# AC 65-2D: Airframe & Powerplant Mechanics Certification Guide - Type: Advisory circular (guidance, not mandatory unless a rule or AD requires it) - Status: Current - Approved: January 1, 1976 - Family: AC 65-2 - Pages: 67 - FAA DRS: https://drs.faa.gov/browse/excelExternalWindow/994654DA51A54B0C862569F1006DCA65.0001 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ac/65-2 ## Versions - AC 65-2D (Current), approved Jan 1, 1976 ## Text ### Page 1 0 Z Z 0 Z m 3 0 n ### Page 3 **AIRFRAME AND POWERPLANT MECHANICS** CERTIFICATION GUIDE Revised 1976 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION **FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION** ### Page 6 I i I i I I I I I 1 I I I I I I i i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I ### Page 7 4 . ### Page 8 INTRODUCTION The requirements for a mechanic certificate and ratings, and the privileges, limitations, and general operating rules for certificated mechanics are prescribed in Federal Aviation Regulations Part E--Certificativn : Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers. Any person who applies and meets the requirements is entitled to a mechanic cert.ificate. Briefly, the requiremems for a mechanic certificate are concerned with age, language ability, experience, knowledge, and skill. The sections of this guide explain the procedure for either substantiating or demonstrating that each requirement has been met. The sections that deal with the written test (to demonstrate knowledge) and the oral and practical tests (to demonstrate skill) describe the types of tests used and what they confain. The subject listings and the sample questions and projects should be helpful during preparation for the tests. Portions of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) concerning general eligibility and experience requirements for a mechanic certificate and ratings have been included; Since regulations are subje& to amendment, applicants should be alert for changes that may have occurred since publication of this guide. Change informat.ion may be determined by referring to the most recent FAR Status Sheet mentioned in the Appendix, or by checking with an FAA Flight Standards district office. The FARs have been organized and printed in eleven volumes of interrelated Parts. Refer to the Appendix, FAR Status Sheet, for information about the FAR rearrangement. FAA Flight Standards district o5ces are listed in the appendix and each 05~3 serves the geographical area in which it is located. Applicants should contact the most convenient office. Vii ### Page 9 ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFICATION Mechanic certificate requirements can be classified as general eligibility requirements, knowledge requirements, experience requirements, and skill requirements. The following excerpts from FL4R Part 65 pertain to eligibility for a mechanic certificate and rating(s) . practical tests prescribed by $ 65.79. A report of t.he written t.est is sent to tahe ,applicant. “§ 65.77 Experience requirements. ‘3 65.71 Eligibility requirements : general. (a) To be eligible for a mechanic certificate and associated ratings, a person must- (1) Be at least 18 years of age; (2) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English language, or in the case of an applicant who does not meet this requirement and who is employed outside of the United States by a U.S. air carrier, have his certificate endorsed ‘Valid only outside the United States’; (3) Have passed all of the prescribed Each applicant for a mechanic certificate or rating must present either an appropriate graduation certificate or certificate of completion from a certificated aviation maintenance technician school or documentary evidence, satisfactory to the Administrator, of- (a) At least 18 months of practical experience with the procedures, practices, materials, tools, machine tools, and equipment generally used in constructing, maintaining, or altering airframes, or powerpl.ants appropriate to the rating sought; or t.ests within a period of 24 months; and (ID) *4t. least 30 months of practical experience concurrently performing tlhe duties appropriate to both the airframe and powerplant ratings.?? (4) Comply with the sections of this subpart that apply to the rating he seeks. (b) *4 certificated mechanic who applies for an additional rating must meet the requirements of 5 65.77 and, within a period of 24 months, pass the tests prescribed by 5 .§ 65.75 and 65.79 for the additional rating sought. The documentary evidence specified in S 65.77 may take any of various forms, such as letters from present and former employers, milit#ary service records, business records, etc., as long as t.he FL4A inspector or advisor who reviews itI is able to determine that the type and amount. of experience meets the requirements. ‘2 65.75 Knowledge requirements. ‘3 65.79 Skill requirements. (a) Each &applicant for a mechanic certificate or rating must, after meeting the applictuble experience requirements of 8 65.77, ps~ a w&ten test covering the construction and maintenance of aircra,ft appropriate to the rating he seeks, the regulations in this subpart, and the applicable provisions of Parts 43 and 91 of this chapter. The basic principles covering the installiation and maintenance of propellers are included in the powerplant test. Each applicant for a mechanic certificate or rating must. pass an oral and a practical t.est on t.he rating he seeks. The tests cover the applicant’s basic skill in performing practical projects on t.he subjects covered by the written t’est for that rating. An applicanit for a powerplant rating must show his ability to make satisfactory minor repairs t,o, and minor alterat,ions of, propellers. (b) The applicant must pass each section of the test before applying for the oral and ‘3 65.80 Certificated aviation maintenance technician school students. Whenever an aviation maintenance technician school certificated under Part 147 of this 1 ### Page 11 The written tests required for a mechanic certificate or rating can be taken at FAA Flight Standards district offices and at some selected Flight Service Stations. Some Flight Standards district offices administer mechanic written tests at special locations by prior arrangement, and some Flight Service Stations often administer written tests after the normal workday and on weekends. Contact the local FAA district office for information about time and place where tests are administered. Most FAA offices that administer written tests recommend that an appointment be made before the intended date of examination so that the appropriate personnel will be on hand to give the tests and to assure that adequate space is available. An applicant must have the documentary evidence required by FAR 65.77 reviewed by an FAA inspector to confirm eligibility to take a written Airframe or Powerplant test. Those applicants found to be eligible for testing who are unable to take the test at that time may request the FAA inspector to issue an Airman Authorization for Written Test, FLU Form 8060-7. When eligibility has been confirmed or the completed 8060-7 is presented and sufficient time exists (5 hours) to complete the test, the FAA office test monitor will issue a test booklet, a blank answer sheet, and all materials necessary to take the test. The applicant is not required to furnish any test or reference materials, nor permitted to use notes or take notes during the test. Written tests *for airframe and powerplant mechanic cert&ation consist of three separate tests: (1) Aviation Mechanic General Test; (2) Aviation Mechanic Airframe, Section l- Airframe Structures, and Section 2-Airframe Systems & Components; and (3) Aviation Mechanic Powerplant, Section 1-Powerplant Theory & Maintenance, and Section 2- Powerplant Systems & Components. Applicants will not be required to take the ,4viation Mechanic General Test required for Airframe and/or Powerplant certification if they can passed it. form of a that nate rating or an Airman Written Test Report shows a show that Proof THE WRITTEN TESTS of they have previously passing may be in the mechanic certificate with an alterpassing grade on the Aviation Mechanic General Test. If an Airman Written Test Report is used, the passing credit must have been earned within the preceding 24 months. FAA mechanic written tests are made up of objective-type questions of the multiplechoice form. In this type of test, the applicant chooses the best of a number of possible answers to a question. Each of the FAA mechanic written test questions has one best answer and three wrong or unacceptable alternative answers. The tests do not contain questions designed to trick or mislead the applicant. ’ After completion of the test, the applicant% answer sheet is forwarded by the local FAA office to a central location for grading. The minimum passing grade for FAA tests is ‘70 percent. Written test grades are mailed directly tered to the by the applicant using the address enapplicant on the answer sheet at the time the test is taken. Five working days (exclusive of time en route in the mail) are normally required for answer sheets to be processed and grades reported. ### Page 12 Written Test Report Written test grades are reported to applicants on AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report. The report indicates the numerical grade for each test section and an expiration date of each test section passed. AC Form 8080-2 is the only acceptable evidence of having passed any part of the written test or the entire test. In addition to grade information, the computer-rendered AC Form 8080-2 provides a coded print-out of the subject areas for which questions were answered wrong. The subject area codes indicated on AC Form 8080-2 correspond to the -subject headings indicated on pages 7 through 42 of this advisory circular; however, the number of questions missed cannot be determined by the number of codes listed on AC Form 8080-2. When an applicant applies for the oral and practical test, the Airman Written Test Report must be surrendered. If the Airman Written Test Report is lost or destroyed, a duplicate copy may be obtained by sending $2.00 (money order or check payable to FAA) to the Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125. Give the title of the test, the place where it was administered, and the approximate date that the test was taken. An applicant who fails a test, or any section thereof, may apply for a retest of the test 3 section&s) failed as prescribed in FAR Part . . . , 65. The following excerpts from 5 65.19 pertain to retesting after failure. “§ 65.19 Retesting after failure. An applicant who fails a written, oral, or practical test for a certificate and rating, or for an additional rating, under this Part may apply for retesting- (a) After 30 days after the date he failed the test; or (b) Upon presenting a statement from whichever of the following persons is applicable, certifying that he has given the applicant at least 5 hours of additional instruction in each of the subjects failed and now considers that the applicant is ready for retesting. . . . . (3) For the mechanic certificate-a certificated and appropriately rated mechanic or ground instructor, or a certificated repairman who is experienced in the subject failed.” ### Page 13 AVIATION MECHANIC TEST CONTENTS This listing of the subject material covered by the questions in the mechanic tests shows what the applicant should know and be able to do. Each listing contains major headings (identified by letters A, B, C, etc.) under which are listed one or more action lines. Each action line is made up of 3 elements: (1) the action, (2) the subject, and (3) the level. For instance, the major heading V. Weight and Balance” in the General Test has two action lines: (a) Weigh aircraft-Level 2. (b) Perform complete weight and balance check and record data-Level 3. The action lines tell what the end result or objective of the applicant’s study and experience should be. Many action lines show more than one action and more than one subject. The purpose of the level indicated for each action line is to help limit the amount of study that must be done or the. skill that must be developed to pass the mechanic tests. Three levels have been identified. The higher the level, the more comprehensive the knowledge and skill required in that subject area. A Level 1 action line requires a less extensive knowledge of the subject and no skill demonstration to pass the mechanic tests. A Level 2 action line requires a fairly good understanding of the subject indicated, the theories and principles associated with it, and the ability to perform basic operations. Level 3, the highest level, requires a thorough knowledge of the subject and an understanding of how it relates to the total operation and maintenance of aircraft. The operations necessary to complete Level 3 ,items must be performed skillfully enough so that, if performed on an aircraft, the aircraft could be returned to service. A detailed description of the meaning of ea,ch level is : Level 1: Know-basic facts and principles. Be able to-find information and follow directions and written instructions. No skill demonstration is required. Level 2: Know and under&land-principles, tiheories and concepts. Be able to-find and interpret information and perform basic operations. A high level of skill is not required. Level 3: Know, understand, and app+facts, principles, theories, and concepts. Understand how they relate to the total operation and maintenance of aircraft. Be able to-make independent and accurate airwortihiness judgments. Perform all operations to a return-to-service standard. A fairly high skill level is required. Following each action line is a list of statements thtat describe the specific subjects of mechanic test questions. They are intended to be used during study and while experience is being gained, to help direct the applicant’s attention toward areas covered by the tests. ### Page 14 AVIATION MECHANIC General Test A. BASIC ELECTRICITY. Measure capacitance and inductance.- Level 1: The effect of inductive reactance’ in an electrical circuit. The interrelationship of capacitive and inductive reactance. The term that describes the combined resistive forces in an a.c. electrical circuit. The unit of measurement for capacitance iand inductance. Calculate and measure electrical power.- Level 2: I Determine the power furnished by a generator to an electrical system consisting of various electrical units having speci4ic load ratings. Determine the power required by an electric motor that is operating at a specified efficiency and load. Measure voltage, current, resistance, continuity, and leakage.-Level 3 : Use an ohmmeter t$o check for open or short circuits. The test instruments used to check continuity. The basic operating principle of d.c. electrical instruments. The batic operating principles of a galvanometer. Connect volt*meters and ammeters into an electrical circuit. The purpose of a shunt resistor when used with an ammeter. The meaning of prefixes such as micro, mega, kilo, and milli as used in expressing electrical quantities. Determine current, and -Level 3: the relationship of voltage, resistance in eleckical circuits. Determine the current flow in an electrical circuit using variable resistance and voltage values. Determine the power requirements of an electrical circuit when the voltage and resistance values ‘are specified. The current relationship in a parallel electrical circuit. The unit of measurement used to express electrical power. The principles of electromagnetic induction. The charact,eristics of magnets and magnetic lines of force. The factors that affect the voltage drop in an electrical conductor. Determine the resistance of an electrical device from the wattage and voltage values specified. Calculate t.he voltage drop across a resistor. Read and interpret electrical circuit diagrams.-Level 3 : Trace electrical circuits using aircraft wiring diagrams. Identify electrical system malfunctions by reference to circuit ‘diagrams. Identify the commonly used aircraft elect,rical symbols. Inspect and service batteries.-Level 3: Remove spilled electrolyte and treat all adjacent surfaa?s. Remove and install a battery in an aircraft with a single-wire electrical system. ### Page 15 Connect batteries t,o a constant-current battery charger. Det.ermine t.he specific gravity of the battery electrolyte. Perform a high-rate-discharge condition test of batteries. The design factors that affect battery voltage and capacity. The factors that determine battery charging rate on a constant voltage source. The indications of a shorted battery cell. The significance of battery capacity ratings. The effects of increased internal resistance on battery operation. The effects of connecting battery cells in series or parallel. The relative advantages of lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries for use in aircraft. The principles of battery construction. Check battery electrolyte levels. The r+9ationship between batt#ery state of charge and the temperature at which the electrolyte will freeze. The purpose of and requirements for ventilating batteries and battery compartments in civil aircraft. The effect of excessive charging rates on batteries. **B. AIRCRAFT DRAWINGS.** Use drawings, symbols, and schematic diagrams.-Level 2 : Interpret the various types of lines employed in blueprints and schematics. Use schematic diagrams to analyze system malfunctions. Extract a specific electrical circuit from a system drawing. Know why dimensions are used and how they are shown on aircraft drawings. Use installation diagrams to locate and identify components. Draw sketches of repairs and alterations. -Level 3: Illustrate a major repair or alteration. 1Jse dividers, compass, ruler, T-square, etc., in the development of sketches of repairs and alterations. Use standard drafting procedures. Use blueprint inf ormation.-Level 3 : The information presented in blueprint title blocks. The common symbols used on aircraft blueprints. Install and modify component parts by reference to blueprints. Identify the changes made to a blueprint. Use graphs and charts.-Level 3: Determine electric cable size and currentcarrying capacity. Determine engine power requirements. **C. WEIGHT AND BALANCE.** Weigh aircraf t.-Level 2 : Use aircraft specifications for weighing purposes. Locate jaacks and scales in the correct position. Prepare aircraft for weighing. Perform complete weight-and-balance check and record data.-Level 3: Determine that the forward or rearward center-of-gravity (c.g.) limit is not exceeded on a specified aircraft. The point of reference for all weightand-balance measurements. The procedure for computing “minimum fuel? Locate the information that should be known to comput#e weight and balance. The method of expressing additions or removals of equipment for weight-andbalance purposes. Determine the fully loaded center of gravity of an aircraft. ### Page 16 Determine the “maximum authorized weight” of an aircraft. The method of determining aircraft empty weight, when engine oil and hydraulic fluid are contained in supply tanks. The effect on weight and balance of replacing a component with another of sdiff erent weigh6 and location. Calculate the maximum cargo or baggage weight that can be carried by an aircraft. The record requirementi for weight-andbalance data. The hazards of exceeding aircraft fore .and aft centerdof -gravity limits. The critical conditions of helicopter load and balance. Determine aircraft empty weight empty weight center of gravity. and Define maximum gross weight. Determine the moment of an item of equipment. Account for tare weight when weighing an aircraft. D. FLUID LINES AND FITTING!% Fabricate and install rigid and flexible fluid lines and fittings.-Level 3: Single- and double-flare tubing. Install Military Standard (MS) flareless fittings. The significance of tahe identification stripes that appear on aircraft hose. Fabricate and install beaded tubing. Use lubricants and sealants in the assembly of lines and fittings. Identify flexible hydraulic lines. Install hose clamps. Determine the bend radii for rigid tubing. Fajbricate aluminum tubing using standsard AN flared tube fittings. Route fluid lines in entryways and passenger, crew, or baggage compartments. Repair metal tube lines. Route fluid lines adjacent to electrical power cables. Install rigid tubing. Select tube-flaring tools. Identify AN fitting materials from color designators. The maximum reduction in original outside diameter allowed when bending aluminum alloy hydraulic lines. The procedure to follow if scrawhes are detected on an aluminum alloy tube. The storage requirements for hydraulic hose. Install flexible hydraulic hose. The lubricant used when assembling oxygen fittings. **E. MATERIALS AND PROCESSES.** Identify and select appropriate structive testing methods.-Level 1: nonde The use of radiography in aircraft and component inspection. The use of ultrasonic inspection methods for detecting cracks. The applicability of magnetic particle. inspection methods to engine crankshafts. The method for detecting surface cracks in aluminum castings and forgings. The technique for locating cracks in materials when only one side of the material is accessible. Perform penetrant, chemical etching, and magnetic particle inspection&-Level 2 : The general procedure fur performing magnetic particle inspection. Demagnetize steel parts after magnetic particle inspection. Clean parts in preparation for penetrant inspection. The visual indications of a subsurface flaw or fracture during magnetic particle inspection. Locate cracks assemblies. and blowholes in welded 9 ### Page 17 The procedure for using dye penetrants. Distinguish between heat-treated and nonheat-treat,ed aluminum alloys when the identification marks are not on the material. Perform basic heat-treating processes.- Level 2: The types of aluminum alloys considered to be heat treatable. Anneal copper tubing. The steps in heat treatment of aluminum alloys. The effects ment. of various forms of heat treat- The effect of incorrect heat treatment on the corrosion-resistant properties of aluminum alloy. Identify the degree of temper for aluminum alloy products from code designators. The effect of heating a metal slightly above its critical temperature, and then rapidly cooling it. The elect of strain hardening on the tensile strength of aluminum alloy. The relationship between tensile strength and metal hardness. Anneal a welded steel part. Identify and select aircraft hardware and materials.-Level 3 : Identify aluminum alloys from code designators. Identify steel from code designators. The identification markings of AN standard steel bolts. Identify aircraft cable. The characteristics of a material that affect its ability to be hammered, rolled, .or pressed into various shapes. The SAE system of identifying steel. Determine wrought aluminum alloy composition and condition by referring to aluminum codes. Install self -‘locking nuts. Determine the correct length bolt to use. Determine correct torque values for tightening aircraft nuts and bolts. Determine rivet composition, condition, shape, and dimension ‘by referring- to rivet code. Identify materials suitable for use for firewalls and exhaust shrouds. Install castle nuts. The strength characteristics of type “A” rivets. The characteristic of aluminum alloy rivet material that causes some rivets to require several days to reach their ultimate strength. Determine that materials used in aircraft maintenance and repair are of the proper type and c0nfor.m to the appropriate standards. *The characteristics of aluminum-clad sheet aluminum alloy. Inspect and check welds.-Level 3: The characteristics of a good weld. The types uf can withstand. that welded joints The effect of welding over a previously brazed or soldered joint. Perform precision measurements.-Level 3: Use a micrometer and a caliper to make precise measurements. Measure a and a hole small gage. hole using a micrometer Read and interpret a vernier micrometer scale. Use a dial indicator, VAblocks, and a surface plate to check alignment of a shaft. **F. GROUND OPERATION AND SERV- ICING.** Start, ground operate, move, service, and secure aircraf t.-Level 2 : The procedure for extinguishing fires in the engine induction system during starting. ### Page 18 Use hand signals to direct aircraft move- The characteristics and use of chemical ment. cleaners. Select and use external auxiliary power units for engine starting. Tie down and secure aircraft for outside storage. Clean aluminum .and steel engine parts. The type cleaner for use on high-strength metals. Protect aircraft fuel system from contamination during fueling operations. Connect and operate ari external source of hydraulic power. Start and operate, an engine equipped with a float-type carburetor. Check a reciprocating engine for liquid lock. The methods for cleaning turbine engine compressor blades. Operate hand and electrical priming systems during engine starting. Start and operate an engine equipped with a pressure injection carburetor. Start and operate an engine equipped with an internal supercharger. Identify and select fuels.-Level 2: The effect of ethylene dibromide added t.0 aviation gasoline. The identifying color of various grades of aviation gasoline. The characteristic of a fuel that affects its tendency to “vapor lock.” The significance of the numbers used to designate various grades of aviation gasoline. Perform aircraft cleaning and corrosion control.-Level 3 : Protect tires and other rubber products from the deteriorating effects of cleaning materials. The cause and corrective procedures for fretting corrosion. Identify and control intergranular corrosion of heat-treated aluminum alloy. Protect structure against dissimilar-metal corrosion. Prevent and remove rust. The effect of oily, dirty surfaces on the operation of high-performance aircraft. Protect interior surfaces of closed steel and aluminum tubing against corrosion. The methods of protecting aluminum alloy parts against corrosion. Clean and protect battery compartments and adjacent areas. The relative advantages of gasoline and kerosene for use as fuel for turbine engines. Remove corrosion products such as metal flakes, scale powder, and salt deposits from aluminum. Clean corrosion-resistant parts by blast cleaning methods. Determine the type of fuel to be used with a specified aircraft. The factors affecting the antiknock characteristics of fuel. Use paints and similar organic coatings for corrosion protection purposes. **G. CLEANING AND CORROSION CON- TROL.** Identify and select cleaning materiab- Level 3: The effect of caustic cleaning products on aluminum structures. **H. MATHEMATICS.** Extract roots and raise numbers to a given power.-Level 1: The method of determining the square or cube of a number. The procedure for determining square root; . , 11 ### Page 19 Determine areas and volumes of various geometrical shapes.-Level 2 : Calculate the area of rectangles, squares, triangles, circles and trapezoids. Determine the volume of rectangles, cubes, and cylinders. Compute the surf ace area of an airfoil. Determine cylinder displacement of a reciprocating engine, . Solve ratio, proportion, and percentage problems.-Level 3 : Determine the ratio of two numbers. Find what percent one number is .of another. Determine the rate percent of a given number. Calculate the compression ratio of an engine. Convert decimal numbers to their fractional equivalent. Perform algebraic operations involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of positive and negative numbers. -Level 3: Locate the mainwheel weighing point with reference to the datum. Determine the distance between the tail or nose gear and the main-wheel weight point. Calculate the c.g. relative to the datum. The effects of ,adding or removing equipment on the empty weight of the aircraft. **I. MAINTENANCE FORMS AND REC- ORDS.** Write descriptions of aircraft condition and work performed.-Level 3: Describe the repairs made to an aircraft structure. State aircraft spection. condition upon Complete required maintenance forms, records, and inspection reports.-Level 3 : Enter the required information in the permanent maintenance records when a minor repair has been performed. Prepare and properly dispose of FAA Form 337. BASIC PHYSECS. J l U sou be the principles of simple machine.; nd, fluid, -and heat dynamics.-Level 2 : The relationship between temperature and heat. The minimum information required to be entered in the maintenance records after maintenance or alteration of aircraft. Make record entries to indicate compliance with Airworthiness Directives. The defmition of “time in service” with respect to maintenance records. The record requirements for returning aircraft to service after * IOO-hour inspection. The requirement for maintaining .a permanent record of aircraft maintenance. The defbition of “repair” as related to Gcraf t maintenance. The requirements for a permanent maintenance record. The methods of heat transfer. The forces acting upon a body in circular motion. The relationship between the pressure and the rate-of-flow of a liquid through an orifice. The relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature of an air mass. The relationship of work, force, and power. The effect of air density on engine power *output. The relationship between air velocity and *pressure on the upper surface of an airfoil . ### Page 20 The effect of atmovheric temperature and humidity on airfoil lifbt. The principles of transmission of power in a hydraulic system. The relationship of pressure, area, and force. **K. MAINTENANCE PUBLICATIONS.** Select and use FAA and manufacturer’s aircraft maintenance specifications, data sheets, manuals, and publications, and related Federal Aviation Regulations.- Level 3: Determine .the suitability of a propeller for use with a particular engine-airplane combination. Determine the minimum diameter of a propeller type and model when used with ‘a particular engine. Locate aircraft leveling and weightig information. Determine engine/propeller speed ratios. The instrument markings required on a specifie6l type and model aircraft. The purpose and applictibility of Technical Standard Orders. The purpose and applicability of Supplemental Type Certificates. Identify the useful load and empty weight c.g. of an aircraft *by reference to data. Use FAA Specifications and Type Certificate Data Sheets. The applicability and requirements for aircraft airworthiness certificates Determine &he control surf ace movement limits of a specified aircraft. Determine seat locations of using aircraft specifications. an aircraft, Use aircraft listing to find information about aircraft of limited production. The purpose and applicability of FAA Airworthiness Directives. Use “Table of Limits” to determine condition of parts. Read technical da&-Level 3: Find specified information in technical reports and manuals. **L. MECHANIC PRIVILEGES AND LIM- ITATIONS.** Exercise mechanic privileges within the limitations prescribed by FAR 65.-Level 3: The criteria for determining the clas&- cation (major, minor, or preventive maintenance) of airframe repairs and alterations. The criteria for determining the class%- cation (major, minor, or preventive maintenance) of powerplant repairs and alterations. The criteria for determining the classification (major, minor, or preventive maintenance) of propeller repairs and alterations. Return an aircraft to service after installation of an engine type other than that for which the aircraft was originally certificated. The minimum age requirement for issuance of a mechanic certificate. The privileges of a mechanic in relation to NO-hour and annual inspections. The requirements address. for reporting change of The duration or effective period of a mechanic certificate. The for i requirements ssuance of a an applicant must meet mechanic certificate. Determine the maintenance classification (major repair, minor repair, preventive mainteniance) of landing gear tire removal, installation, and repair. Determine the maintenance classification (major repair, minor repair, preventive maintenance) of servicing landing gear shock struts. Determine the repair classification (major repair, minor repair, preventive maintenance) crf repairs to steel tubing structures by welding. ### Page 21 Determine the repair classification (major repair, minor repair, preventive maintenance) of replacing the fabric on fabriccovered parts such as wings, fuselages, stabilizers, and control surfaces. The recency-of -experience requirements for certificated mechanics. The privileges of a mechanic regarding return to service of aircraft after major repairs. Determine the maintenance classification (major repair, minor repair, preventive maintenance) of the replacement of aircraft components with new, rebuilt, or repaired components of similar design. ### Page 22 AVIATION MECHANIC AIRFRAME TEST section 1. Airframe Structures A. WOOD STRUCTURES. The general requirements for making doped and lapped seams. The meaning of t;he teti “warp” as used in reference to aircraft textile products. The to observe when install- precautions surface tape Service and repair wood structures.- Level 1: The .general requirements of scarf splice joints. The repair procedure for elongated holes in wood spars. The permissible wood substitutes for use in making repairs to wood structures. The procedures for repairing wood rib capstrips. The characteristics of glue used in aircraft construction and repair. The procedure for sealing the inner surfaces of a wooden structure tihat is to be assembled by gluing. control surfaces. w on Inspect, test, and repair fabric and fiberg&S.-Level 3 : Determine the condition of aircraft fabric. Apply a doped-on patch to aircraft fabric. Make a sewed repair to a fabric-covered surface. The .areas on a most susceptible to fabric-covered aircraft The general Characteristics of tihe wood commonly used in aircraft ConstrWtion. corrosion. **C, AIRCRAFT FINISHES.** Apply trim, letters, and touchup paint.- Level 1: Identify wood defects.-Level 2: The requirements fvr registration markings. Recognize accq$able and nonacceptible wood defects. The relative proportions of identification markings. Inspect wood structures.-Level 2 : The effect of moisture content on wood size and strength. The strength characteristics of wood structures. The use of color and ornamentation when applying registration marks. Identify and select terials.-Level 2 : aircraft finishing The characteristics of plywood and laminated wood. The characteristics of butyrate and ace- tate dopes. The types of thinners used witlh various types of paint and dope. The characteristics of fabric rejuvenators. The types of priming paints generally used on aircraft. **B. AIRCRAFT COVERING.** Select and apply fabric and fiberglass covering materials.-Level 1: The factors to consider in selecting aircraft fabric. The types of seams commonly used in The type paint used to coat the insides of battery compartments. -aircraft fabric coverings. 15 1 ### Page 23 Apply paint and dope.-Level 2: The purpose of fungicidal dope in aircraft finishing. The application of rejuvenator to repair an aged dope finish. The products and methods used to dopeproof airframe structures. The effect of atmospheric conditions on dope during its application. Sand and rub aircraft finishes. Apply primer to aluminum alloy parts. Use and maintain a paint spray gun. The purpose of brushing the first coat of dope instead of spraying. Inspect finishes and identify defects.- Level 2: The type of painting defect caused by moving the spray gun in an arc instead of a straight line. The cause of runs and sags in aircraft finishes. D. SHE‘ET ‘METAL STRUCTURES. Install special rivets and fasteners.- Level 2: Determine correct rivet length and di- *ameter. Install a hi-shear rivet. The precautions concerning rivet fit. Install deicer boot fasteners. Install blind-type rivets. The stresses that a rivet is designed to resist. Inspect bonded structures.-Level 2 : The reason for using metal sandwich panels in high-speed aircraft construction. The use of the metallic “ring” test to inspect for delamination damage of bonded structures. Evaluate the extent of damage to a bonded structure and determine the type repair needed. Inspect .and repair plastics, honeycomb, and laminated structures.-Level 2 : Distinguigh between transparent plastic and enclosures. plate-glass Protect plastics during handling and repair operations. Remove ,scratches and surf ace crazing from plastic enclosures. Drill shallow or medium depth holes in plastic materials. The effect of moisture entrapped in honeycomb structures. Use a router to remove damaged area from honeycomb panels. Clean honeycomb panels prior to patching. Inspect, check, service, and repair windows, doors, and interior furnishings.- Level 2: Clean transparent plastic window and windshield materials: Inspection procedures and airworthiness requirements for safety belts. The characteristics of acrylic pleastic enclosure materials. Maintain safety belts. , l -7 I Secure transparent plastic enclosures to the aircraft structure. Protect transparent plastic enclosure materials during handling and storage. The physical characteristics of transparent plastic enclosure materials. Form and shape acrylic plastic. Rep*air shallow surf ace scratches in trans- ,parent plastic enclosures. Inspect and repair sheet-metal structures. -Level 3: Select and use twist drills. Select and use a hand file for soft metals. Prepare dissimilar metals for assembly. Determine the type, size, and number of rivets for use in structural qairs. Repair sheet-metal flight control surfaces. ### Page 24 The loads acting upon a semimonocoque fuselage. The construction characteristics of monocoque and semimonocoque structures. The construction characteristics of cantilever wing structures. The types of loads carried by wing wars. Drill holes in stainless steel. Define bearing failure as related to sheetmetal structures. Define shear failure. Repair a hole in a stressed-skin metal wing. Repair a section of damaged skin using a single-lap tiheet splice. Construct a watertight joint. Countersink a hole. Perform the dimpling process. Select the correct rivet to accomplish a repair using a specified material. Repair or splice stringers on the lower surface of a stressed-skin metal wing. Determkne the correct rivet layout and spacing for a specified repair. Use proper riveting techniques. Stop drill cracks in sheet metal. Repair a slightly oversize hole. Repair structural units, such as spars, engine supports, etc., that have been built from sheet metal. Repair shallow scratches in sheet metal. Determine the condition of a stressedskin metal structure that is known to have been critically loaded. Use a reamer. Install conventional rivets.-Level 3 : Prepare sheet metal for installation of flush rivets. Identify and select rivets. Determine the correct rivet length and diameter. Select and specirfied ri use the vet head correct styles. rivet for Select and use bucking bars. Remove rivets. Determine the condition of a Determine the circumstances 2117 rivets may be used to and 2024 rivets. Define rivet tipping. driven rivet. under which replace 2017 Handle and in&all rivets that require heat treatment prior to use. Adjust and use an air-operated riveting gun* The circumstances under tiich type “A” rivets may be used in aircraft. The mechanical properties of heat-treated rivets. Hand form, lay out, and bend sheet metal.-Level 3 : Make aa joggle or offset bend. Bend sheet metal of a large radius. that requires the use Determine the neuteral axis of a bend. Define bend radius. Determine t.he ,amount of material required to make a specified bend. Bend sheet metal to a specified angle. Lay out and bend a piece of sheet metal using a minimum radius for the type and thickness of material specified. Lay out a bend in relationship to metal “grain” to minimize the possibility of cracking. Determine the flat layout dimensions of ‘a component part to be formed by bending. Form metal by bumping. **E. WELDING.** Weld magnesium and titanium.-Level 1: The method of cleaning magnesium in preparation for welding. ### Page 25 The main function of a flux while welding magnesium. The types of gases to use when gas-welding magnesium. The use of butt joints when gas-,welding magnesium. Solder stainless steel.-Level 1: The use of silver soldering as a method of bonding metals. The preparation of stainless steel for soldering. The methods of Cleaning material after soldering. Fabricate tubular structures.-Level 1: The types of tubing splices. The proper welding sequence to use when welding fuselage tubes. The characteristics of a welded tubing joint. The protection of the interior of tubular steel that is to be clvsed by welding. The methods used to con’trol distortion of steel tube structures during welding repairs. The preparation of ttibe ends for welding. Solder, braze, gas-, and arc-weld steel.- Level 2: Use cleaning operations to prqare sheet steel for welding. Adjust oxyacetylene welding torch to produce the type flame needed to weld a specified material. Select and use filler rod. The effect of excessive heat on metal. Operate a portable welding set. Select t’he correct size welding torch tip. The precautions regarding welding over a previou$ly brazed or soldered joint. Solder a wire or cable to an elec‘trical component. Sweat-solder a lap joint. Normalize a steel part after welding. Identify steel parts considered ti be repairable by welding. The preheating required prior to welding. Weld aluminum and stainless steel.- Level 2: Use a filler rod when welding aluminum with oxyacetylene. Use flux when welding aluminum. The purpose and effect of using inert gas to shield the arc in certain types of welding. **F. ASSEMBLY AND RIGGING.** Rig rotary-wing aircraf t.-Level 1: The condition of flight that a properly rigged aircraft should maintain. The relationship of thrust and drag of an aircraft during level unaccelerating flight. The relationship of lift and weight of an aircraft during level unaccelerating flight. The meaning of the term “angle of attack” of an airfoil. The type of control movement used to induce forward flight in a helicopter. The method of controlling vertical flight .of a helicopter. The movement of an aircraft about its axes during noma flight maneuvers. The factors affecting stability of an aircraft about its axes. The methods of maintaining directional control of a helicopter. The cause and effect of rotor blade &all in helicopters operating at high speeds. The cause of vertical vibration in a twoblade helicopter rotor system. The preparatirons required prior to riggw The method of tracking helicopter main rotor blades. Rig fixed-wing aircraf h-Level 2 : Thi condition of flight that a properly rigged aircraft should maintain. ### Page 26 The factors to consider when rigging vertical stabilizer of single-engine, propeller-driven aircraft. The rella;tionship of thrust and drag of an aircraft during level unaccelerating flight. The effect of incorrect wing incidence angle. The effect of dihedral on aircraft stability. Use wing “wash-in” and “wash-out” to currtxt aircraft rigging. The relationship of lift and weight of an aircraft during level unaccelerating flight. The meaning of the term “angle of attack” of an airfoil. The effect of flaps on aircraft landing speed and approach angle. The meaning of t’he term “incidence 25ngle” of an airfoil. The movement of an aircraft about its axes during normal flight maneuvers. The relationship. between the center of pressure of a wing and its angle,of attack. The factors affecting stability of an aircraft about its axes. The usual location of aircraft e.g. in relationship to center of lift. The changes in lift and drag of the wings ,When an aircraft is tilled about its longitudinal axis. The procedure for establishing wing angle of incidence prior to repairing wing attachment fittings. Check alignment of structures.-Level 2 : Prepare fuselage for alignment check. Check aIi,anment of internally braced wing structure. The significance axed method of expressing reference positions. Check alignment of assembled aircraft. Assemble airqraf t.-Level 3 : The methods of safetying aircraft screws, bolts, and nuts. Assemble, adjust, and safety cable turnbuckles. The correct method of inserting bolts in aircraft fittings. Install and inspect swaged cable terminals and fit.tings. Balance and rig movable surfaces.- Level 3: The inspection requirements for cableoperated primary flight control systems. Handle and make up control catbles. The corrosion protection requirements of control cables. The effect of overtightening control cables. The relationlship between specified movements of the cockpit controls and the control surfaces. The relationship between specified control movements during flight and the movement of the aircraft about its axes. The movement of the controls, control surfaces, and the aircraft about its axes during normal flight maneuvers. Balance control surfaces after repair. The relationship between specified movements of the trim tab operating device and the trim tab. Secure the cockpit flight contro!ls in preparation for control surface rigging. ‘The effect of a worn pulley in a mbleoperated control system. The means used to reduce or prevent control surface flutter. The purpose and operation of control surface locks. The purpose and operation of differential controls. The purpose and applicability of fairleads in a cable-operated control system. Install and rig the cables in a flight control system. Splice control cables using N&press sleeves. ### Page 27 The probable causes of control surface flutter. The maintenance requirements of control surface trim tab systems. The purpose of counterweights incorporated into the leading edges of some ‘primary control surf aces. The purpose and function of “spring tabs” and ‘“servo tabs”. Measure control surface movement and adjust control stops. The effect of temperature trol system cable tension. changes on con- Assemble, adjust, inspect, and safety pushpull tube-type flight control systems. The types and characteristics of cables used in aircraft primary control systems. Jack aircraf t.-Level 3 : Determine maximum allowable jacking weight. The use of correct capacity jacks. Protect aircraft from damage during lifting and lowering operations. Use ballast when jacking aircraft with engine removed; The effects of wind when jacking aircraft. **G. AIRFRAME INSPECTION.** Perform airframe conformity and airmorthiness inspections.-Level 3 : The maximum period of time an aircraft can be flown before an annual inspection is required. Determine the condition of airframes, airframe systems, and components. The .primary purpose of inspection. The maximum time an aircraft that carries passengers for hire or is used in flight instruction can be flown before being inspected. Determine that an aircraft is in conformity with FAA Specifications. Determine that applicable Airworthiness DirecCves have been complied with. Conduct a thorough and detailed inspection of an .aircraft. ### Page 28 AVIATION MECHANIC AIRFRAME TEST Section 2. Airframe Systems and Components A. AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR SYS- TEMS. Inspect, check, service, and repair landing gear, retraction systems, shock struts, brakes, wheels, tires, and steering systems. -Level 3: Determine aircraft tire inflation pressures. The factors affecting the retreading of aircraft tires. Adjust landing gear toe-in. Install and remove aircraft wheel and brake assemblies. Install tubes and tires. Protect aircraft tires from hydraulic fluids. Service brake deboosters. Service landing gear shock struts. The ef%cts of increasing temperature on “parked” brakes. Determine the cause of an oleo strut bottoming during taxi operations. The pressure source for actuating power brakes. Select and install air valves in oleo shock struts. Observe safety precautions when demounting tire and wheel assemblies. Determine if a brake system requires bleeding; perform brake system bleeding. Inspect and adjugt multiple-disc brakes. Install new linings in hydraulically operated single-disc brakes. Determine the cause of spongy brake action. Inspect and service aircraft tires and tubes. Determine the reason for “dragging” bra.kes. The method of equalizing braking pressure on both .sides of the rotating disc of a single-disc brake. Operate and check retractable landing g0ar. Determine the cause of fading brakes. Replace actuating cylinders. Install brake blocks in an expander-tube brake assembly. Inspect brake drums. The purpose and function of metering pins in oleo shock struts. Determine the cause of excessive brake &pedal travel. The operating principles of oleo shock struts during landing. The storage requirements for aircraft tires and tubes. The effect of a broken return spring in a brake master cylinder. Determine the cause of grabbing brakes. The purpose and operation of a debooster in a hydraulic power brake system. Detect internal leakage in a brake master cylinder. The operating principles of servo, expander-tube, multipleAdisc, and single-disc aircraft brakes. The purpose and operating principles of brake master cylinders. **B. HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC POWER SYSTEMS.** Repair hydraulic and pneumatic power system components.-Level 2 : Install packing seals and rings on hydraulic components. ### Page 29 Determine the correct seal type. to use with esterAbase, petroleum-base, and vegetable-base fluids. ’ Remove .and install hydraulic selector valves. Remove and install a spool-type or balanced-type pressure regulator. Determine the cause of excessive oil in an aircraft pneumatic power system. The operating principles of a pneumatic power system multistage reciprocating compressor. Identify hydraulic seals and packings. Protect packing rings or’ seals against thread damage during installation. Identify and select hydraulic fluids.- Level 3: Determine the fluid type for use in. a specifled aircraft hydraulic system. The method of measuring the viscosity *of a liquid. Identify ester-base, petroleum-base, and vegetable+base fluids. Inspect, check, service, troubleshbot, and repair hydraulic and pneumatic power systerns.-Level 3 : Determine the air pressure in a hydraulic accumulator. The locateion and use of quick-disconnect fittings in hydraulic and pneumatic systems. The mounting position of diaphragm and bladder-type hydraulic accumulators. Service hydraulic reservoirs. Determine the causes of incorrect system pressure. Service porous paper and micronic filtering elements. Adjust the pressure system relief valve. setting of the main Purge air from a hydraulic system. The term used to indicate force per unit \ Identify the types of hydraulic power systems. The purpose, location, and operation of a hydraulic fuse. Prot,ect a hydraulic system again,& cont*amination during a component replace- Inspect a hydraulic system for water and metal contamination. Service a pneumatic system moisture separator. The purpose, location, and operation of .an orifice check valve in the wing flap actuating system. The purpose, location, and operation of a wing flap overload valve. The purpose, location, and operation of a hydraulic system pressure regulator. The purpose, location, and operation of a sequence valve. The purpose, location, and a crossflow valve. operation of The purpose, location, and operation of a hydraulic system pressure accumulator. The purpose, location, and operation of a shuttle valve. The purpose, location, and operation of a check valve. Install and remove engine-driven hydraulic pumps. The indications of a worn or damaged hydraulic pump shaft. The operating principles of hydraulic hand pumps. The cause of hydraulic pump chatter during operation. The operating principles of a constantdisplacement hydraulic pump. The operating principles of a variabledisplacement hydraulic pump. The purpose of the shear section on the shaft of an engine-driven hydraulic power pump* area. ### Page 30 The purpose and operation of a hydraulic *actuating cylinder. Determine the cause if a constant-lpressure hydraulic system with no external leakage will not hold pressure when the power pump is not operating. Determine the cause if an engine-driven power pump will not maintain system pressure during the actuation of a unit in the system. The general features and operating principles of atrcraft pneumatic power systems. The purpose of pressurized reservoirs in some hydraulic systems. The purpose and location of a standpipe in some hydraulic reservoirs. The causes of too frequent cycling constant-pressure hydraulic system. of a Operate and check a hydraulically irperated flap system. The operating mechanism of most hydraulic pressure gauges. The indications of a low fluid supply during system operation. **C. CABIN ATMOSPHERE CONTROL SYSTEMS.** Repair heating, cooling, air-conditioning, pressurization, and oxygen system components.-Level 1: The usual reasons a surface combustion heater fails to operate. The effects of cracks or holes in an exhaust-type heat exchanger. The usual sources freon system. of contamination of a The method of protecting a freon. system from contamination during replacement of a component. Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service, and repair heating, cooling, air-conditioning, and pressurization systems.-Level 1: The operating principles of a thermostatically controlled surface combustion heater. The methods used to control cabin pressure of a pressurized aircraft. The protective features mcluded in the control circuits of surf ace combustion heaters. The purpose and operation of check valves in the delivery air ducts of a pressurization system. The basic principles of providing and controlling aircraft pressurization. The inspection requirements of cabin heating systems that utilize an exhaust heat exchanger as a source of heated air. The method of checking a combustion heater fuel system for leaks. The function of cooling system. the condenser ina freon The function of cooling system. the evaporator in a freon The function of an expansion valve in a freon cooling system. The location, in relationship to eaoh other, of the unibs in a freon cooling system. The method of determining the liquid level in a vapor-cycle cooling system. The procedure for servicing a vapor-cycle air-conditioning system that has lost all its freon charge. The basic operating principles of an aircycle cooling system. The function of a jet pump in a pressurization and air-conditioning system. The function of Ia mixing valve in an airconditioning system. The function of the negative pressurerelief valve in a pressurization system. The function of the outflow valve in a pressurization system. The function and principles of operation of an automatic cabin rate-of-climb control system. Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service and repair oxygen systems.-Level 2 : Check oxygen system for leakage. ### Page 31 Service oxygen system with breathing The purpose and operation of the autooxygen. pilot. Inspect a breathing oxygen system for contamination. The purpose of a servomotor in an autopilot system. **D. AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENT SYS- TEMS.** The installation requirements for autopilot units. Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair heading, speed, altitude, time, attitude, temperature, pressure, and position indicating systems.-Level 1: The function of a position transmitter in an autopilot system. The procedure for “swinging” an aircraft Inspect, check, and service aircraft electronic communication and navigation systerns.-Level 1: magnetic compass. The methods used tern for leakage. w The significance oJ n to test a static air sysvarious types of marks on the face of an instrument. The operating principles of couple temperature-indicating The service requirements of system filters. a thermocircuit. instrument The effect of a ruptured or disconnected static pressure line located inside a pressurized cabin. Install instruments.-Level 2 : The installation and connection of shockmounted vacuum instruments to their power system. The types of hardware used to install instruments. The application of operation markings to the glass face of an aircraft instrument. The protection of instruments during handling. The installation practices necessary to prevent damaging .an instrument. The installation practices used in making hose or tubing connections to the instruments. **E. COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGA- TION SYSTEMS.** Inspect, check, approach control and service autopilot and systems.-Level 1: The operating principles of the sensing device used in an autopilot system. The FCC regulations pertaining to the operation of two-way radio. The principal conditions which must be considered in the installation of radio. The protection of radio equipment from shock and vibration. The methods of reducing engine noise in radio receivers. Inspect and repair antenna and electronic equipment installations.-Level 2 : The preferred location and methods of mounting external antennas. The procedure for returning an aircraft to service after a radio installation has been made in accordance with approved installation data. . The preferred location for the VOR localizer receiver antenna on a small aircraft. **F. AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEMS.** Check. and service fuel dump systems.- Level 1: The reasons for requiring fuel dump systems. The methods used to control the operation of fuel dump chutes and valves. The principal safety requirements for a fuel dump system. The purpose of jettison pumps in fuel dump systems. ### Page 32 Perform fuel management, transfer, and def ueling.-Level 1: The precautions required when defueling an aircraft. The tank-to-engine combinations possible with a crossfeed system. The method of maintaing c.g. limits using fuel transfer technique. The arrangement of fuel system controls, indicators, and warning lights. Inspect, check, and repair pressure fueling systems.-Level 1: The method of controlling fuel level during pressure fueling operations. The methods used to operate fueling valves. The protection of integral tanks against overpressure during pressure fueling operations. The arrangement of fueling system controls, indicators, and warning lights. The precaut.ions required when fueling an aircraft. The purpose and operation of pilot valves. Repair aircraft fuel system components. -Level 2: Repair and seal fuel t*anks. Pressure test fuel tanks. Remove and clean fuel strainers. The precautions to follow when routing fuel lines. The method of regulating fuel system pressure. Inspect and repair fluid quantity indicating systems.-Level 2 : The methods used to determine the level of fluid in a tank. The purpose of remote-reading electrical mF* Calibrate liquidometer-type fluid quantity indicating systems. The effect of aircraft attitude on fluid level measuring #devices. Troubleshoot, service, and repair fluid pressure and temperature warning systems. -Level 2: Determine and adjust the pressure or temperature at which warning systems operate. Determine the cause of incorrect warning system indications and make corrections. Test the operation of temperature and pressure warning systems. Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair aircraft fuel systems.-Level 3 : The fuel system inspection requirements for aircraft operating in areas of high humidity or wide temperature changes. The design .and installation requirements for aircraft fuel tanks. The maintenance requirements of fuel tank sumps. The marking requirements for fuel filler openings. The purpose of potassium dichromate in a fuel system. The reason for using booster pumps with engine-driven %pumps. The purpose of baffle plates in fuel tanks. The installation and operation requirements of fuel valves. The venting requirements of interconnected fuel tanks. **G. AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS.** Repair aircraft electrical system components.-Level 2 : Use a “growler” in generator and motor armature inspection and repair. Check the condition of shunt and compound generator field circuits. Locate and use overhaul information for electrical equipment. The procedures for correcting generator brush arcing. Dress or turn the commutator surf,ace of a motor or generator armature. Flash a generator field. ### Page 33 The effect of changes in speed and load on generator output. The function of a commutator in a direct current electric motor. Seat new or replacement generator brushes. The effect of incorrect generator brush spring tension on generator operation. The methods of reducing armature reaction in aircraft generators. The operating principles of carbon-pile volt.age regulators. The design factors that *determine the numbe r of cycl .es-per-revolution an alternating current generator will produce. Determine the speed @p.m.) of an electric motor. The basic principles of generators. The factors that affect the torque produced by an electric motor. The methods used to protect .armature shafts from overloads. The speed and load characteristics of series-, compound-, and shunt-wound motors. The means employed to control current and voltage output of aircraft generators. The methods used to control output frequency and voltage of alternating current generators. The general operating characteristics of vibrator-type current and voltage regulators. The purpose and operation of reversecurrent cutout relays in generator control circuits. The basic internal electrical circuits of series-, compound-, *and shunt-:wound generators. The operating principles of magnetic clutches and brakes commonly used with electric motors. The purpose and operation of reversible Install, check, and service airframe electrical wiring, controls, switches, indicators, and protective devices.-Level 3 : The purpose, applicability, :and operation of electrical fuses and circuit breakers. The tYP= switches. and wire electrical switches. Ins tall Splice terns. The c k wiring in aircraft electrical sysraracteristics of high-tension . ‘I .* 1 . . low-tension electrical wiring. and operation of electrical and The purpose, applicability, and use of electrical wiring terminal strips. The criteria for selecting aluminum and copper electrical cables. Replace terminals on aircraf,t aluminum and copper electrical cables. DeLermine the current-carrying capacity . of an electrical circuit. The installation and maintenance wiring electrical systems. of open Install electrical wiring in conduits. The method of protecting electrically operated emergency systems from Iaccidental actuation. The strength requirements for electrical cable terminals. Select and install electrical bonding jumpers. The installation requirements cal j unction boxes. for electri- The characteristics of single-#wire electrical sys terns. The special requirements an electrical bonding jumper must meet if it is required to carry a ground load for a unit of electrical equipment. The purpose of shielding electrical wiring and equipment. The use of quick-Idisconnect electrical plugs and sockets. electric motors. ### Page 34 The purpose of static wicks or dischargers. The American Wire Gage (A.W.G.) system of designating electrical wire sizes. Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service, and repair alternating current and direct current electrical systems.-Level 3 : The results of short or open circuits in a generator control circuit. The effect of sticking points in a reversecurrent cutout relay. The cause and effect of solenoid switch chatter. The installation and circuit requirements for anticollision light systems. The installation and circuit requirements for position lights. The method of providing direct current for battery charging on aircraft that operate only alternating current generators. The common methods of controlling output current and voltage of compound direct current generators. The operating principles and characteristics of inverters. Determine the output frequency of an alternating current generator. The operating principles and characteristics of rectifiers. The method of providing alternating current in aircraft that operate only direct current generators. The electrical device usually used to convert alternating current to a ‘lower or higher voltage without a change in frequency. The operating principles and characteristics of electrical induction coils. The operating principles and characteristics of transformers. The advantages of using alternating current in aircraft. **H. POSITION AND WARNING SYS- TEMS.** Inspect, check, and service speed- and takeoff-warning systems, electrical brake controls, and antiskid systems.-Level 1: The general requirements for installing skid detectors. The operating principles of hydraulic brake antiskid systems. Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service, and repair landing gear position indicating and warning systems.-Level 3 : Determine the cause of a gear unsafe warning signal. The effect of various electrical faults in the operation of the landing gear warning system. **I. ICE AND RAIN CONTROL SYSTEMS.** Inspect, check, troubleshoot, service, and sys- repair airframe ice and rain control terns.-Level 2 : Install deicer boots. The operating principles of antisystems that utilize heated air in the ing edges of airfoils and intake duct! icing lead- The operating principles of electrically operated anti-icing systems. Protect deicer boots from deterioration. **J. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS.** Inspect, check, carbon monoxide 1 . . and service smoke and detection systems.-Level The operating Iprinciples of smoke and carbon monoxide ,detection systems. Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair aircraft fire detection and extinguishing systems.-Level 3 : The type of fire-extinguishing agent most suitable -for use with electrical fires. The fire-extinguishing agent normally used with built-in aircraft fire-extinguishing systems. ### Page 36 AVIATION MECHANIC POWERPLANT TEST Section 1. Powerplant Theory and Maintenance A. RECIPROCATING ENGINES. Inspect and repair U-cylinder or larger radial engine--level 1: The purpose and advantages of using propeller reduction gearing. The characteristics of thrust bearings used in large radial engines. The characteristics of crankshaft bearings used in large radial engines. The construction characteristics of the crankshaft and rod assemblies for a tworow radial engine. The loads acting on the power case and nose case of a large radial engine during various conditions of operation. The methods of classifying reciprocating engines. The factors that affect the volumetric efficiency of an engine. Determine the cylinder firing order for various types of engines. Overhaul reciprocating engine.-Level 2 : The purpose and operating principles of dynamic dampers used in aircraft engines. The characteristics of designs. various crankshaft The basic operating principles of fourstroke cycle engines. The characteristics of various piston and knuckle pin retention devices. . Pin The processes used tlo harden cylinder bores. The purpose and applicability of choketype or taper-ground cylinders. The wear walls. characteristics of engine cylinder The purpose of valve overlap in some engines. The effects of various poppet-type valve face angles. The characteristics of various types of valve operating mechanisms. The operating characteristics of zero-lash hydraulic valve lifters. Time engine valves during engine assembly. Install valve guides. Grind seats. and resurface valves and valve The purpose of using relatively large piston-to-cylinder wall clearances in aircraft engines. The indications of failed or failing engine bearings. The result of operating an engine at high power settings before the lubricating oil has come up to operating temperature. Check piston rings for correct end and side clearance. Check valve stems for stretch. Repair a scored aluminum piston. Perform crankshaft %unout.” Prepare engine for disassembly before overhaul. Measure inside diameter, taper, and outof-round of a cylinder bore. Install cylinders and tighten holddown nuts. The construction characteristics cooled engine cylinders. of air- The construction characteristics and the operating principles of poppet-type engine valves. ### Page 37 The construction characteristics of aircraft engine pistons. The types and arrangements of piston rings used in aircraft engines. The purpose of using more than one spring on aircraft engine valves. The operating principles and construction of spur and pinion-type and planetarytype propeller reduction gearing. The principles of construction and operation of accessory gear drive trains on reciprocating engines. Inspect cast and forged engine crankcase assemblies. Remove and install studs in engine crankcase and accessory sections. Inspect, check, service, and repair opposed and radial engines and reciprocating engine installations.-Level 3 : Check and adjust engine valve clearances. Determine the speed and direction of rotation of the cam ring in various radial engines. The effect of excessive or insufficient valve clearance on engine operation. The relationship between operating valve clearance and cold valve clearance. Perform cylinder compression tests. Perform an ignition system operational check. Determine the condition of cable-operated engine control systems. Check and adjust engine idling speed and mixture. Detect and determine the cause of a “cold” cylinder. The purpose of establishing one or more critical ranges for certain engine-propeller combinations. The operating indications of a worn or weak engine. The effect of a leaking oil dilution valve on engine operation. The effect of a low oil supply on engine operation. The indications of engine oil system. a correctly functioning The probable cause of oil being out of the breather of a wet-sump thrown engine. Determine the source and cause of metallic particles found on the oil screen during engine inspection. The effect of an engine operation. unbalanced propeller on The power setti,ngs most desirable protracted engine operation. for Dilute engine oil in preparation for cold weather starting operations. The purpose and operating engine dynamic suspension Install and time a magneto. principles of systems. Install, troubleshoot, and remove reciprocating engines.-Level 3 : The effect of throttle position upon fuelair mixture in the cylinders during starting. Pre-oil an overhauled engine before starting. Install air-cooled engine baffles. The method of hoisting or lifting engines during removal and installation. The effect of increased engine manifold pressure on master rod bearing load. The effect of air density on engine power output. The causes of engine backfire. The basic operational sequence for increasing or reducing the power output of an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller. The factors that affect an engine’s tendency to detonate. The effect of induction system air leaks on engine operation. The indications of a leaking primer sys- ### Page 38 The effect of exhaust back pressure on engine power output. The result of incorrect .fuel-air mixture adjustments. The indication and effect of ,carburet,or -sing. Operate and adjust mechanical push-pull control systems. **B. TURBINE ENGINES.** Overhaul turbine engine.-Level 2 : The relationship between rotor speed and total thrust of a turbine engine. The relationship between turbine inlet temperature and t,hrust of a turbine engine. The relationship between operating altitude and thrust of a turbine engine. The operating characteristics of turbine engines equipped lvith two-spool ‘or “split” compressors. The operating characteristics of fan and bypass turbine engines. The relabive gas pressures in various portions of a turbine engine. The function of the nozzle diaphragm in a turbine engine. The function of the exhaust cone in a turbine engine. The operating characteristics and types of combustion chambers. Remove and install outer combustionchamber case and liners. The methods for disassembling compressor sections. The function and location of fuel nozzles. Inspect, check, service, and repair turbine engines and turbine engine installations.- Level 2: The principles of operation of thrust reversing systems used with turbine engines. The advantages of a gas turbine geared to a propeller. The types of compressors most commonly used in turbine engines. The construction and operating characteristics of axial-flow compressors. The advantages of the axial-flow com- ‘pressor over the centrifugal compressor. The function and location of the diffuser sectivn. The b.asic design of turbine blades. The effect of high ambient temperatures on turbine engine operation. The type failures to which turbine com- ,ponents are subject. The results of excessive operating temperature. Install, troubleshoot, and engines.-Level 2 : remove turbine The operating principles of a engine. turbine The effect of .air density on the thrust of a turbine engine. The effect of exhaust nozzle adjustments on turbine engine operation. The method of controlling compressor surge. The purpose trol devices. and operation of fuel con- The cause of hot spots on the outer combustion ,casing. The method of insuring ignition in combustion chambers not equipped with igniter Iplugs. Adjust turbine engine -fuel controls. **C. ENGINE INSPECTION.** Perform powerplant conformity and airworthiness inspections.-Level 3 : Determine that applicable Airworthiness Directives are complied with. Determine that the ,powerplant conforms -\-v&h tOhe applicable FAA Specification. ### Page 39 AVIATION MECHANIC POWERPLANT TEST Section 2. Powerplant Svstems and Components A. ENGINE INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS. Troubleshoot, service, and repair fluid rate-of-flow indicating systems.-Level 2 : N s The operation and use of synchronous motors. The lpurpose and operating .principles of a fuel-flow indicating system. The relationship between fuel flow and the power output of an engine. Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair engine temperature, pressure, and r.p.m. indicating systems.-Level 3 : The operating Iprinciples of thermocoupletype temperature indicating systems. The effect of a broken or leaking manifold pressure gage line. The purpose and operating principles of an exhaust gas analyzer system. The purpose and operating principles of a manifold pressure indicating system. The operating principles of engine oi temperature indicating systems. Apply markings to the glass face of en gine instruments. Install tachometer drives. Determine the reason for electric tachometer system. failure of an The requirements for a carburetor air temperature indicating system. Determine the reason for an ofFscale reading of a ratiometer-type indicating system. Determine the cause of erratic indications when using a thermocouple system. The purpose and operating principles of fuel pressure warning systems. The installation practices for thermocouple leads. Measure the resistance of thermocouple leaqds. Determine the cause of .an inverse reading in a thermocouple temperature indicating system. Identify the types and application of thermocouples used to indicate turbine engine temperatures. **B. ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION SYS- TEMS.** Inspect, check, service, troubleshoot, and repair engine fire detection and extinguishing systems.-Led 3 : Check continuity and resistance of the electrical circuit. Determine the causes of system malfunction. The methods used to release the extinguishing agent. The sensing devices used in the detection systems. **C. ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS.** Repair engine electrical system components.-Level 2 : Check the condition of shunt and compound generator ,field circuits. Locate .and use overhaul information for electrical equipment. The procedures for correcting generator brush arcing. Check a motor or generator armature to determine that the *windings are not grounded. Smooth *the commutator surface of a motor or generator armature. ### Page 40 Determine the cause of solder deposits on the armature cover plate of a generator. The purpose of a ripple ‘filter in a generator power circuit. The type of electric motor used with direct-cranking engine starters. The types of voltage regulators used high output direct current generators The results of short or open circuits generator control circuit. with ina The effect of sticking current cutout relay. ~points ina reverse- The method of providing and controlling the field current of aircraft generators. The methods of controlling parallel direct current generators. The .methods used to contml output frequency and voltage of alternating current. generators. The methods of reducing armature reaction in aircraft generators. The methods of controlling current and voltage output of compound direct current generators. The operating principles of carbon-pile voltage regulators. The operating characteristics of serieswound direct current electric motors. The purpose and operation of reversecurrent cutout relays in generator control circuits. The general operating characteristics of vibrator-type current and v&age regulators. Flash a generator field. The effect of changes on generator output. in and load The design factors that determine the number of cycles per revolution an Qlternating current generator will produce. The factors that *affect the torque produced by an electtic .motor. The function of a commutator in a direct current electic motor. Determine the output frequency of an alternating current generator. The methods used to protect armature Shtif ts from overloads. Seat new or replacement generator Ibrushes. The effect of incorrect generator brush spring tension on generator operation. The speed and load characteristics of series-, compound-, and shunt-Wound electric .motors. The basic principles of electric generators. The basic internal electrical circuits of series-, compound-, and shunt-wound generators. The applicability and use of intermittentduty ‘electric motors. The operating principles of magnetic clutches and *brakes commonly used revent congealing of the oil in the nose case scavenger system. erratic pitch change during later propeller operation. oil starvation of the highly stressed engine bearings. the possibility of an air lock forming in the propeller governor boost pump. 48. What is the primary purpose of propeller cones, as used with propellers that are installed on engines with splined shafts? 1. To prevent contact between the shaft splines and the propeller hub splines. 2. To prevent rotation of the propeller on the shaft. 3. To reduce acceleration loads on the shaft splines. 4. To center the propeller on the shaft. 49. If a constant-speed propeller control is set in the constant-speed range and the engine is being operated at cruising power, retarding the throttle will result in an increase in blade pitch. movement of the throttl effect on blade pitch. .e will have no the r.p.m will vary directly with movement of the throttle. advancing the throttle will result in an increase in blade pitch. 50. Why is a double-field winding (split field) used in some d.c. electric motors? 1. To allow the motor to operate in either direction (reversible motor). 2. One set of field windings is used as a magnetizing coil to actuate the armature brake. 3. One set of field windings is used as a magnetizing coil to engage the motor clutch. 4. One set of field windings is used as a magnetizing coil to disengage the motor clutch. ### Page 58 Question Number Answer I- 1 2- 2 3- 4 4- 2 5- I 6- 1 7 -2 8- 2 9 -1 10 -4 11 -1 12 - 4 13 - 1 14 - 1 15 - 3 16,--- 1 17 - 3 Answers to Sample Written Test Questions Question Number Answer 18 - 2 19 - 2 20 - 2 21 -4 22 - 2 23 - 2 24 - 2 25 - 1 26 -3 27 -1 28 - 2 29 - I 30 -4 31 - 2 32 -3 33 - 1 34 -2 Question Number Answer 35 - 1 36 - 1 37 -1 38 - 1 39 -1 40 -3 41 -, 2 42 - 1 43 - 1 44- 3 45 - 4 46 - 2 47 - 3 48 - 4 49 - 4 50 - 1 53 ### Page 59 RECOMMENDED STUDY MATERIALS The publications listed in this section will be helpful to persons studying for airframe and powerplant tests. However, they cannot be depended upon to provide the total technical information required for either rating. It is the responsibility of each applicant to obtain study material appropriate to his own needs. A variety of excellent text and reference material is available from commercial publishers. Most public and institutional libraries maintain technical reference sections and can often recommend specific textbooks and authors. Manufacturers’ operation, maintenance, and instructional manuals are also a good source of technical material. Publications identified as (GPO) in this section are available from the : Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, or from GPO bookstores located in major cities throughout the United States. Publications identified as “(Free FAA)” in this section are available from : U.S. Department of Transportation Publications Section, TAD443.1 Washin,oton, D.C. 20590 Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)- The following regulations should be useful to a person stud ying for mechanic tests. A knowledge of t*he rules they contain is often helpful and sometimes necessary during the performance of mechanic privileges. FARs contain direct. references for answering present written test questions. The appendix contains complete titles and ordering instruc- FAR PART TITLE 1 21 Definitions and Abbreviations Certificat.ion Procedures for Products and Parts 23 Airworthiness Standards : Normal, Utility, and Acrobatic Category 25 TIXUlS- 2i Normal 29 Airplanes Airworthiness Standards : port Category Airplanes Airworthiness Standards : Category Rotorcraft Airworthiness Standards : port Category Rotorcraft Trans- 33 Y 33 Airworthiness Standards : Aircraft Engines Airworthiness Standards : Propellers 37 Technical Standard Order Authorizations 39 43 Airworthiness Directives Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration 15 65 Identification and Registration Marking Certification : Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers 91 121 General Operating and Flight Rules Certification and Operations : Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Air Carriers and Commercial Operators of *4ircraft FAA Advisory Circulars-The FAA issues advisory circulars to inform the aviation public in a systematic way of nonregulatory material of interest.. Advisory circulars are issued in a numbered-subject system corre- 55 ### Page 60 sponding ‘to the numbering system used for Federal ,4viat ion Regulations. The advisorv circulars most often used for general study purposes are: AC O&Z [latest revision] Advisory Circular Cheeklist. Provides a list of current F*4A advisory circulars. (Free F&1) AC 254X Plane Sense. Provides general aviation information for the private aircraft owner. (Free FA4A) AC 20-9 Personal Aircraft Inspection Handbook. Provides a general guide, in simple nontechnical language, for the inspection of aircraft. (GPO) AC 20-23D Interchange of Service Experience-Mechanical Difficulties. Advises of the malfunction and defect program and its relationship to the General Aviation Inspection Aids. (Free FAA) AC 2043A Aircraft Fuel Contamination. Informs the aviation community of the potential hazards of fuel cont.amination, its control, and recommended fuel servicing procedures. (Free FAA) AC 43.1~1A Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices-Aircraft Inspection and Repair. Contains methods, techniques, and practices acceptable to the Administrator for inspection and repair to civil aircraft. (GPO) AC 43X3-2 Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices-Aircraft Alterations. Contains methods, techniques, and practices acceptable to the ,4dministrator in altering civil aircraft. (GPO) AC 65-9 Airframe & Powerplant Mechanics-General Handbook. This handbook may be used for training mechanics or for on-the-job training in basic information on electricity, weight and balance: physics, mathematics, mechanic privileges and limitations, etc. (GPO) AC 6542 Airframe & Powerplant Mechanics-Powerplant Handbook. This handbook may be used for training mechanics or for on-the-job training in the construction, t,heory of operation, and maintenance of aircraft povverplants. (GPO) AC 65-15 Airframe & Powerplant Mechanics - Airframe Handbook. This handbook may be used for training mechanics or for on-the-job training in airframe construction, repair, and the operating theory of airframe systems. (GPO) Many other advisory circulars may be useful to a mechanic or mechanic applicant. The &4dvisory Circular Checklist should be consulted for Wes, descriptions, and ordering information. A partial list of related circulars is shown below: AC 20-7 [latest revision] General Aviation Inspection Aids Summary. Contains information on reported service difficulties of various aircraft during the year. (Sub. GPO) AC 20-3OA Airplane Position Lights and Supplementary Lights. Provides an acceptable means for complying with the position light requirements for airplane airworthiness and acceptable criteria for the installation of supplementary lights on airplanes. (Free FAA) AC 2&32B Carbon Monoxide (CO) Contamination in Aircraft-Detection and Prevention. Informs aircraft owners, operators, maintenance personnel, and pilots of the potential dangers of carbon monoxide contamination and discusses means of detect.ion sand procedures to follow when contamination is suspected. (Free FAA) AC 2045B Tie-down Sense. Provides information of general use on aircraft tie-down techniques and procedures. (Free FAN AC 2046D Index of Materials, Parts and Appliances Certified Under the Technical Standard Order System- July 1, 1972. Lists the materials, parts, and appliances for which the Administrator has received statements of conformance under the Technical Standard 56 ### Page 61 Order system. Such products are deemed to have met the requirements for FL44 approval as provided in Part 37 of the Federal Aviation Regulations. (Free J-4 AC 2044 Glass Fiber Fabric for Aircraft Covering. Provides a means, but not the sole means, for acceptance of glass fiber fabric for external covering of aircraft structures. (Free FAA) AC 2045 Safetying of Turnbuckles on Civil Aircraft. Provides information on turnbuckle safetying methods that have been found acceptable by FAA during past aircraft type. certification programs. (Free FAA) Miscellaneous FAA Publications-Information cont.ained in the following publications -are - ..often needed by a certificated mechanic during the exercise of certain privileges. Mechanic applicants should know what type of inform .ation they contain, but may find it inadvisable to purchase them for study purposes only. Specifications--The ,4ircraft, Engine, and Propeller Specifications are available f ram the Government Printing Office. The basic subscription consists of Specifications and Type Data Sheets, listings and indexes, plus monthly supplementary service for approximately one year. Aircraft Type Certificate Data Sheets and Specifications. (Sub. GPO) Aircraft Engine and Propeller Type Certificate Data Sheets and Specifications. (Sub. GPO) Airworthiness Directives-The airworthiness directives are summarized in two volumes, one covering small aircraft and the other large aircraft. Each volume may be purchased separately. The January 1976 issues of the Summary of Airworthiness Directives-Volumes I and II, will be sold and distributed for the Superintendent of Documents by the Federal Aviation &4dministration from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Requests for subscriptions to either of these publications should be sent to: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation ,4dministration P.O. Box 25461, Attn: AAC-23 Oklahoma City, QK 73125 Subscription service will consist of the summary and automatic biweekly updates to each summary for a 2-year period. Make certified checks or money orders payable to the Federal Aviation ,9dministration. Summary of Airworthiness Directives for Small Aircraft (l-1-76) Volume I. Presents, in volume form, all the Airworthiness Directives for small aircraft issued through December 31, 1975. L4D?s for engines, propellers, and equipment are included in each volume. Each volume is arranged alphabetically by product manufacturer. (Sub. GPO) Summary of Airworthiness Directives for Large Aircraft (l-l-76) Volume II. Presents, in volume form, all the Airworthiness Directives for large aircraft (over 12,500 pounds maximum certificated takeoff weight) issued through December 31, 19i5. AD’s for engines, propellers, and equipment are included in each volume. (Sub. GPO) 57 ### Page 62 **APPENDIX** FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS The FAA publishes the Federal Aviation Regulations to make readilv available to t.he aviation community the r&ulatory requirements placed upon them. These Regulations are sold as individual Parts by the Superintendent of Documents. The more frequently amended Parts are sold on subscription service (that is, subscribers will receive. Changes automatically as issued), while the less active Parts are sold on a single-sale basis. Changes to single-sale Parts will be sold separately as issued. Information concerning these Changes will be furnished by FL4 through its “Status of the Federal ,4viation Regulations, AC 00-44.” Instructions for ordering this free status list are given in t-he front of each single-sale Part. The following list. indicates the breakdown of the single-sale Parts and the subscription Parts. Chec? or monev order made payable to t-he Superintendent *of Documents should be included with each order. Submit. orders for single-sales and subscription Parts on different order forms. Xo COD orders are accepted. All F,4R Parts should be ordered from : Superintendent. of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. P-IRTs S0r.D 0s S~-BSCRIF~IOS &RI-ICE Part Title Catalog Publication number date 1 21 23 25 33 36 37 43 47 61 63 65 91 93 103 lo5 121 Definitions and abbreviations --___----___-----__-------------- TD a.6 :1 Certification procedures for products and parts __----____-_-_-- TD 4.6 :21 Airworthiness standards : Sormal, utility, and acrobatic categow airplanes -------------------------------------------------- TD 4.6 23 Airworthiness standards: Transport catego- airplanes ---_---- TD 4.6 :25 Airworthiness standards: &Qircraft engines ---- ______ -- ________ TD 4.6 33 Xoise standards : Aircraft Qpe certification ----_-_-_-----_____ TD 1.6 :36 Technical standard order authorizations ______________________ TD 4.6 :37 Maintenance, preyentire maintenance rebuilding, and alteration - TD 4.6:X? ,Qircraft registration ----------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :47 Certification : Pilots and flight instructors _- ________- -___- ____- TD 4.6 :61 Certification: Flight crewmembers other than pilots __-__-______ TD 4.6 63 Certification: Aimlen other than flight crewmembers _-__---____ TD 1.665 General operating and fright rules --------------------- ______ TD 4.6:91 Special air traffic rules and airport traffic patterns __-_--____-- TD 4.6:93 Transportation of dangerous arti&s and magnetized materials _ TD 4.6:103 Parachute jumping --------------------------------------- ---- TD 4.6 :105 Certification and Operations : Domestic, flag, and supplemental air carriers and commercial operators of large aircraft -___-__ TD 4.6 :121 Certification and operations : Air travel clubs using large air- TD 4.6 :123 planes -m----m------------------- --------------------------- Certification and operations of scheduled air carriers with helicopters ------------------------------------------------ TD 4.6 :127 Rotorcraft external-load operations --------------------------- TD 4.6 :133 Air taxi operators and commercial operators of small aircraft -- TD 4.6 :135 Certification and operations : Land airports serving CAB-certificated scheduled air carriers operating large aircraft (other than helicopters) ------------------------------------------ TD 4.6 :139 Pilot schools ------_------- ______________ ----------- _________ TD 4.6 941 Airport aid program ------- ____ - ________-_ ------- ____________ TD 46:X52 June 1974 May 1974 June 1974 do August 1974 June 1974 May 1974 January 1974 May 1974 Sorember 1974 Sept. 1974 do March 1974 do do do April 1974 do do Xorember 1974 do December 1974 Sovember 1974 December 1974 59 ### Page 63 -.. _ PARTS SOLD ox SIR’GLE-SALE BASIS Part Title Catalog Number Publication date 11 13 27 29 31 35 39 45 49 67 71 73 75 77 95 97 99 101 107 137 143 145 147 149 151 153 154 155 157 159 169 171 183 185 187 189 General rulemaking procedures ------------------------------- TD 4.6 :ll Change 1 -------------------------------------------------- TD 4.6:11/Ch 1 Enforcement procedures -------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :I3 Airworthiness standards : Sormal category rotorcraft _--___-___ TD 4.6 :27 Change 1 -------------------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :27/Ch 1 Airworthiness standards : Transport category rotorcraft -------- TD 4.6 29 Change 1 --------------L----------------------------------- TD 4.6:29/Ch 1 Airworthiness standards : Manned free balloons -------_------_- TD 4.6:31 Airworthiness standards : Propellers ----------------------a--- TD 4.6 35 Airworthiness directires ---------------------~~~-~----~-----~~ TD 4.6 :39 Identification and registration marking ________________________ TD 4.6 :45 Recording of aircraft titles and security documents __-_-----__- TD 4.6:49 Medical standards and certification ____--_____________________ TD 4.667 Designation of Federal airways, area low routes, controlled airspace, and reporting points ------------------------------ TD 4.6 :71 Change 1 --------L----------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :7l/Ch 1 Special use airspace --------------------__________L_________- TD 4.6 :73 Change 1 -------------------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :73/Ch 1 Establishment of jet routes and high area routes --__-_-------- TD 4.6:75 Objects affecting navigable airspace -------------------------- TD 4.6 :77 IFR altitudes ----------------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :95 Change 1 -------------------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :95/Ch 1 Standard instrument approach procedures _-______-_____--_____ TD 4.6 :97 Security control of air traffic --------------------------------- TD 4.6 99 Moored balloons, kites, unmanned rockets, and unmanned free balloons -------------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :101 Change 1 -----L-------------------------------------------- TD 4.6:101/Ch 1 Airport security --------------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :107 Operations of foreign air carriers ___----_-- L --_-___-__-__-___ TD 4.6:129 Change 1 -------------------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :129/Ch 1 Agricultural aircraft operations ------------------------------ TD 4.6 3137 Ground instructors ------------------------------------------ TD 4.6 :143 Repair stations ---------------------------------------------- TD 4.6 :145 Aviation maintenance technician schools -_--__-______ --__- -___ TD 4.6 :14$ Parachute lofts _____________________________________ - ________ TD 4.6:149 Federal aid to airports -------------------------------------- TD A.6 :151 Acquisition of U.S. land for public airports _____________--_-__- TD 4.6 :153 Acquisition of U.S. land for public airports under the Airports and Airway Act of 1970 ---------------------~~~--~--~--~-~~ TD 4.6 ~1% Release of Airport property from surplus property disposal _____ TD 4.6:155 Sotice of construction, alteration, activation, and deactivation of airports -----------------------------------,------------- TD 4.6 :157 Sational Capital airports ------------------------------------ TD 4.6 :159 Expenditure of Federal funds for nonmilitary- airports or air navigational facilities thereon ------------------------------ TD 4.6 :169 Xon-Federal narigation facilities ------------------------------ TD 4.6 :171 Change 1 -------------------------------------------------- TD 4.6:171/Ch 1 Representatires of the Administrator ------L------------------- TD A.6 :183 Testimony by employees and production of records in legal proceedings and sell-ice of legal process and pleadings -_______ TD &6:185 Fees _______-________________________________---------------- TD U3:187 Use of Federal Aviation &Qdministration communication system _ TD 4.6189 May 1974 Feb. 1, 1974 and Jan. 1, 1975 do August 1974 Oct. 31, 1974 August 1974 Oct. 31, 1974 August 1974 do May 1974 do do September 1974 January 1975 July 28, 1975 January 1975 July 28, 1975 January 1975 do do Feb. 13, 1975 January 1975 Biarch 1974 do Aug. 20, 1974 l\i arch 1974 April 1974 Oct. 9, 1975 Xoyember 1974 September 1974 January 1974 September 1974 January 19i4 December 1974 do do do January 1975 December 1974 January 1975 do Aug. 19, 1975 l\lay 1974 do do do 60 ### Page 64 Doportmont of fronsportation - Federal Aviotion Administration FAA REGIONAL BOUNDARIES -4. ‘-w-.-_ Including Locations of Regional Headquarters & Centers : i I i i I i 1 0 Oklahoma City , -mIm-. C.-.-.--T*-L -: Go. . ALASKAN REGION -...+ I ! SW l *-,4.C,e.Cmw j ‘*, l Regional Office i .-.-.a.-. - 0 Aero Center ! La. tex. I l \ Ft. Worth i i t . $ NAFEC t . HMM Regional Boundory . . 1/ SO includes Puerto Rico, Canal Zone, Virgin IS. a Swan Is. 2/ PC includes W&e, Samoa 8, Guom. ### Page 65 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration FAA Regional Offices, Flight Standards District Offices, Air Carrier District Offices, General Aviation District OfFices, and International Field OfFices EASTERN REGION Federal Building John F. Kennedy International Airport Jamaica, New York 11430 Tel. 212-995-3333 Area : Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York,’ Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia NEW ENGLAND REGION 12 New England Executive Park Burlington, Massachusetts 01803 Tel. 617-273-7244 Area : Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont SOUTHERN REGION 3400 Whipple St. East Point, Georgia 30344 Tel. 40&526-7240 Mail : P.O. Box 20636 Atlanta, Georgia 30344 Area : Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee ALASKAN REGION Hill Building-632 Sixth Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Tel. 907-272-5561 **REGIONAL OFFICES** CENTRAL REGION 601 East 12th Street Kansas City, Missouri 64106 Tel. 816-3765626 Area : Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska NORTHWEST REGION FM Building, King County International Airport Seattle, Washington 98108 Tel. 20&767-2780 Area : Idaho, Oregon, Washington SOUTHWEST REGION 4400 Blue Mound Rd. P.O. Box 1689 Fort Worth, Texas 76101 Tel. 817-624-4911 Area: Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas **EUROPE, AFRICA, & MIDDLE** EAST REGION FAA, 1 Place Madou, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel. 13.38.30, Ext. 300 or 301 U.S. Mailing Address: American Embassy-FU APO New York 09667 GREAT LAKES REGION 2300 E. Devon Avenue Des Plaines, Illinois 60018 Tel. 312-69A500 Area : Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION 10455 E. 25th Avenue Aurora, Colorado 80010 Tel. 303-297-3646 Area : Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming WESTERN REGION 15000 Aviation Blvd. Hawthorne, California 90261 Tel. 213-536-6207 Mail : P.O. Box 92007 Worldway Postal Center Los Angeles, Calif. 90009 Area : Arizona, California, Nevada PACIFIC-ASIA REGION 1833 Kalakaua Avenue P.O. Box 4009 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Tel. 808-955-0401 FLIGHT STANDARDS DISTRICT OFFICES IFSDO) (Combined Air Carrier and General Aviation District Offices) ALASKA-Fairbanks 99701: 3788 University Ave.; Tel. 907-452- 1276 Juneau 99801: Terminal Bldg., Juneau Municipal Arpt. ; Tel. 907- 586-3700/3755 DISTRICT OF COLUlKBLA-Washington 20001: West Bldg., Room 152, Washington National Arpt. ; Tel. 202-628-1555 NEW YORK-Rochester 14624 : Rochester-Monroe County Arpt. ; Tel. 716-235-3438 OHIO-Cleveland 44135 : 21046 Brookpark Road, Tel. 216-267-3700 ARIZONA-Phoenix: 15041 N. Arpt. Dr.; Scottsdale, Ariz. 85260; Tel. 602-261-4763 CALIFORNIA-Long Beach 90806 : Long Beach Arpt, 2815 E. Spring St.: Tel. 2134267134 Oakland 94614: Oakland Int’l Arpt. P.O. Box 2397 Airport Station; ‘Tel. 415-569-8879 San Diego 92123 : 3750 John J. Montgomery Drive; Tel. 714-293- 5280 Van Nuys 91406: 7120 Havenhurst Ave. ; Tel. 2X3-7858624 HAWAII-Honolulu 96819 : P.O. Box 9728, Air Service Corporation Bldg., 218 Lagoon Drive; Tel. 808-847-0615 MICHIGAN-Detroit : Willow Run Arpt., Ypsilanti, Mich. 48197; Tel. 313-485-2550 MISSOURI-St. Louis : 9275 Genaire Drive, Berkeley, MO. 63134; Tel. 314-425-7100 PUERTO RICO-San Juan: Loiza Expressway; RFD No. 1 P.O. Box 29A, Loiza Station, Santurce 00914, Tel. 809-791-0374/5 TENNESSEE - Nashville 37217 : 322 Knapp Blvd., Nashville Metro. bpt.; Tel. 615-749-5661 WASHINGTON-Seattle 98108 : King County Int’l Arpt, FAA Bldg.; Tel. 206-767-2747/2570 62 ### Page 66 AIR CARRIER DISTRICT OFFICES (ACDO) ALASKA-Anchorage 99502: &nick Bldg., 4510 Intl Arpt Rd.; Tel. 907-279-4919 CALIFORNIA-Los Angeles 90045 : 5885 W. Imperial Highway; Tel. 213-536-6590 San Francisco : 831 Mitten Rd., Room 105, Burlingame, Calif. 94010; Tel. 4X-692-2441 x462 COLORADO - Denver: 2525 Geneva Street, Aurora, Colo. 80010; Tel. 303-8374101/2 DELAWARE - Wilmington: Greater Wilmington firport; Atlantic Aviation Office Bldg., New Castle, Del. 19720; Tel. 302-571-6357 FLORIDA - Miami 33159 : P.O. Box 59015, Ffi/Nat’l Weather Service Bldg. 3050, Miami Int’l Arpt.; Tel. 305-526-2605 GEORGIA-Atlanta 30327: Elm. 116, Suite D, lSS8 Willingham Dr., Willingham Sq., College Park, Ga.; Tel. 4045267265 ILLINOIS - Chicago : 2300 E. Devon Avenue, Des Plaines, Ill. 60018; Tel. 312-6QA500 MASSACHUSETTS - Boston : Logan Intl. Arpt.; Gen. Aviation Admin. Bldg., East Boston, Mass. 02128; Tel. 617-223-6354 MINNESOTA-Minneapolis : Rm. 202, 6201 34th Ave., South Minneapolis, Minn. 55450; Tel. 612- 7253361 MISSOURI-Kansas City 64153 : Kansas City Intl. Arpt., 525 Mexico City Ave.: Tel. 816-243-3800 NEW JERSEY - Newark 07114 : Rm. 220 Airmail & Express Terminal, Newark Arpt.; Tel. 201~64&2560 NEW YORK-Jamaica 11430: PONY Bldg. #141, John F. Kennedy Intl. Arpt.; Tel. 212-995-3709 NORTH CAROLINA - Winston-Salem 27105 : 2nd Floor Terminal Bldg., Smith Reynolds Arpt.; Tel. QlQ- 723-19211 X 366/7 OKLAHOMA-Tulsa 74115 : Rm. 208, Tulsa International Mrport, Tel. 918-83%2378 PENNSYLVANIA - Pittsburgh 15231: Southwing Term. Bldg., Greater Pittsburgh Arpt.; Tel. 4X&644- 5406/7/8 TENNESSEE-Nashville 37217: Bldg. #3 of Hilton Arpt. Inn, 100 Jetway Drive, Nashville Metropolitan Airport, Tel. 615-74s 5196 TEXAS - Dallas 75235 : 3323 Grove Street; Tel. 204-357-8297 213, Tersouthwest TeI. 817- Fort Worth 76125 : Rm. minal Bldg., Greater Intl. Arpt., Box 2506; 283-4401 Houston 77017: Rm. 224, B. Koonce Drive; Tel 6628 8800 Paul . 713-645- GENERAL AVIATION DISTRICT OFFICES (GAD01 ALABAMA - Birmingham 35206: Mulli. Arpt. 6500 43rd Ave., North; Tel. 205-5926371 AUSKA-bmhorage 99501: 1516 E. 13th Ave.; Tel. 907-272-1234 & 2'79-5213 ARKANSAS-Little Rock 72202 : Room 201, Ffi & Weather Service Bldg., Adams Fld.; Tel. 501-372- 3437/8 CALIFORNIA-Fresno 93727 : Fresno Air Terminal, 2401 North Ashley; Tel. 209-487-5306 Los Angeles: Suite 3, Muni. Arpt., 3200 Airport Ave., Santa Monica, Galif. 90405; Tel. 2153915701 Ontario 91761: Ontario Tel. 714-984-2411 Intl. Arpt. ; Sacramento 95822 : Executive Tel. 91-g-3169 San Jose 95110: 1387 Tel. 408-275-7681 Arpt. ; Blvd. ; COLORADO - Denver: Ffi Bldg., Jefferson Co. Arpt., Broomfield, Colo. 80020; Tel. 303-466-7326 FLORIDA-Jacksonville 32211: F&l Bldg., Craig Arpt, P.O. Box 8665 !L'ei. Q-l-'7311 Miami : Bldg. 121, Opa Locka Arpt, P.O. Box 365, Opa Locka, Fla. 33054; Tel. 305-681-7431 GEORGIA - Atlanta 30336: FM Bldg., Rm. 200; Fulton Co. Arpt; 3999 Gordon Rd., S.W.; Tel. 404 691-2323 IDAHO - Boise 83705: 3113 At. Way; Tel. 208-34!&2711 X 238 ILLINOIS - Chicago : DuPage Co. Arpt., P.O. Box H; West Chicago, 60185; Tel. 312 584-4490/l/2 Springfield 67205 : Capital Airport, New Terminal; Tel. 217-525- 4238 INDIANA-Indianapolis 46241: Ffi Bldg. #l, Municipal Airport, P.O. Box 41525; Tel. 317-247-2491 South Bend 46628: 1843 Commerce Drive; Tel. 219-232-5843 IOWA-Des Moines 50321: 3021 Army Post Rd.; Tel. 5X%284+%094 63 KANSAS-Kansas City 66115 : Room 100, Admin. Bldg., Fairfax Arpt.; Tel. 913-28X3491/2 Wichita 67209 : Flight Standards Bldg., Municipal Airport; Tel. 316 943-3244 KENTUCKY - Louisville 40205 : 2nd Fl., Central Am. Hangar Bowman Fld.; Tel. 502-582-6116/ 718 LOUISIANA-L&aye& 70501: Lafayette Arpt; Tel. 318-234-2321 New Orleans 70126 : Rm. 227, New Orleans Lakefront Arpt. Tel. 504-241-2506 Shreveport 71107: Rm. 202, Terminal Bldg., Downtown Arpt.; Tel. 318-222-8370/79 MAINE- Portland 04102: General Aviation Terminal, Portland Intl. Jetport; Tel. 207-77-84 MARYLAND - Baltimore 21240 : Baltimore-Washington Int’l Arpt.; Tel. 301-761-2610 ### Page 67 MASSACHUSETTS - Norwood 02062 : NORTH CAROLINA - Charlotte Muni. Arpt.; Tel. 61’7-762-2436/ 28208 : FM Bldg., Muni. Arpt.; 2675 Tel. 70439%3214/5 Westfield 01085 : 1st Floor Terminal Bldg., Barnes Muni. Arpt; P.O. Box 544; Tel. 413-568-3121 Raleigh 27611: Rm. 324, Terminal Bldg., Raleigh-Durham Arpt., P.O. Box 26807; Tel. 919-755-4240 TENNESSEE - Memphis 38130: 2488 Winchester, P.O. Box 30050; Tel. 901-398-2353 TEXAS-Corpus Christi 78410 : Bledsoe Hangar No. 3, Intl. Arpt.; Tel. 512-8869331/2 NORTH DAKOTA - Fargo 58102 : Rm. 216, Admin. Bldg., Hector Fld., P.O. Box 5496; Tel. 701- 232-8949 MICHIGAN - Grand Rapids 49508: Kent Co. Arpt., 5500 44th St., SE. ; Tel. 616-456-2427 Dallas 75232 : 214-339-7164 Redbird Arpt. ; Tel. El Paso 79925 : Rm. 202, F&8 Aviation Bldg., 6795 Convair Rd.; Tel. 915-778-6389 OHIO - Cincinnati 45226 : Lunken Arpt. Executive Bldg.; 4242 Airport Rd.; Tel. 5X%68&2183 Columbus 43219 : 424 Lane Aviation Bldg., Port Columbus Arpt., Tel. 614-46~7476/7 MINNESOTA - Minneapolis 55450 : Wold-Chamberlain Arpt., Room 201, 6201 34th Avenue South; Tel. 612-725-3341 Fort Worth 76106: Rm. 201, Admin. Bldg., Meacham Fld.; Tel. 817- 62&1184/5 Houston 77017 : 8800 Paul Dr., Tel. 713-643-6504 MISSISSIPPI-Jackson 39208 : Fa Bldg., Municipal Arpt., Allen C. Thompson Fld., P.O. Box 6273, Pearl Branch; Tel. 601-939-5231 OKLAHOMA - Oklahoma City : FAA Bldg., Wiley Post Arpt., Bethany, Okla. 73008; Tel. 405-789-5220/ l/2 Lubbock 79401: P.O. Box 194Z Executive Air Terminal, Rt. #3; Tel. 806-762-0335 Midland 79701: Midland Regional Air Terminal; Tel. 915-563-0802 Tulsa 74115 : General Aviation Terminal, Rm. 110, Tulsa Intl. Arpt.; Tel. 918-835-7619 MONTANA - Billings 59101: Rm. 216 Admin. Bldg., Billings-Logan Int’l Arpt; Tel. 406-24&6176/g Helena 59601: Rm. 3, FM Bldg., Helena Arpt; Tel. 406-442-4230 San Antonio 78216: 11115 Paul WilJxins Rd., Room 201; Tel. 512-824- 9535/6/7 OREGON - Eugene 97402 : Mahlon Sweet Arpt., Rt. 1, Box 717; Tel. 503-688-9721 UTAH-Salt Lake City 84116 : 116 North 2400 West, Room 103; Tel. 801-524-4247 Hillsboro 97123: 3355 N. E. Cornell Road; Portland-Hillsboro Arpt. ; Tel. 503-221-2104 NEBRASKA - Lincoln 68524 : Gen. Aviation Bldg., Lincoln Muni. Arpt.; Tel. 402-471-5485 PENNSYLVANIA - Allentown 18103 : Allentown-Bethlehem-F&ton Arpt.; Tel. 215 264-2888 Harrisburg : Rm. 201, Admin. Bldg., Capital Cie Airport, New Cumberland, Pa. 17070; Tel. 717-782- 4528 VIRGINIA - Richmond : Byrd Fld., Sandston, Va. 23150; Tel. 804- 222-7494 NEVADA--Las Vegas 89119: 5700 C South Haven; Tel. 702-736-0666 Reno 89502: 2601 East Plumb Lane; Tel. 702-784-5321 WASHINGTON-Spokane 99206 : 5629 E. Rutter Avenue; Tel. 509-456- 4618 Philadelphia 19114 : delphia Arpt. ; Tel. l/2 North Phila- 215-673-0250/ NEW JERSEY - Teterboro 07608 : 150 Riser Road; Tel. 201-288- 1745/1874 WEST VIRGINIA - Charleston 25311: Kanawha Co. Arpt.; Tel. 304 343- 4689 Pittsburgh: Room 213, Allegheny co. Arpt., West Mifl&in, Pa. 15122; Tel. 412461-5507 NEW MEXICO - Albuquerque 87119 : International Arrivals Bldg., P-0. Box 9045; Tel. 505-247-0156/7 SOUTH CAROLINA - Cohmbia: Metropolitan Arpt., Box 200, Weat Columbia, S.C. 29169; Tel. 803- 7969042 WISCONSIN - Milwaukee 53207 : General Mitchell Fld.; Tel. 414 747-5531 NEW YORK - Albany 12211: Albany Co. Arpt.; Tel. 518 869-8482 Farmingdale 11735 : Bldg 53, Republic Airport; Tel. 516 691-3100 SOUTH DAKOTA - Rapid City 57701: Regional Arpt., RR. 2, Box 633B Tel. 605-343-2403 WYOMING - Casper 82601: 1187 Fuller St., Casper Air Terminal; Tel. 307 234&959 INTERNATIONAL FIELD OFFICES (IF01 ALASKA-Anchorage 99502 : 4800 International Airport Rd.; Tel. 907- 274-4123 NEW YORE-Valley Stream 11581: 181 South Franklin Ave.; Tel. 2x&99%8529 64 *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1992-621-990/60028 --- From OpenAirDocs.org, an independent open copy of FAA data. Only the Federal Register edition on govinfo.gov is the official legal text of an AD.