Glider - Type: Advisory circular (guidance, not mandatory unless a rule or AD requires it) - Status: Historical - Approved: July 19, 1999 - Last reviewed: October 21, 2024 - This change: Canceled by Memo signed by Joseph K. Tintera; dated 04/28/2005. - Family: AC 61-130 - 14 CFR parts: 1, 23, 43, 61, 91 - Pages: 74 - PDF: https://openairdocs.org/files/sha256/3d/8d/3d8d3e3952ab8be626c6af3bc51ddc70c36decdb729fb67e530712914c1343c1 - FAA DRS: https://drs.faa.gov/browse/excelExternalWindow/5AAA203DC0D69E49862569E7006DA93D.0001 - DRS record last changed: November 21, 2025 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ac/61-130 ## Versions - [AC 61-130](https://openairdocs.org/ac/61-130) (Historical), approved Jul 19, 1999, 74 pages. Canceled by Memo signed by Joseph K. Tintera; dated 04/28/2005. ## Text Each page's text from the PDF; open the PDF at a page with #page=N. ### Page 1 FAA-S-8081-8A U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR Practical Test Standards for GLIDER APRIL 1999 FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE Washington, DC 20591 ### Page 2 FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR Practical Test Standards for GLIDER 1999 FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE Washington, DC 20591 ### Page 3 FAA-S-8081-8A NOTE Material in FAA-S-8081-8A will be effective April 1, 1999. All previous editions of the Flight Instructor—Glider Practical Test Standards will be obsolete as of this date. ### Page 4 **FAA-S-8081-8A** FOREWORD The Flight Instructor—Glider Practical Test Standards (PTS) book has been published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish the standards for flight instructor certification practical tests for the glider category. FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners shall conduct practical tests in compliance with these standards. Flight instructors and applicants should find these standards helpful during training and when preparing for practical tests. ___________________________ L. Nicholas Lacey Director, Flight Standards Service ### Page 5 FAA-S-8081-8Ai **CONTENTS** INTRODUCTION … 1 General Information … 1 Practical Test Standard Concept … 2 Test Book Description … 2 Practical Test Standards Description … 2 Use of the Practical Test Standards Book … 4 Practical Test Prerequisites … 6 Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test … 7 Flight Instructor Responsibility … 7 Examiner Responsibility … 8 Satisfactory Performance … 8 Unsatisfactory Performance … 9 Crew Resource Management (CRM) … 10 Applicant’s Use of Checklists … 10 Use of Distractions During Practical Tests … 10 Positive Exchange of Flight Controls … 10 Additional Rating Table … 11 CHECKLISTS: Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist … 13 Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist … 15 AREAS OF OPERATION: I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING … 1-1 A. The Learning Process … 1-1 B. Human Behavior … 1-1 C. The Teaching Process … 1-2 D. Teaching Methods … 1-2 E. Critique and Evaluation … 1-2 F. Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities … 1-3 G. Planning Instructional Activity … 1-3 II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS … 1-4 A. Aeromedical Factors … 1-4 B. Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance … 1-4 C. Use of Distractions During Flight Training … 1-5 D. Principles of Flight … 1-5 E. Elevators, Ailerons, and Rudder … 1-5 F. Trim, Lift, and Drag Devices … 1-6 G. Glider Weight and Balance … 1-6 ### Page 6 FAA-S-8081-8A ii H. Navigation and Flight Planning … 1-6 I. Regulations and Publications … 1-7 J. National Airspace System … 1-7 K. Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements … 1-7 lll. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION … 1-8 A. Certificates and Documents … 1-8 B. Weather Information … 1-8 C. Operation of Systems … 1-9 D. Performance and Limitations … 1-9 **IV. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE** PERFORMED IN FLIGHT … 1-10 Maneuver Lesson … 1-10 V. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES … 1-11 A. Assembly … 1-11 B. Ground Handling … 1-12 C. Preflight Inspection … 1-13 D. Cockpit Management … 1-14 E. Visual Signals … 1-15 VI. AIRPORT AND GLIDERPORT OPERATIONS … 1-16 A. Radio Communications … 1-16 B. Traffic Patterns … 1-17 C. Airport, Runway, and Taxiway Signs, Markings, and Lighting … 1-18 VII. LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS … 1-19 **AERO TOW** A. Before Takeoff Check … 1-19 B. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff … 1-20 C. Maintaining Tow Positions … 1-21 D. Slack Line … 1-21 E. Boxing The Wake … 1-22 F. Tow Release … 1-23 G. Abnormal Occurrences … 1-23 ### Page 7 FAA-S-8081-8Aiii **GROUND TOW (AUTO OR WINCH)** H. Before Takeoff Check … 1-24 I. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff … 1-25 J. Abnormal Occurrences … 1-26 **SELF-LAUNCH** K. Engine Starting … 1-27 L. Taxiing … 1-28 M. Before Takeoff Check … 1-29 N. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb … 1-30 O. Engine Shutdown In Flight … 1-31 P. Engine Restart In Flight … 1-32 Q. Abnormal Occurrences … 1-33 **LANDINGS** R. Normal and Crosswind Landing … 1-34 S. Slips to Landing … 1-35 T. Downwind Landing … 1-36 VIII. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT … 1-37 A. Straight Glides … 1-37 B. Turns To Headings … 1-38 IX. PERFORMANCE AIRSPEEDS … 1-39 A. Minimum Sink Airspeed … 1-39 B. Speed-To-Fly … 1-40 X. SOARING TECHNIQUES … 1-41 A. Thermal Soaring … 1-41 B. Ridge and Slope Soaring … 1-42 C. Wave Soaring … 1-43 Xl. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS … 1-44 A. Steep Turns … 1-44 B. Recovery From a Spiral Dive … 1-45 ### Page 8 FAA-S-8081-8A iv XII. SLOW FLIGHT, STALLS, AND SPINS … 1-46 A. Maneuvering at Minimum Control Airspeed … 1-46 B. Stall Recognition and Recovery … 1-47 C. Spins … 1-48 XIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS … 1-49 A. Simulated Off-Airport Landing … 1-49 B. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear … 1-50 XIV. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES … 1-51 After-Landing and Securing … 1-51 ### Page 9 **FAA-S-8081-8A1** INTRODUCTION General Information The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed this practical test book as the standard to be used by FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners when conducting flight instructor—glider practical tests. Flight instructors are expected to use this book when preparing applicants for practical tests. Applicants should be familiar with this book and refer to these standards during their training. Information considered directive in nature is described in this practical test book in terms, such as “shall” and “must” indicating the actions are mandatory. Guidance information is described in terms, such as “should” and “may” indicating the actions are desirable or permissive, but not mandatory. The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by many individuals and organizations throughout the aviation community who contributed their time and talent in assisting with the revision of these practical test standards. These practical test standards may be accessed through the Internet at www.fedworld.gov/pub/faa-att/faa-att.htm, or by modem at 703-321-3339. You may purchase these standards from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Changes to these standards, in accordance with AC 60-27, Announcement of Availability: Changes to Practical Test Standards, will be available through the Internet and then later incorporated into a printed revision. For a listing of changes, AFS-600’s Internet web site may be accessed at www.mmac.jccbi.gov/afs/afs600.htm. Comments regarding this publication should be sent to: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Flight Standards Service Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630 P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125 ### Page 10 FAA-S-8081-8A 2 Practical Test Standard Concept Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 specifies the areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the applicant before the issuance of a flight instructor certificate with the associated category and class ratings. The CFR’s provide the flexibility to permit the FAA to publish practical test standards containing the AREAS OF OPERATION and specific TASKS in which competency shall be demonstrated. The FAA shall revise this book whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the interest of safety. Adherence to the provisions of the regulations and the practical test standards is mandatory for the evaluation of flight instructor applicants. Test Book Description This test book contains the practical test standards for flight instructor— glider. Other flight instructor practical test books include: FAA-S-8081-6 Flight Instructor—Airplane (Single-Engine and Multiengine) FAA-S-8081-7 Flight Instructor—Rotorcraft (Helicopter and Gyroplane) FAA-S-8081-9 Flight Instructor—Instrument (Airplane and Helicopter) The flight instructor practical test standards include the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS required for the issuance of an initial flight instructor certificate and for the addition of a category and/or class rating to that certificate. Practical Test Standards Description AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test arranged in a logical sequence within each standard. They begin with Fundamentals of Instructing and end with Postflight Procedures. The examiner, however, may conduct the practical test in any sequence that will result in a complete and efficient test. TASKS are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION. NOTE is used to emphasize special considerations required in the AREA OF OPERATION or TASK. ### Page 11 FAA-S-8081-8A3 REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the TASK. Descriptions of TASKS and maneuver tolerances are not included in these standards because this information can be found in the current issue of the listed reference. Publications other than those listed may be used for references if their content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced publications. These practical test standards are based on the following references. 14 CFR part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations 14 CFR part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes 14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration 14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors 14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules NTSB part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents and Incidents AC 00-2 Advisory Circular Checklist AC 00-6 Aviation Weather AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services AC 60-14 Aviation Instructor’s Handbook AC 61-21 Flight Training Handbook AC 61-23 Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors AC 61-67 Stall and Spin Awareness Training AC 61-84 Role of Preflight Preparation AC 61-94 Pilot Transition Course for Self-Launching or Powered Sailplanes (Motorgliders) AC 61-98 Currency and Additional Qualification Requirements for Certificated Pilots AC 90-48 Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance AC 90-66 Recommended Standard Traffic Patterns and Practices for Aeronautical Operations at Airports without Operating Control Towers FAA-S-8081-22 Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for Glider FAA-S-8081-23 Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Glider AIM Aeronautical Information Manual AFD Airport Facility Directory NOTAM’s Notices to Airmen Other Soaring Flight Manual (Jeppesen Sanderson) Glider Flight Manuals ### Page 12 FAA-S-8081-8A 4 The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily performed to demonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective includes: 1. specifically what the applicant should be able to do; 2. conditions under which the TASK is to be performed; and 3. acceptable performance standards. The examiner determines that the applicant meets the TASK Objective through the demonstration of competency in various elements of knowledge and/or skill. The Objectives of TASKS in certain AREAS OF OPERATION, such as Fundamentals of Instructing and Technical Subjects, include only knowledge elements. Objectives of TASKS in AREAS OF OPERATION that include elements of skill, as well as knowledge, also include common errors which the applicant shall be able to describe, recognize, analyze, and correct. The Objective of a TASK that involves pilot skill consists of four parts. The four parts include determination that the applicant exhibits: 1. instructional knowledge of the elements of a TASK. This is accomplished through descriptions, explanations, and simulated instruction; 2. instructional knowledge of common errors related to a TASK, including their recognition, analysis, and correction; 3. the ability to demonstrate and simultaneously explain the key elements of a TASK. The TASK demonstration must be to the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level; the teaching techniques and procedures should conform to those set forth in AC 60-14, Aviation Instructor's Handbook, and AC 61-21, Flight Training Handbook; and 4. the ability to analyze and correct common errors related to a TASK. Use of the Practical Test Standards Book The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance with the appropriate flight instructor practical test standards and the policies set forth in the INTRODUCTION. All of the procedures and maneuvers in the private pilot and commercial pilot practical test standards have been included in the flight instructor practical test standards; however, to permit completion of the practical test for initial certification within a reasonable timeframe, the examiner shall select one or more TASKS in each AREA OF OPERATION. In certain AREAS OF OPERATION, there are required TASKS which the examiner must select. These required TASKS are identified by a NOTE immediately following each AREA OF OPERATION title. ### Page 13 FAA-S-8081-8A5 In preparation for each practical test, the examiner shall develop a written “plan of action.” The examiner will vary each “plan of action ” to ensure that all TASKS in the appropriate practical test standard are evaluated during a given number of practical tests. Except for required TASKS, the examiner should avoid using the same optional TASKS in order to avoid becoming stereotyped. The “plan of action” for a practical test for initial certification shall include one or more TASKS in each AREA OF OPERATION and shall always include the required TASKS. The “plan of action” for a practical test for the addition of an aircraft category and/or class rating to a flight instructor certificate, shall include the required AREAS OF OPERATION as indicated in the Additional Rating Table at the beginning of each standard. The required TASKS appropriate to the additional rating(s) sought shall be included. Any TASK selected for evaluation during the practical test shall be evaluated in its entirety. The flight instructor applicant shall be prepared in all knowledge and skill areas and demonstrate the ability to instruct effectively in all TASKS included in the AREAS OF OPERATION of the appropriate practical test standard. Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall evaluate the applicant's ability to demonstrate and simultaneously explain the selected procedures and maneuvers, and to give flight instruction to students at various stages of flight training and levels of experience. The term “instructional knowledge” means the “what,” “why,” and “how” of a subject matter topic, procedure, or maneuver. It also means that the flight instructor applicant's discussions, explanations, and descriptions should follow the recommended teaching procedures and techniques explained in AC 60-14, Aviation Instructor's Handbook. The purpose for including common errors in certain TASKS is to assist the examiner in determining that the flight instructor applicant has the ability to recognize, analyze, and correct such errors. The examiner shall not simulate any condition that may jeopardize safe flight or result in possible damage to the aircraft. The common errors listed in the TASK Objectives may or may not be found in the TASK References; however, the FAA considers their frequency of occurrence justification for their inclusion in the TASK Objectives. The examiner shall place special emphasis on the applicant's demonstrated ability to teach precise aircraft control and sound judgment in aeronautical decision making. Evaluation of the applicant's ability to teach judgment shall be accomplished by asking the applicant to describe the oral discussions and the presentation of practical problems that would be used in instructing students in the exercise of sound judgment. The examiner shall also emphasize the evaluation of the applicant's demonstrated ability to teach spatial disorientation, wake turbulence and low-level wind shear avoidance, checklist usage, positive exchange of flight controls, and any other directed special emphasis areas. ### Page 14 FAA-S-8081-8A 6 Practical Test Prerequisites An applicant for the flight instructor —glider initial certification practical test is required by 14 CFR part 61 to: 1. be at least 18 years of age; 2. be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If there is a doubt, use AC 60-28, English Language Skill Standards; 3. hold either a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot certificate with an aircraft rating appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought; 4. have passed the appropriate flight instructor knowledge test(s) since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which he or she takes the practical test; 5. have an endorsement from an authorized instructor on the fundamentals of instructing appropriate to the required knowledge test; and 6. have an endorsement from an authorize d instructor certifying that the applicant has been given flight training in the AREAS OF OPERATION listed in 14 CFR section 61.187, for the flight instructor rating sought in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of application . The endorsement shall also state that the instructor finds the applicant prepared for the required practical test, and that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject area(s) in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test. An applicant holding a flight instructor certificate who applies for an additional rating on that certificate is required by 14 CFR part 61 to: 1. hold an effective pilot certificate with ratings appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought; 2. have at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category and class aircraft appropriate to the rating sought; 3. have passed the appropriate knowledge test prescribed for the issuance of a flight instructor certificate with the rating sought since the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which he or she takes the practical test; and 4. have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the applicant has been given flight training in the applicable AREAS OF OPERATION listed in 14 CFR section 61.187, for the flight instructor rating sought in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding the date of application. The endorsement shall also state that the instructor finds the applicant prepared for the required practical test, and that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject area(s) in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test. Although 14 CFR section ### Page 15 **FAA-S-8081-8A7** 61.191 refers to additional flight instructor ratings, the basis for the knowledge and practical tests required for any additional flight instructor rating can be found in 14 CFR section 61.187. Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test The flight instructor —glider applicant is required by 14 CF R section 61.45, to provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the practical test. This section further requires that the aircraft must: 1. have fully functioning dual controls, except as provided for in 14 CFR section 61.45(c) and (e); and 2. be capable of performing all AREAS OF OPERATION appropriate for the instructor rating sought and have no operating limitations which prohibit its use in any of the AREAS OF OPERATION required for the practical test. Flight Instructor Responsibility An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the flight instructor applicant to acceptable standards in all subject matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKS within each AREA OF OPERATION in the appropriate flight instructor practical test standard. Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to students. The flight instructor shall certify that the applicant is: 1. able to make a practical application of the fundamentals of instructing; 2. competent to teach the subject matter, procedures, and maneuvers included in the standards to students with varying backgrounds and levels of experience and ability; 3. able to perform the procedures and maneuvers included in the standards to at least the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level1 while giving effective flight instruction; and 4. competent to pass the required practical test for the issuance of the flight instructor certificate with the associated category and class ratings or the addition of a category and/or class rating to a flight instructor certificate. 1 Commercial Pilot skill level is defined as performing a procedure or maneuver within the tolerances listed in the FAA commercial pilot practical test standards. If the maneuver appears only in the private pilot practical test standards, the term means that the applicant’s performance is expected to be more precise than indicated by the stated tolerances. ### Page 16 FAA-S-8081-8A 8 Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible for emphasizing the performance of, and the ability to teach, effective visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures. Examiner2 Responsibility The examiner conducting the practical test is responsible for determining that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of teaching ability, knowledge, and skill in the selected TASKS. The examiner makes this determination by accomplishing an Objective that is appropriate to each selected TASK, and includes an evaluation of the applicant's: 1. ability to apply the fundamentals of instructing; 2. knowledge of, and ability to teach, the subject matter, procedures, and maneuvers covered in the TASKS; 3. ability to perform the procedures and maneuvers included in the standards to at least the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level while giving effective flight instruction; and 4. ability to analyze and correct common errors related to the procedures and maneuvers covered in the TASKS. It is intended that oral questioning be used at any time during the ground or flight portion of the practical test to determine that the applicant can instruct effectively and has a comprehensive knowledge of the TASKS and their related safety factors. During the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall act as a student during selected maneuvers. This will give the examiner an opportunity to evaluate the flight instructor applicant’s ability to analyze and correct simulated common errors related to these maneuvers. T he examiner will also evaluate the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures, and the applicant’s ability to teach those procedures. Satisfactory Performance The practical test is passed if, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant demonstrates satisfactory performance with regard to: 1. knowledge of the fundamentals of instructing; 2. knowledge of the technical subject areas; 3. knowledge of the flight instructor's responsibilities concerning the pilot certification process; 2 The word "examiner" is used throughout the standards to denote either the FAA inspector or FAA designated pilot examiner who conducts an official practical test. ### Page 17 **FAA-S-8081-8A9** 4. knowledge of the flight instructor's responsibilities concerning logbook entries and pilot certificate endorsements; 5. ability to demonstrate the procedures and maneuvers selected by the examiner to at least the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level while giving effective instruction; 6. competence in teaching the procedures and maneuvers selected by the examiner; 7. competence in describing, recognizing, analyzing, and correcting common errors simulated by the examiner; and 8. knowledge of the development and effective use of a course of training, a syllabus, and a lesson plan. Unsatisfactory Performance If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not meet the standards of performance of any TASK performed, the associated AREA OF OPERATION is failed and therefore, the practical test is failed. The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test at any time when the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes the applicant ineligible for the certificate or rating sought. The test may be continued ONLY with the consent of the applicant. If the test is discontinued, the applicant is entitled to credit for only those AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS satisfactorily performed; however, during the retest, and at the discretion of the examiner, any TASK may be re-evaluated, including those previously passed. Specific reasons for disqualification are: 1. failure to perform a procedure or maneuver to the COMMERCIAL PILOT skill level while giving effective flight instruction; 2. failure to provide an effective instructional explanation while demonstrating a procedure or maneuver (explanation during the demonstration must be clear, concise, technically accurate, and complete with no prompting from the examiner); 3. any action or lack of action by the applicant which requires corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight; and 4. failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers. When a notice of disapproval is issued, the examiner shall record the applicant’s unsatisfactory performance in terms of AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS. ### Page 18 FAA-S-8081-8A 10 Crew Resource Management (CRM) CRM refers to the effective use of all available resources; human resources, hardware, and information. Human resources include all groups routinely working with the cockpit crew or pilot who are involved with decisions that are required to operate a flight safely. These groups include, but are not limited to: dispatchers, cabin crewmembers, maintenance personnel, air traffic controllers, and weather services. CRM is not a single TASK, but a set of competencies that must be evident in all TASKS in this practical test standard as applied to either crew or single pilot operations. Applicant's Use of Checklists Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific TASK being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the checklist, while accomplishing elements of an Objective, would be either unsafe or impractical, especially in a single-pilot operation. In this case, a review of the checklist after the elements have been accomplished, would be appropriate. Division of attention and proper visual scanning should be considered when using a checklist. Use of Distractions During Practical Tests Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate the applicant’s ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and outside the cockpit, the examiner shall cause a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining safe flight. Positive Exchange of Flight Controls During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding between students and flight instructors of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. When the instructor wishes the student to take control of the aircraft, he or she will say, “You have the flight contro ls.” The student acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls. ” The flight instructor again says, “You have the flight controls.” When control is returned to the instructor, follow the same procedure. A visual check is recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There should never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft. ### Page 19 **FAA-S-8081-8A11** **ADDITIONAL RATING TABLE** **ADDITION OF A GLIDER CATEGORY RATING TO A FLIGHT** **INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATE** **AREAS OF** **OPERATION** **FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATE** **AND RATING HELD** **ASE AME RH RG IAH** I NO NO NO NO NO **II YES YES YES YES YES** **III YES YES YES YES YES** IV NO NO NO NO NO **V YES YES YES YES YES** VI YES YES YES YES YES VII YES* YES* YES* YES* YES* **VIII YES YES YES YES YES** **IX YES YES YES YES YES** **X YES YES YES YES YES** XI YES YES YES YES YES XII YES** YES YES YES YES **XIII YES YES YES YES YES** XIV YES YES YES YES YES LEGEND ASE Airplane Single-Engine AME Airplane Multiengine RH Rotorcraft Helicopter RG Rotorcraft Gyroplane IAH Instrument Airplane/Helicopter * Examiner shall select kind of launch based on the applicant’s qualifications. ** Task C not required. NOTE: The applicant who has satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training and received an endorsement from an authorized instructor on ground tow, aero tow, and/or self-launch procedures will be evaluated in only one kind of launch procedure. The applicant’s instructing privileges will include each kind of launch for which previously endorsed. ### Page 20 FAA-S-8081-8A13 APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST Flight Instructor—Glider EXAMINER’S NAME_______________________________ LOCATION_______________________________________ DATE/TIME______________________________________ ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT  Aircraft Documents: Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate Operating Limitations  Aircraft Maintenance Records: Record of Airworthiness Inspections and Current Status of Applicable Airworthiness Directives € Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Glider Flight Manual PERSONAL EQUIPMENT  Practical Test Standard  Current Aeronautical Charts  Computer and Plotter  Flight Plan and Flight Log Forms  Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate Publications PERSONAL RECORDS € Identification - Photo/Signature ID  Pilot Certificate  Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature (if applicable)  Airman Test Report  Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements  FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)  Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)  Examiner’s Fee (if applicable) ### Page 21 FAA-S-8081-8A15 EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST Flight Instructor—Glider APPLICANT'S NAME_______________________________ LOCATION_______________________________________ DATE/TIME______________________________________ I. FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING  A. The Learning Process  B. Human Behavior  C. The Teaching Process  D. Teaching Methods  E. Critique and Evaluation  F. Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities  G. Planning Instructional Activity II. TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS  A. Aeromedical Factors  B. Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance  C. Use of Distractions During Flight Training  D. Principles of Flight  E. Elevators, Ailerons, and Rudder  F. Trim, Lift, and Drag Devices  G. Glider Weight and Balance  H. Navigation and Flight Planning  I. Regulations and Publications  J. National Airspace System  K. Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements III. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION  A. Certificates and Documents  B. Weather Information  C. Operation of Systems  D. Performance and Limitations IV. PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT  Maneuver Lesson ### Page 22 FAA-S-8081-8A 16 V. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES  A. Assembly  B. Ground Handling  C. Preflight Inspection  D. Cockpit Management  E. Visual Signals VI. AIRPORT AND GLIDERPORT OPERATIONS  A. Radio Communications  B. Traffic Patterns  C. Airport, Runway, and Taxiway Signs, Markings, and Lighting VII. LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS AERO TOW  A. Before Takeoff Check  B. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff  C. Maintaining Tow Positions  D. Slack Line  E. Boxing The Wake  F. Tow Release  G. Abnormal Occurrences GROUND TOW (AUTO OR WINCH)  H. Before Takeoff Check  I. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff  J. Abnormal Occurrences SELF-LAUNCH  K. Engine Starting  L. Taxiing  M. Before Takeoff Check  N. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb  O. Engine Shutdown In Flight  P. Engine Restart In Flight  Q. Abnormal Occurrences LANDINGS  R. Normal and Crosswind Landing  S. Slips to Landing  T. Downwind Landing ### Page 23 FAA-S-8081-8A17 VIII. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT  A. Straight Glides  B. Turns to Headings IX. PERFORMANCE AIRSPEEDS  A. Minimum Sink Airspeed  B. Speed-To-Fly X. SOARING TECHNIQUES  A. Thermal Soaring  B. Ridge and Slope Soaring  C. Wave Soaring XI. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS  A. Steep Turns  B. Recovery From a Spiral Dive XII. SLOW FLIGHT, STALLS, AND SPINS  A. Maneuvering at Minimum Control Airspeed  B. Stall Recognition and Recovery  C. Spins XIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS  A. Simulated Off-Airport Landing  B. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear XIV. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES  After-Landing and Securing ### Page 24 FAA-S-8081-8A1-1 I. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING NOTE: The examiner will select at least TASKS E and F. A. TASK: THE LEARNING PROCESS REFERENCE: AC 60-14. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the learning process by describing: 1. The definition and characteristics of learning. 2. Practical application of the laws of learning. 3. Factors involved in how people learn. 4. Recognition and proper use of the various levels of learning. 5. Principles that are applied in learning a skill. 6. Factors of forgetting and retention. 7. How the transfer of learning affects the learning process. 8. How the formation of habit patterns affects the learning process. B. TASK: HUMAN BEHAVIOR REFERENCE: AC 60-14. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of human behavior by describing: 1. Control of human behavior. 2. Development of student potential. 3. Relationship of human needs to behavior and learning. 4. Relationship of defense mechanisms to student learning and pilot decision making. 5. General rules that a flight instructor should follow during student training to ensure good human relations. ### Page 25 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-2 C. TASK: THE TEACHING PROCESS REFERENCE: AC 60-14. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by describing: 1. Preparation of a lesson for a ground or flight instructional period. 2. Presentation of knowledge and skills, including the methods which are suitable in particular situations. 3. Application, by the student, of the knowledge and skills presented by the instructor. 4. Review of the material presented and the evaluation of student performance and accomplishment. D. TASK: TEACHING METHODS REFERENCE: AC 60-14. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by describing: 1. The organization of a lesson, i.e., introduction, development, and conclusion. 2. The lecture method. 3. The guided discussion method. 4. The demonstration-performance method. 5. Computer and/or video assisted instruction. E. TASK: CRITIQUE AND EVALUATION REFERENCE: AC 60-14. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of critique and evaluation by describing: 1. Purpose and characteristics of an effective critique. 2. Difference between critique and evaluation. 3. Characteristics of effective oral questions and what type to avoid. 4. Responses to student questions. 5. Characteristics and development of effective written tests. 6. Characteristics and uses of performance tests, specifically, the FAA practical test standards. ### Page 26 FAA-S-8081-8A1-3 F. TASK: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPONSIBILITIES REFERENCE: AC 60-14. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities by describing: 1. Characteristics and qualifications of a professional flight instructor. 2. Role of the flight instructor in dealing with student stress, anxiety, and psychological abnormalities. 3. Flight instructor's responsibility with regard to student pilot supervision and surveillance. 4. Flight instructor's authority and responsibility for endorsements and recommendations. 5. Flight instructor's responsibility in the conduct of the required FAA flight review. G. TASK: PLANNING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY REFERENCE: AC 60-14. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of planning instructional activity by describing: 1. Development of a course of training. 2. Content and use of a training syllabus. 3. Purpose, characteristics, proper use, and items of a lesson plan. 4. Flexibility features of a course of training, syllabus, and lesson plan required to accommodate students with varying backgrounds, levels of experience, and ability. ### Page 27 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-4 II. AREA OF OPERATION: TECHNICAL SUBJECT AREAS NOTE: The examiner will select TASK K and at least one other TASK. A. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS REFERENCES: AC 61-23; AIM, Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by describing: 1. Hypoxia, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action. 2. Hyperventilation, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action. 3. Middle ear and sinus problems, their causes, effects, and corrective action. 4. Spatial disorientation, its causes, effects, and corrective action. 5. Motion sickness, its causes, effects, and corrective action. 6. Effects of alcohol and drugs, and their relationship to safety. 7. Effects of dehydration and their relationship to flight safety. 8. Carbon monoxide poisoning, its symptoms, effects and corrective action (self-launch). 9. How evolved gas from scuba diving can effect a pilot during flight. 10. Fatigue, its effects and corrective action. B. TASK: VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE REFERENCES: AC 61-23, AC 90-48; AIM. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of visual scanning and collision avoidance by describing: 1. Relationship between a pilot’s physical or mental condition and vision. 2. Environmental conditions and optical illusions that affect vision. 3. “See and avoid” concept. 4. Practice of “time sharing” of attention inside and outside the cockpit. 5. Proper visual scanning technique. 6. Relationship between poor visual scanning habits, aircraft speed differential, and increased collision risk. 7. Appropriate clearing procedures. 8. Situations which involve the greatest collision risk. ### Page 28 FAA-S-8081-8A1-5 C. TASK: USE OF DISTRACTIONS DURING FLIGHT TRAINING REFERENCE: AC 61-67. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to use of distractions during flight training by describing: 1. Flight situations where pilot distraction can be a causal factor related to aircraft accidents. 2. Selection of realistic distractions for specific flight situations. 3. Relationship between division of attention and flight instructor’s use of distractions. 4. Difference between proper use of distractions and harassment. D. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 61-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To d etermine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to principles of flight by describing: 1. Glider and airfoil design characteristics. 2. The three axes of rotation and stability about those axes. 3. Lift/drag relationship. 4. Forces acting on a glider in straight flight and turns. 5. Stalls and spins. E. TASK: ELEVATORS, AILERONS, AND RUDDER REFERENCES: AC 61-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to elevators, ailerons, and rudder by describing: 1. Purpose of each primary control. 2. Location, attachments, and system of control. 3. Direction of movement relative to airflow. 4. Effect on glider control. 5. Proper technique for use. 6. Adverse yaw. ### Page 29 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-6 F. TASK: TRIM, LIFT, AND DRAG DEVICES REFERENCES: Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to trim, lift, and drag devices by describing: 1. Purpose. 2. Location, attachments, and system of control. 3. Direction of trim movement relative to airflow and the primary control surface. 4. Effect on glider control. 5. Proper technique for use. G. TASK: GLIDER WEIGHT AND BALANCE REFERENCES: AC 61-23; Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of glider weight and balance by describing: 1. Weight and balance terms. 2. Effect of weight and balance on performance. 3. Determination of total weight, center of gravity, and changes that occur when adding, removing, or shifting weight. 4. Purpose and effect of removable ballast on performance. H. TASK: NAVIGATION AND FLIGHT PLANNING REFERENCES: AC 61-23; AIM, Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to navigation and flight planning by describing: 1. Terms used in navigation. 2. Importance of using proper and current aeronautical charts. 3. Features of aeronautical charts to include identification of various types of airspace and symbols. 4. Method of plotting a course and selecting prominent en route checkpoints. 5. Fundamentals of pilotage and dead reckoning. 6. Importance of a weather check and the use of good judgment in making a “go/no-go” decision. 7. Construction of a flight profile to determine minimum flight altitude required at “go-ahead points.” 8. Factors that should be considered in the selection of a suitable landing area in the event an off-airport landing must be accomplished. ### Page 30 FAA-S-8081-8A1-7 I. TASK: REGULATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 1, 61, and 91; NTSB Part 830; AC 00-2, AC 61-94; AIM, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to regulations and publications, their purpose, general content, availability, and method of revision by describing: 1. 14 CFR parts 1, 61, and 91. 2. NTSB Part 830. 3. Flight Information Publications. 4. Practical Test Standards. 5. Glider Flight Manual, if applicable. J. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AIM. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the national airspace system by describing: 1. General dimensions and operating requirements of airspace classes. 2. Operating limitations associated with controlled, uncontrolled, special use, and other airspace. K. TASK: LOGBOOK ENTRIES AND CERTIFICATE ENDORSEMENTS REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 61; AC 61-65, AC 61-98. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to logbook entries and certificate endorsements by describing: 1. Required logbook entries for instruction given, including type of launches. 2. Required student pilot certificate endorsements, including appropriate logbook entries. 3. Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test, including the appropriate logbook entry. 4. Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory completion of an FAA flight review. 5. Required flight instructor records. ### Page 31 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-8 III. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, and 91; AC 61-23; Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by describing: 1. Requirements for issuance of pilot and flight instructor certificates and ratings, and the privileges and limitations of those certificates and ratings. 2. Medical fitness. 3. Airworthiness and registration certificates. 4. Glider flight manuals. 5. Glider maintenance/inspection requirements and associated records. B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION REFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-23, and AC 61-84; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to weather information by describing: 1. Importance of a thorough weather check. 2. Various sources for obtaining weather information. 3. Use of weather reports, forecasts, and charts, including stability charts. 4. Use of PIREP’s, SlGMET’s, and AlRMET’s. 5. Recognition of aviation weather hazards and their effects on glider operations. 6. Factors to be considered in making a “go/no-go” decision. 7. The relationship of the following factors to the lifting process— a. pressure and temperature lapse rates. b. atmospheric instability. c. thermal index and thermal production. d. cloud formation and identification. e. frontal weather. f. land, sea, and valley breezes. g. orographic lift. h. mountain waves. ### Page 32 FAA-S-8081-8A1-9 C. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS REFERENCES: AC 61-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems of the glider used for the practical test, by describing: 1. Magnetic compass. 2. Yaw string or inclinometer. 3. Airspeed indicator and altimeter. 4. Variometer and total energy compensator. 5. Gyroscopic instruments. 6. Electrical. 7. Landing gear and brakes. 8. Avionics. 9. Oxygen equipment. D. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS REFERENCES: Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by describing: 1. Determination of weight and balance condition. 2. Use of per formance charts and other data for determining performance in various phases of flight. 3. Effects of density altitude, wind, and other atmospheric conditions on performance. 4. Applicable performance speeds, and their uses. 5. Relationship between airspeeds and load factors. 6. Purpose and effect of water ballast on performance. 7. Factors to be considered in determining that the required performance is within the glider’s capabilities and limitations. ### Page 33 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-10 IV. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT LESSON ON A MANEUVER TO BE PERFORMED IN FLIGHT NOTE: The examiner shall select at least one maneuver from AREAS OF OPERATION VlI through Xll, and ask the applicant to present a preflight lesson on the selected maneuver as the lesson would be taught to a student. Previously developed lesson plans from the applicant’s library may be used. TASK: MANEUVER LESSON REFERENCES: AC 60-14; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the selected maneuver by: 1. Using a lesson plan that includes all essential items to make an effective and organized presentation. 2. Stating the objective. 3. Giving an accurate, comprehensive oral description of the maneuver, including the elements and associated common errors. 4. Using instructional aids, as appropriate. 5. Describing the recognition, analysis, and correction of common errors. ### Page 34 FAA-S-8081-8A1-11 V. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. A. TASK: ASSEMBLY REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to assembly by describing— a. selection of a suitable assembly area and sufficient crewmembers for assembly. b. importance of following a checklist. c. proper handling of components. d. cleaning and lubricating parts, as appropriate. e. post-assembly inspection, to include accounting for parts, tools, and making a positive control check. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to assembly by describing— a. poor planning with regard to selection of a suitable assembly area, or the availability of sufficient number of crewmembers for assembly. b. failure to use a checklist. c. careless handling of components. d. failure to clean and lubricate parts, as appropriate. e. omission, or careless performance, of a post-assembly inspection, including a positive control check. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains assembly from an instructional standpoint. ### Page 35 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-12 B. TASK: GROUND HANDLING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to ground handling by describing— a. selection and use of proper ground handling equipment for existing conditions. b. proper positioning and use of a sufficient number of crewmembers. c. proper positioning and securing of controls. d. precautions to be taken with regard to the canopy(ies). e. importance of ensuring that placards or cautions are observed when handling glider structure. f. importance of following a suitable route, using an appropriate speed, and being aware of obstructions. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to ground handling by describing— a. failure to select and use proper ground handling equipment. b. hazards of attempting to move the glider with an insufficient number of crewmembers. c. failure to properly position or secure controls. d. failure to secure canopy(ies). e. failure to follow directions stated on placards. f. poor choice of route, use of inappropriate speed, and lack of obstruction awareness. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains ground handling from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to ground handling. ### Page 36 FAA-S-8081-8A1-13 C. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to a preflight inspection, as appropriate, to the glider used for the practical test, by describing— a. reasons for the preflight inspection, items that should be inspected, and how defects are detected. b. importance of using an appropriate checklist. c. inspection of oxygen system, if applicable. d. detection of visible structural damage. e. determination that glider components are pro perly assembled and attachments secure, including flight controls. f. ballast management, including c.g. weights and water ballast. g. inspection of towline, tow hitch, weak link, and release mechanism. h. use of sound judgment in determining whether glider is in condition for safe flight. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a preflight inspection by describing— a. failure to use, or improper use of, the checklist. b. hazards that may result from allowing distractions to interrupt a preflight inspection. c. inability to recognize discrepancies. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a preflight inspection from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to a preflight inspection. ### Page 37 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-14 D. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT REFERENCES: AC 60-14; 14 CFR part 91; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of cockpit management by describing— a. proper arranging and securing of essential materials and equipment in the cockpit. b. proper use and/or adjustment of cockpit items, such as safety belts, shoulder harnesses, rudder pedals, seats, and parachutes. c. occupant briefing on emergency procedures, and use of safety belts and shoulder harnesses. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to cockpit management by describing— a. failure to place and secure essential materials and equipment for easy access during flight. b. improper adjustment of equipment and controls. c. failure to brief occupants on emergency procedures, and use of safety belts and shoulder harnesses. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains cockpit management from an instructional standpoint. ### Page 38 FAA-S-8081-8A1-15 E. TASK: VISUAL SIGNALS NOTE: The applicant’s competence with regard to emergency signals may be evaluated through oral testing. REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to visual signals by describing the— a. pre-launch signals, including purpose of and proper response to each. b. launch signals, including purpose of and proper response to each. c. airborne signals, including purpose of and proper response to each. d. emergency signals, including purpose of and proper response to each. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to visual signals by describing the— a. improper transmission of pre-launch and launch signals to crewmembers. b. improper response to launch signals. c. improper transmission of airborne signals to tow pilot. d. improper response to airborne signals from tow pilot. e. improper transmission of, or response to, airborne emergency signals. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains visual signals from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to visual signals. ### Page 39 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-16 VI. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT AND GLIDERPORT OPERATIONS NOTE: The examiner shall select at least one TASK. A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS REFERENCES: AC 61-23; AIM; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of radio communications by describing— a. selection and use of appropriate radio frequencies. b. recommended procedure and phraseology for radio voice communications. c. receipt, acknowledgment of, and compliance with, ATC clearances and other instructions. d. prescribed procedure for radio communications failure. e. interpretation of, and compliance with, ATC light signals. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to radio communications by describing— a. use of improper frequencies. b. improper techniques and phraseologies when using radio voice communications. c. failure to acknowledge, or properly comply with, ATC clearances and other instructions. d. use of improper procedures for radio communications failure. e. failure to understand, or to properly comply with, ATC light signals. ### Page 40 FAA-S-8081-8A1-17 B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 90-66; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns by describing— a. segments (or legs) and procedures applicable to flying a normal glider traffic pattern. b. importance of pilot awareness of co-existing traffic patterns/runways, use of proper visual scanning technique, and maintenance of spacing on other aircraft. c. completion of pre-landing checklist. d. appropriate airspeed and proper technique for wind drift correction. e. selection of touchdown and stop points. f. appropriate corrections and compensations for lift and sink areas. g. considerations for wind shear. h. proper planning and use of flaps, spoilers, and/or dive brakes. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to traffic patterns by describing— a. failure to scan properly and have appropriate spacing. b. poorly planned entry leg. c. improper correction for wind drift. d. rough or uncoordinated control technique. e. poor judgment in the selection of touchdown and stop points. f. failure to maintain appropriate airspeed. g. failure to apply needed corrections at various points in the pattern. h. hazards of a low base leg and a low uncoordinated turn to final. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains traffic patterns from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to traffic patterns. ### Page 41 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-18 C. TASK: AIRPORT, RUNWAY, AND TAXIWAY SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING REFERENCES: AIM; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of airport, runway, and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting by describing: 1. Identification and proper interpretation of airport, runway, and taxiway signs, and markings. 2. Identification and proper interpretation of airport, runway, and taxiway lighting. ### Page 42 FAA-S-8081-8A1-19 VlI. AREA OF OPERATION: LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS NOTE: Examiner shall select kind of launch based on the applicant’s qualifications. AERO TOW NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. A. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check by describing— a. reason for performing each checklist item. b. establishment, with crewmembers, of a proper course of action, including visual signals, speeds, wind, and emergency procedures. c. proper procedure for setting altimeter, checking and adjusting controls, and closing and securing canopy(ies). d. use of the appropriate hitch for the type of launch to be conducted. e. proper procedure for checking towline hookup and release mechanism. f. importance of reviewing takeoff emergency procedures. g. method used for ensuring adequate clearance from other traffic. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to the before takeoff check by describing— a. omission or improper accomplishment of essential items. b. failure to use proper visual signals. c. failure to check or properly adjust controls. d. failure to follow proper procedure for checking towline hookup and release mechanism. e. hazards of failing to review takeoff emergency procedures. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains the before takeoff check from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to the before takeoff check. ### Page 43 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-20 B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind takeoff by describing— a. glider configuration and positioning on the runway. b. initial positioning of controls. c. use of proper pre-launch and launch visual signals. d. directional control during takeoff roll. e. crosswind control technique. f. proper lift-off attitude, maintenance of alignment with the towplane, and climbout technique. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a normal and crosswind takeoff by describing— a. improper glider configuration. b. improper initial positioning of flight controls. c. use of improper visual signals. d. failure to maintain alignment behind towplane before towplane becomes airborne. e. improper position relative to towplane during liftoff. f. improper glider position, in crosswind, after towplane becomes airborne. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or crosswind takeoff from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to a normal or crosswind takeoff. ### Page 44 FAA-S-8081-8A1-21 C. TASK: MAINTAINING TOW POSITIONS REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to maintaining tow positions by describing— a. high tow and low tow, including purpose, recognition, and control technique for each. b. wake turbulence associated with towplane. c. proper technique for transitioning between high-tow and low-tow positions. d. proper technique for performing turns on tow. e. over-control and under-control while on tow. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to maintaining tow positions by describing— a. faulty technique with regard to proper vertical and later al positions during high tow and low tow. b. faulty technique during transition between high tow and low tow. c. inadvertent entry into towplane wake turbulence. d. initiation of a turn too early or at an angle of bank greater than that of the towplane. e. initiation of a turn too late or at an angle of bank less than that of the towplane. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains maintaining tow positions from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to maintaining tow positions. D. TASK: SLACK LINE REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to slack line by describing— a. situations that lead to development of slack line. b. hazards of slack line. c. techniques which can be used to correct slack line in various situations. ### Page 45 **FAA-S-8081-8A 1-22** 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to slack line by describing— a. failure to tak e corrective action at the first indication of slack line development. b. use of an improper technique to correct slack line. c. a faulty corrective technique which can result in excessive stress on towline, weak link, and glider structure. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains slack line from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to slack line. E. TASK: BOXING THE WAKE REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to boxing the wake by describing— a. performance of a rectangular pattern that keeps glider slightly outside the wake. b. proper control technique and coordination. c. importance of maintaining a taut towline. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to boxing the wake by describing— a. performance of an excessively large rectangle (moving too far from the wake). b. inappropriate control coordination and technique. c. abrupt or rapid changes of position. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains boxing the wake from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to boxing the wake. ### Page 46 FAA-S-8081-8A1-23 F. TASK: TOW RELEASE REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to tow release by describing— a. why release should be accomplished with normal t ension on towline. b. advisability of ensuring that area is clear of other aircraft prior to release. c. clearing turn which should be made by glider and towplane immediately after release. d. situations when an immediate release should be accomplished. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to tow release by describing— a. lack of tension on the towline. b. failure to clear area prior to release. c. failure to make proper turn after release. d. release in close proximity to aircraft other than towplane. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains tow release from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to tow release. G. TASK: ABNORMAL OCCURRENCES REFERENCES: AC-60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of elements related to abnormal occurrences by describing: 1. Why glider pilot and towplane pilot should agree on a course of action prior to flight. 2. Proper glider pilot response in the event of— a. towplane power loss during takeoff. b. towline break. c. towplane power failure at altitude. d. glider release failure. e. glider and towplane release failure. ### Page 47 **FAA-S-8081-8A 1-24** GROUND TOW (AUTO OR WINCH) NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. H. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check by describing— a. reason for performing each checklist item. b. establishment, with crewmembers, of a proper course of action, including visual signals, speeds, wind, and emergency procedures. c. proper procedure for setting altimeter, checking and adjusting controls, and closing and securing canopy(ies). d. use of the appropriate hitch for the type of launch to be conducted. e. proper procedure for checking towline hookup and release mechanism. f. importance of reviewing takeoff emergency procedures. g. method used for ensuring adequate clearance from other traffic. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to the before takeoff check by describing— a. omission or improper accomplishment of essential items. b. failure to use proper visual signals. c. failure to check or properly adjust controls. d. failure to follow the proper procedure for checking the towline hookup and release mechanism. e. hazards of failure to review takeoff emergen cy procedures. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains the before takeoff check from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to the before takeoff check. ### Page 48 FAA-S-8081-8A1-25 I. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind takeoff by describing— a. proper calculation of launch airspeed. b. glider configuration and positioning on the runway. c. initial positioning of controls. d. use of proper pre-launch and launch visual signals. e. directional control during takeoff roll. f. crosswind control technique. g. pitch attitude and groundtrack during climb. h. proper technique for making adjustments of airspeed and for porpoising. i. proper towline release technique. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a normal and crosswind takeoff by describing— a. improper glider configuration. b. improper initial positioning of flight controls. c. use of improper visual signals. d. improper crosswind technique. e. improper climb profile. f. faulty corrective action for adjustment of airspeed and porpoising. g. exceeding maximum launch airspeed. h. improper towline release technique and timing. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or a crosswind takeoff from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to a normal or a crosswind takeoff. ### Page 49 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-26 J. TASK: ABNORMAL OCCURRENCES REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of elements related to abnormal occurrences by describing: 1. Why the glider pilot and crewmembers should agree on a course of action prior to launch. 2. Proper glider pilot response in the event of— a. overrunning the towline. b. launch power failure or towline break. c. inability to release towline. d. porpoising. 3. Methods for emergency release or severance of towline. ### Page 50 **FAA-S-8081-8A1-27** SELF-LAUNCH NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. K. TASK: ENGINE STARTING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of engine starting by describing— a. importance of using the appropriate checklist. b. safety precautions related to engine starting. c. effect of atmospheric conditions on engine starting. d. starting procedure, as appropriate. e. adjustment of engine controls during start. f. prevention of glider movement during and after engine start. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to engine starting by describing— a. failure to use or improper use of the checklist. b. improper or unsafe starting procedure. c. excessively high RPM after starting. d. failure to ensure proper clearance of propeller. 3. Demonstrates and simultane ously explains engine starting from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to engine starting. ### Page 51 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-28 L. TASK: TAXIING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to taxiing by describing— a. proper brake check and correct use of brakes. b. compliance with airport surface markings, signals, and clearances. c. how to control direction and speed. d. control positioning for various wind conditions. e. techniques used to avoid other aircraft and hazards, considering wingspan and maneuvering space required. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the common errors related to taxiing by describing— a. improper use of brakes. b. failure to comply with markings, signals, or clearances. c. hazards of taxiing too fast. d. improper positioning of flight controls for various wind conditions. e. failure to consider wingspan and space required to maneuver during taxiing. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains taxiing from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to taxiing. ### Page 52 FAA-S-8081-8A1-29 M. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the before takeoff check by describing— a. positioning glider to avoid creating hazards. b. division of attention inside and outside the cockpit. c. importance of following a checklist and responding to each item. d. reasons for ensuring suitable engine temperatures and pressures for run-up and takeoff. e. method used to determine that the glider is in a safe operating condition. f. importance of reviewing takeoff performance airspeeds, expected takeoff distances, wind, and emergency procedures. g. methods for ensuring that takeoff area is free of hazards. h. methods of ensuring adequate clearance from other traffic. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to the before takeoff check by describing— a. improper positioning of the glider. b. failure to use or improper use of the checklist. c. acceptance of marginal engine performance. d. improper check of flight controls. e. hazards of failure to review takeoff and emergency procedures. f. failure to check for hazards and other traffic. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains the before takeoff check from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to the before takeoff check. ### Page 53 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-30 N. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing— a. alignment with takeoff path. b. initial positioning of flight controls. c. power application. d. directional control during acceleration on the surface. e. crosswind control technique dur ing acceleration on the surface. f. lift-off attitude and airspeed. g. climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed. h. crosswind correction and track during climb. i. use of checklist, as appropriate. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing— a. improper initial positioning of flight controls. b. improper power application. c. inappropriate removal of hand from throttle. d. poor directional control. e. improper use of ailerons. f. improper pitch attitude during liftoff. g. failure to establish and maintain proper climb attitude and airspeed. h. drift during climb. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or crosswind takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to a normal or crosswind takeoff and climb. ### Page 54 FAA-S-8081-8A1-31 O. TASK: ENGINE SHUTDOWN IN FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to engine shutdown in flight by describing— a. establishment of manufacturer’s recommended power setting to ensure engine cooling prior to shutdown. b. establishment of appropriate airspeed. c. shutdown of unnecessary electrical equipment, if appropriate. d. manufacturer’s recommended propeller feathering, positioning, and stowing procedure. e. selection of proper static source, if appropriate. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to engine shutdown in flight by describing— a. failure to set engine at idle for the specified period of time. b. initiation of feathering procedure at an inappropriate airspeed. c. failure to follow manufacturer’s recommended propeller feathering, positioning, and stowing procedure. d. improper setting of electrical equipment. e. failure to maintain positive aircraft control while performing engine shutdown procedures. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine shutdown in flight from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to engine shutdown in flight. ### Page 55 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-32 P. TASK: ENGINE RESTART IN FLIGHT REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to engine restart in flight by describing— a. establishment of the proper airspeed. b. altitude available to consider restart. c. manufacturer’s propeller repositioning and unfeathering procedure. d. operation of engine controls. e. procedure for starting engine by starter or by windmilling. f. proper engine warm-up procedure. g. selection of proper static source, if appropriate. h. proper setting of electrical equipment. i. proper adjustment of propeller pitch. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to engine restart in flight by describing— a. failure to establish recommended airspeed. b. performance of improper propeller repositioning and unfeathering procedure. c. failure to properly operate engine controls. d. failure to follow prescribed procedure for starting engine by starter or windmilling. e. improper procedure for warm-up. f. improper setting of electrical equipment. g. failure to maintain positive aircraft control while performing engine restart procedures. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine restart in flight from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to engine restart in flight. ### Page 56 FAA-S-8081-8A1-33 Q. TASK: ABNORMAL OCCURRENCES REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to abnormal occurrences by describing recommended pilot action for: 1. Partial or complete power failure or failure to gain restart. 2. Smoke or fire during ground or flight operations. 3. Loss of engine oil pressure. 4. Low fuel pressure. 5. Engine overheat. 6. Electrical system malfunction. 7. Canopy opening in flight. ### Page 57 **FAA-S-8081-8A 1-34** LANDINGS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. R. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND LANDING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind landing by describing— a. obstructions and other hazards which should be considered. b. how to determine wind speed and direction. c. proper glidepath to th e selected touchdown area, at the recommended airspeed. d. proper use of flaps, spoilers, and dive brakes. e. coordination of flight controls and use of trim. f. crosswind control technique. g. timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown. h. directional control after touchdown. i. appropriate wing attitude and proper use of brakes after touchdown. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a normal and crosswind landing by describing— a. poor judgment of glid epath and improper use of flaps, spoilers, and dive brakes. b. rough, hesitant, or uncoordinated control technique. c. improper airspeed control. d. improper correction for crosswind. e. improper technique during roundout and touchdown. f. poor directional control after touchdown. g. improper use of brakes. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or a crosswind landing from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to a normal or a crosswind landing. ### Page 58 FAA-S-8081-8A1-35 S. TASK: SLIPS TO LANDING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to slips to landing by describing— a. forward, side, and turning slips, with and without the use of drag devices. b. obstacles and other hazards which should be considered. c. possible airspeed indication errors. d. proper control usage and crosswind technique. e. timing, judgment, and control technique during transition from slip to touchdown. f. directional control after touchdown. g. appropriate wing attitude and proper use of brakes after touchdown. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to slips to landing by describing— a. failure to establish recommended glider configuration. b. failure to use proper technique to achieve touchdown accuracy. c. rough, hesitant, or uncoordinated use of controls. d. improper correction for crosswind. e. improper technique during roundout and touchdown. f. poor directional control after touchdown. g. improper use of brakes. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a slip to landing (without use of drag devices) from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to a slip to landing. ### Page 59 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-36 T. TASK: DOWNWIND LANDING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to a downwind landing by describing— a. obstructions and other hazards which should be considered. b. windspeed above which a downwind landing should not be attempted. c. length of the final approach compared with that of a normal landing. d. proper glidepath to selected touchdown area, at the recommended airspeed. e. proper use of flaps, spoilers, and dive brakes to achieve accuracy of touchdown. f. coordination of flight controls and use of trim. g. appropriate correction for wind. h. timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and touchdown. i. directional control after touchdown. j. appropriate wing attitude and proper use of brakes after touchdown. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a downwind landing by describing— a. poor judgment of glidepath and the improper use of flaps, spoilers, and dive brakes. b. rough, hesitant, or uncoordinated use of controls. c. unintentional slowing of airspeed due to higher groundspeed. d. improper correction for wind. e. improper technique during roundout and touchdown. f. poor directional control after touchdown. g. improper use of brakes. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a downwind landing from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to a downwind landing. ### Page 60 FAA-S-8081-8A1-37 VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. A. TASK: STRAIGHT GLIDES REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to straight glides by describing— a. pitch attitude and airspeed. b. establishment and maintenance of a precise ground track. c. effect of flaps, spoilers, and dive brakes. d. use of smooth and coordinated control applications. e. use of trim. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight glides by describing— a. rough or erratic pitch attitude and airspeed control. b. failure to establish and maintain proper wind drift correction. c. effect of improper use of controls when using flaps, spoilers, and dive brakes. d. rough, uncoordinated, or inappropriate control applications. e. failure to trim or improper use of trim. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight glides from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to straight glides. ### Page 61 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-38 B. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to turns to headings by describing— a. proper pitch attitude, angle of bank, and airspeed. b. roll-in and roll-out technique. c. changes in lift, drag, and load factor. d. adverse yaw. e. use of smooth and coordinated control applications. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to turns to headings by describing— a. rough or uncoordinated use of controls during roll-in an d roll-out. b. failure to establish desired angle of bank. c. lack of precision in completion of a turn to a heading. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains turns to headings from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to turns to headings. ### Page 62 FAA-S-8081-8A1-39 IX. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE AIRSPEEDS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. A. TASK: MINIMUM SINK AIRSPEED REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to minimum sink airspeed by describing— a. related aerodynamic factors. b. use of this speed. c. establishment and maintenance of this speed. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to minimum sink airspeed by describing— a. incorrect determination of this speed. b. rough or erratic pitch attitude and airspeed control. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains minimum sink airspeed from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to minimum sink airspeed. ### Page 63 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-40 B. TASK: SPEED-TO-FLY REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to speed-to-fly by describing— a. factors related to the determination of speed-to-fly. b. use of this speed. c. establishment and maintenance of this speed for a gi ven situation. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to speed-to-fly by describing— a. improper determination of this speed. b. rough or erratic pitch attitude and airspeed control. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains speed-to-fly from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to speed-to-fly. ### Page 64 FAA-S-8081-8A1-41 X. AREA OF OPERATION: SOARING TECHNIQUES NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. The TASK selected will be appropriate to the geographical location and existing atmospheric conditions. If conditions do not permit a demonstration of soaring skills, applicants will be expected to demonstrate satisfactory instructional knowledge of the selected TASK through oral testing. A. TASK: THERMAL SOARING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to thermal soaring by describing— a. the process by which thermals are produced. b. recognition of the presence of a thermal. c. initial entry into a thermal. d. analysis of a thermal’s structure and determination of the direction of turn to remain within a thermal. e. coordinated use of controls and proper planning to remain within a thermal. f. importance of maintaining orientation with ground references, wind, and other aircraft. g. importance of maintaining proper airspeeds in and between thermals. h. use of proper techniques to re-enter a thermal. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to thermal soaring by describing— a. failure to maintain proper airspeeds in and between thermals. b. poor division of attention resulting in failure to recognize when entering or flying out of a thermal. c. improper technique during initial entry into a thermal. d. faulty control coordination and planning to remain within a thermal. e. faulty division of attention in maintaining orientation with ground references and wind. f. failure to properly scan for other aircraft. g. poor planning and technique when attempting to re-enter a thermal. ### Page 65 **FAA-S-8081-8A 1-42** 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains thermal soaring from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to thermal soaring. B. TASK: RIDGE AND SLOPE SOARING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to ridge and slope soaring by describing— a. terrain features and wind conditions that create orographic lift. b. importance of an accurate estimate of terrain height. c. initial entry into an area of lift. d. importance of smooth, precise, and coordinated use of controls. e. maintenance of a safe lateral distance from the terrain. f. use of proper techniques to re-enter an area of lift. g. procedures for approaching and crossing ridges. h. importance of planning to fly within a safe gliding distance of an acceptable landing area. i. maintenance of orientatio n with ground references and other aircraft. j. importance of being constantly alert for changing weather conditions. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to ridge and slope soaring by describing— a. hazards of approaching the ridge or slope lift area at approximately a 90° angle or from the downwind side. b. failure to maintain proper airspeed while in the area of lift. c. poor division of attention resulting in failure to promptly recognize when leaving the area of lift or entering a high sink area. d. poor control coordination. e. poor division of attention in maintaining orientation with ground references and wind. f. failure to properly scan for other aircraft. g. failure to plan the flight so an acceptable landing area is within gliding distance. ### Page 66 **FAA-S-8081-8A1-43** 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains ridge and slope soaring from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to ridge and slope soaring. C. TASK: WAVE SOARING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to wave soaring by describing— a. terrain and weather conditions that create standing waves. b. location of and technique for entering an area of lift. c. importance of smooth, precise, and coordinated use of controls. d. use of proper techniques to re-enter an area of lift. e. maintenance of orientation with ground references and other aircraft. f. recognition of rotor and wave turbulence. g. coordination with air traffic control, as appropriate. h. maintenance of proper airspeeds. i. importance of being constantly alert for changing weather conditions. j. importance of having proper equipment and training for high altitude flight. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to wave soaring by describing— a. erratic airspeed control while in the turbulence of a rotor. b. failure to maintain proper airspeed while in an area of lift. c. rough control technique. d. poor division of attention resulting in failure to promptly recognize when leaving an area of lift or entering a high sink area. e. faulty control coordination and planning to remain within the area of lift. f. poor division of attention in maintaining orientation with ground references and wind. g. failure to properly scan for other aircraft. h. failure to have proper equipment and training for high altitude flight. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains wave soaring from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to wave soaring. ### Page 67 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-44 XI. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. A. TASK: STEEP TURNS REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to steep turns by describing— a. relationship of bank angle, load factor, and stalling speed. b. overbanking tendency. c. establishment of the recommended entry airspeed. d. orientation, division of attention, and planning. e. coordination of flight controls. f. entry and roll-out technique. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to steep turns by describing— a. uncoordinated use of flight controls. b. loss of orientation. c. unintentional stall or spin. d. excessive deviation from desired heading during roll-out. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains steep turns from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to steep turns. ### Page 68 FAA-S-8081-8A1-45 B. TASK: RECOVERY FROM A SPIRAL DIVE REFERENCES: AC 60-14; Soaring Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to recovery from a spiral dive by describing— a. conditions that cause high-speed spirals. b. recognition of situation when a spiral dive is developing. c. procedures for recovery from a high-speed spiral dive. d. importance of using smooth control ap plications during recovery. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to recovery from a spiral dive by describing— a. failure to recognize when a spiral dive is developing. b. rough, abrupt, and/or uncoordinated control applications during recovery. c. improper sequence of control applications. d. potential consequences from delaying recovery. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains recovery from a spiral dive from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common error s related to recovery from a spiral dive. ### Page 69 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-46 XIl. AREA OF OPERATION: SLOW FLIGHT, STALLS, AND SPINS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. A. TASK: MANEUVERING AT MINIMUM CONTROL AIRSPEED REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to maneuvering at minimum control airspeed by describing— a. establishment and maintenance of appropriate airspeed. b. flight characteristics to include controllability. c. importance of maintaining an appropriate airspeed in turbulent air or as bank is increased. d. importance of smooth, coordinated control applications. e. proper technique for avoiding a stall when raising a lowered wing. f. recovery to desired airspeed. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to maneuvering at minimum control airspeed by describing— a. failure to establish or to maintain slow airspeed, as requested. b. improper use of trim. c. rough or uncoordinated use of controls. d. lack of pilot recognition of the first indications of a stall. e. failure to use proper technique to avoid a stall in turbulent air or during a turn. f. faulty technique when raising a lowered wing. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains maneuvering at minimum control airspeed from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to maneuvering at minimum control airspeed. ### Page 70 FAA-S-8081-8A1-47 B. TASK: STALL RECOGNITION AND RECOVERY REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to stall recognition and recovery by describing— a. aerodynamics of stalls. b. relationship of various factors, such as weight, center of gravity, load factor, flaps, spoilers, dive brakes, and angle of bank to stalls. c. flight situations where unintentional stalls may occur. d. recognition of the first indications of a stall. e. performance of stalls in various configurations. f. entry technique and minimum entry altitude. g. coordination of flight controls. h. recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to stall recognition and recovery by describing— a. failure to establish the specified configuration prior to entry. b. improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straightahead stalls. c. improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls. d. rough or uncoordinated control technique. e. failure to recognize the first indications of a stall. f. failure to achieve a stall. g. poor stall recognition and delayed recovery. h. excessive altitude loss, excessive speed, or secondary stall during recovery. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains stall recognition and recovery from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to stall recognition and recovery. ### Page 71 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-48 C. TASK: SPINS NOTE: At the discretion of the examiner, a logbook record attesting applicant instructional competency in spin entries, spins, and spin recoveries may be accepted in lieu of this TASK. Logbook record shall be certified by the flight instructor who conducted the spin instruction. REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 23; AC 60-14, AC 61-21; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to spins by describing— a. aerodynamics of spins. b. gliders approved for the spin maneuver based on the airworthiness category and type certificate. c. relationship of various factors, such as configuration, weight, center of gravity, and control coordination to spins. d. flight situations where unintentional spins may occur. e. how to recognize and recover from imminent, unintentional spins. f. entry technique and minimum entry altitude for intentional spins. g. control technique to maintain a spin. h. orientation during a spin. i. recovery tech nique and minimum recovery altitude for intentional spins. j. anxiety factors associated with spin instruction. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to spins by describing— a. hazards of attempting to spin a glider not approved for spins. b. failure to establish proper configuration prior to spin entry. c. failure to recognize indications leading to a spin. d. failure to achieve and maintain a stall during spin entry. e. improper use of flight controls during spin entry, rotation, or recovery. f. disorientation during a spin. g. failure to distinguish between a high-speed spiral and a spin. h. excessive speed or accelerated stall during recovery. i. failure to recover with minimum loss of altitude. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a spin from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to a spin. ### Page 72 FAA-S-8081-8A1-49 XlII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. A. TASK: SIMULATED OFF-AIRPORT LANDING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. NOTE: This landing will be performed at an established airport. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to a simulated off-airport landing by describing— a. selection of a suitable landing area. b. obstacles and other hazards to be considered. c. how to estimate wind speed and direction. d. planning and execution of the approach to the selected landing area without use of the altimeter. e. techniques that can be used to compensate for undershooting or overshooting selected landing area. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a simulated off-airport landing by describing— a. improper airspeed control. b. poor judgment in the selection of a landing area. c. failure to properly estimate wind speed and direction d. failure to fly the most suitable pattern for existing situation. e. undershooting or overshooting selected landing area. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a simulated offairport landing from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to a simulated off-airport landing. ### Page 73 FAA-S-8081-8A 1-50 B. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR REFERENCES: FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Soaring Flight Manual, Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear, appropriate to the glider used for the practical test, by describing: 1. Location in the glider. 2. Method of operation or use. 3. Servicing and storage. 4. Inspection, fitting, and use of parachutes. 5. Equipment and gear appropriate for operation in various climates and over various types of terrain. ### Page 74 FAA-S-8081-8A1-51 XlV. AREA OF OPERATION: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES TASK: AFTER-LANDING AND SECURING REFERENCES: AC 60-14; FAA-S-8081-22, FAA-S-8081-23; Glider Flight Manual. Objective. To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to after-landing and securing by describing— a. clearing of the runway/landing area. b. taxi and engine shutdown procedures, as appropriate. c. parking and securing procedure. d. postflight inspection. e. refueling, as appropriate. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to after-landing and securing by describing— a. hazards of failure to follow recommended procedures. b. poor planning and judgment in the performance of afterlanding procedures. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains after-landing and securing from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects common errors related to after-landing and securing. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.