# Hard landing

- Type: NTSB defining event
- NTSB code: 092
- CICTT category: Abnormal Runway Contact
- Defining event in: 1,247 cases
- In the sequence of: 2,102 cases
- Fatal cases: 12
- All cases: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092/cases.md
- Cases with it anywhere in the sequence: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092/sequence.md
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092

## Cases per year (defining / in the sequence)

- 2008: 111 / 166
- 2009: 85 / 137
- 2010: 81 / 128
- 2011: 79 / 133
- 2012: 78 / 128
- 2013: 72 / 115
- 2014: 61 / 109
- 2015: 74 / 109
- 2016: 66 / 128
- 2017: 53 / 127
- 2018: 44 / 116
- 2019: 61 / 108
- 2020: 52 / 86
- 2021: 56 / 96
- 2022: 69 / 102
- 2023: 60 / 91
- 2024: 55 / 95
- 2025: 43 / 70
- 2026: 47 / 58

## Phase of flight

- Landing-flare/touchdown: 826 cases
- Landing: 336 cases
- Autorotation: 85 cases

## In the probable cause of these cases

- [Aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040) (Personnel issues): 738 cases
- [Landing flare](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062041) (Aircraft): 601 cases
- [Incorrect action performance](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041015) (Personnel issues): 169 cases
- [Delayed action](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041025) (Personnel issues): 106 cases
- [Descent rate](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062037) (Aircraft): 102 cases
- [Decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520) (Personnel issues): 86 cases
- [Descent/approach/glide path](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062040) (Aircraft): 76 cases
- [Airspeed](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062010) (Aircraft): 68 cases
- [Directional control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062020) (Aircraft): 63 cases
- [Pitch control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062022) (Aircraft): 60 cases

## Aircraft models (registry)

- [Cessna 172S](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172s): 81 cases
- [Cessna 152](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-152): 37 cases
- [Cessna 172N](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172n): 33 cases
- [Cessna 172P](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172p): 32 cases
- [Robinson Helicopter R22 BETA](https://openairdocs.org/model/robinson-helicopter-r22-beta): 30 cases
- [Cessna 172R](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172r): 28 cases
- [Cessna 172M](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172m): 20 cases
- [Robinson Helicopter R44 II](https://openairdocs.org/model/robinson-helicopter-r44-ii): 12 cases
- [Cessna 182Q](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-182q): 11 cases
- [Cessna 182P](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-182p): 10 cases

## Newest cases

- [NTSB ERA27LA014](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA27LA014), Oct 16, 2026: Textron 172S (N234EP), Jacksonville, FL, investigation ongoing
- [NTSB ERA27LA018](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA27LA018), Oct 10, 2026: Piper J3C-65 (N6340H), Limington, ME, investigation ongoing
- [NTSB CEN27LA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN27LA008), Oct 8, 2026: Cessna 175A (N6741E), Hastings, MI, substantial damage, investigation ongoing
- [NTSB CEN27LA007](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN27LA007), Oct 7, 2026: Kitfox III (N940J), Ward, AR, substantial damage, investigation ongoing
- [NTSB WPR26LA368](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26LA368), Sep 30, 2026: Gronberger Sergio A Sportsman GS-2 (N360ET), Lake Goodwin, WA, substantial damage, investigation ongoing
- [NTSB ERA26LA351](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA351), Sep 25, 2026: Cessna 182S (N9539L), St. Petersburg, FL, substantial damage, investigation ongoing
- [NTSB ERA26LA353](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA353), Sep 24, 2026: Roberts GS-2 Sportsman (N390KC), Kerrtown, PA, substantial damage, investigation ongoing
- [NTSB WPR26LA365](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26LA365), Sep 19, 2026: Cessna 172R (N429ES), Ho'olehua, HI, substantial damage, investigation ongoing
- [NTSB ERA26LA352](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA352), Sep 19, 2026: Hart Frank RV-8A (N900PP), Sanford, NC, substantial damage, investigation ongoing
- [NTSB WPR26LA339](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26LA339), Sep 10, 2026: Cirrus Design SR22T (N615LT), Santa Teresa, NM, substantial damage, investigation ongoing

NTSB has coded findings and defining events since 2008; earlier cases used its older occurrence and cause codes and aren't counted.

Findings: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings.md. Defining events: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events.md. Phases of flight: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases.md. Every investigation, filtered by finding, event, phase, state, year or model: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb.md (for example ?state=MI&fatal=1).

NTSB's definitions: Accident and incident, 49 CFR 830.2 (https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-VIII/part-830/subpart-A/section-830.2), CICTT occurrence categories (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/data/Documents/datafiles/OccurrenceCategoryDefinitions.pdf), CICTT phases of flight (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/data/Documents/datafiles/PhaseofFlightDefinitions.pdf), and NTSB coding manual, before 2008 (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). NTSB publishes no definitions for its findings, only their names.

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