# Perception

- Type: NTSB finding subsection
- Path: [Personnel issues](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02) › [Psychological](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/0202) › [Perception/orientation/illusion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/020220) › Perception
- NTSB code: 02022040
- Cases: 61
- In the probable cause: 48
- Fatal cases: 8
- All cases: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02022040/cases.md
- Cases with it in the probable cause: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02022040/cases.md?cause=1
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02022040

## Cases per year (in the probable cause / all)

- 2008: 7 / 9
- 2009: 1 / 1
- 2010: 3 / 3
- 2011: 5 / 6
- 2012: 3 / 3
- 2014: 1 / 2
- 2015: 5 / 6
- 2016: 1 / 2
- 2017: 3 / 4
- 2018: 3 / 5
- 2019: 1 / 1
- 2020: 2 / 5
- 2021: 1 / 1
- 2022: 3 / 3
- 2023: 4 / 4
- 2024: 3 / 3
- 2025: 2 / 3

## Defining events in these cases

- [Loss of control on ground](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/230): 9 cases
- [Low altitude operation/event](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/220): 9 cases
- [Ground collision](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/200): 9 cases
- [Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120): 5 cases
- [Miscellaneous/other](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/900): 4 cases
- [Collision during takeoff/land](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/490): 4 cases
- [Collision with terr/obj (non-CFIT) ](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470): 3 cases
- [Landing area undershoot](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/370): 3 cases
- [Hard landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092): 3 cases
- [Midair collision](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/250): 2 cases

## Aircraft models (registry)

- [Cessna 172S](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172s): 2 cases
- [Cessna 172M](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172m): 2 cases
- [Glines Kenneth TAILWIND W-8](https://openairdocs.org/model/glines-kenneth-tailwind-w-8): 1 cases
- [Taylorcraft F19](https://openairdocs.org/model/taylorcraft-f19): 1 cases
- [Eurocopter AS 350 B2 ECUREUIL](https://openairdocs.org/model/eurocopter-as-350-b2-ecureuil): 1 cases
- [Sikorsky S-76B](https://openairdocs.org/model/sikorsky-s-76b): 1 cases
- [Schweizer 269D](https://openairdocs.org/model/schweizer-269d): 1 cases
- [Robinson Helicopter R44 II](https://openairdocs.org/model/robinson-helicopter-r44-ii): 1 cases
- [Rockwell International S-2R](https://openairdocs.org/model/rockwell-international-s-2r): 1 cases
- [Piper PA-32R-300](https://openairdocs.org/model/piper-pa-32r-300): 1 cases

## Other findings in the same cases

- [Aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040) (Personnel issues): 14 cases
- [Altitude](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012) (Aircraft): 12 cases
- [Incorrect action performance](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041015) (Personnel issues): 10 cases
- [Dark](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03036020) (Environmental issues): 9 cases
- [Directional control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062020) (Aircraft): 8 cases
- [Decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520) (Personnel issues): 6 cases
- [Descent/approach/glide path](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062040) (Aircraft): 5 cases
- [Monitoring environment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02021545) (Personnel issues): 4 cases
- [Landing flare](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062041) (Aircraft): 4 cases
- [Identification/recognition](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041510) (Personnel issues): 3 cases

## Newest cases

- [NTSB CEN25LA140](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25LA140), Mar 28, 2025: Air Tractor AT-802A (N41687), Cash, AR, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from an excavator during low-altitude aerial application operations.
- [NTSB WPR25LA110](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR25LA110), Mar 10, 2025: Robinson Helicopter R44 II (N44KY), Las Vegas, NV, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot’s loss of helicopter control after the door opened during takeoff. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s failure to confirm that the door was properly closed before departure.
- [NTSB DCA25LA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA25LA117), Feb 5, 2025: Boeing 737-832 (N3737C), Seattle, WA, substantial damage. Probable cause: The Japan Airlines flight crew’s failure to maintain adequate clearance from the parked Delta Air Lines aircraft while taxiing in congested ramp conditions.
- [NTSB WPR25LA036](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR25LA036), Oct 13, 2024: Cessna 180 (N9493C), Owinza, ID. Probable cause: The pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from the water during a low pass over a lake.
- [NTSB CEN24LA279](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN24LA279), Jul 21, 2024: Evolution Revolt (N798EE), Rochelle, IL, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot’s failure to maintain terrain clearance during a low-level turn, that resulted in an impact with the ground.
- [NTSB ERA24FA104](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA24FA104), Feb 2, 2024: Beech V35 (N6659L), Clearwater, FL, destroyed, 3 fatal. Probable cause: An in-flight engine compartment fire due to a partially loose flexible fuel hose b-nut at the fuel metering unit. Contributing to the severity of the accident was the pilot’s inability to visually…
- [NTSB DCA24LA043](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA24LA043), Oct 19, 2023: Boeing 787 (N30913), Chicago, IL, incident, minor damage. Probable cause: The flight crew’s misperception of the distance required to safely pass the hangar and failure to request additional ground handling support while taxiing, which resulted in a collision with a…
- [NTSB CEN23LA377](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN23LA377), Aug 15, 2023: Air Tractor AT-502 (N9082C), Great Bend, ND, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot’s hard landing on a road and subsequent loss of control, resulting in the airplane impacting a ditch.
- [NTSB CEN23LA357](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN23LA357), Aug 8, 2023: Piper PA25 (N8847L), Hartington, NE, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot’s misperception of the rising terrain resulting in a collision with crops and terrain.
- [NTSB CEN23LA350](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN23LA350), Aug 6, 2023: Bell 206 (N288AE), Carthage, IL, substantial damage. Probable cause: A collision with a fence during landing due to the crew’s reduced distance estimation and depth perception while using night vision goggles. Contributing to the accident was the low moon angle, which…

NTSB has coded findings and defining events since 2008; earlier cases used its older occurrence and cause codes and aren't counted.

Findings: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings.md. Defining events: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events.md. Phases of flight: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases.md. Every investigation, filtered by finding, event, phase, state, year or model: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb.md (for example ?state=MI&fatal=1).

NTSB's definitions: Accident and incident, 49 CFR 830.2 (https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-VIII/part-830/subpart-A/section-830.2), CICTT occurrence categories (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/data/Documents/datafiles/OccurrenceCategoryDefinitions.pdf), CICTT phases of flight (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/data/Documents/datafiles/PhaseofFlightDefinitions.pdf), and NTSB coding manual, before 2008 (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). NTSB publishes no definitions for its findings, only their names.

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