# Training

- Type: NTSB finding section
- Path: [Personnel issues](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02) › [Experience/knowledge](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/0203) › Training
- NTSB code: 020315
- Cases: 98
- In the probable cause: 62
- Fatal cases: 41
- All cases: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/020315/cases.md
- Cases with it in the probable cause: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/020315/cases.md?cause=1
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/020315

## Cases per year (in the probable cause / all)

- 2008: 1 / 2
- 2009: 2 / 3
- 2010: 1 / 3
- 2011: 3 / 6
- 2012: 5 / 6
- 2013: 6 / 7
- 2014: 5 / 10
- 2015: 5 / 10
- 2016: 3 / 6
- 2017: 7 / 9
- 2018: 6 / 6
- 2019: 5 / 7
- 2020: 2 / 3
- 2021: 3 / 6
- 2022: 2 / 3
- 2023: 2 / 4
- 2024: 4 / 6
- 2025: 0 / 1

## Findings

- [Training with equipment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02031530): 32 cases, 22 in the probable cause
- [Total instruct/training recvd](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02031510): 24 cases, 16 in the probable cause
- [Recurrent instruct/training](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02031520): 10 cases, 5 in the probable cause
- [Initial instruct/training](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02031515): 9 cases, 5 in the probable cause
- [Recent instruct/training recvd](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02031525): 9 cases, 5 in the probable cause
- [Training, general](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02031500): 8 cases, 4 in the probable cause
- [Type/qual of instruct/training](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02031535): 8 cases, 7 in the probable cause

## Defining events in these cases

- [Loss of control in flight](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240): 30 cases
- [Loss of control on ground](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/230): 10 cases
- [Aerodynamic stall/spin](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/241): 7 cases
- [VFR encounter with IMC](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/401): 4 cases
- [Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120): 4 cases
- [Loss of visual reference](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/402): 3 cases
- [Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341): 3 cases
- [Low altitude operation/event](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/220): 3 cases
- [Fuel starvation](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/191): 3 cases
- [Hard landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092): 3 cases

## Aircraft models (registry)

- [Robinson Helicopter R44 II](https://openairdocs.org/model/robinson-helicopter-r44-ii): 4 cases
- [Mooney M20J](https://openairdocs.org/model/mooney-m20j): 2 cases
- [Cessna A185F](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-a185f): 2 cases
- [Cessna 152](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-152): 2 cases
- [Wsk-Pzl Warzawa-Okecie PZL-104 WILGA 80](https://openairdocs.org/model/wsk-pzl-warzawa-okecie-pzl-104-wilga-80): 1 cases
- [Roe Cleo WITTMAN TAILWIND W10](https://openairdocs.org/model/roe-cleo-wittman-tailwind-w10): 1 cases
- [Stinson 108-2](https://openairdocs.org/model/stinson-108-2): 1 cases
- [Taylorcraft BL-65](https://openairdocs.org/model/taylorcraft-bl-65): 1 cases
- [Eurocopter AS 350 BA](https://openairdocs.org/model/eurocopter-as-350-ba): 1 cases
- [Eurocopter AS 350 B3](https://openairdocs.org/model/eurocopter-as-350-b3): 1 cases

## Other findings in the same cases

- [Aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040) (Personnel issues): 56 cases
- [Decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520) (Personnel issues): 30 cases
- [Directional control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062020) (Aircraft): 15 cases
- [Qualification/certification](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02031010) (Personnel issues): 14 cases
- [Airspeed](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062010) (Aircraft): 12 cases
- [Performance/control parameters, general](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062000) (Aircraft): 9 cases
- [Not determined, general](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/05000000) (Not determined): 8 cases
- [Lack of action](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041030) (Personnel issues): 8 cases
- [Angle of attack](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062042) (Aircraft): 8 cases
- [Total experience w/ equipment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02031025) (Personnel issues): 7 cases

## Newest cases

- [NTSB ANC25LA064](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC25LA064), Jun 30, 2025: Robinson Helicopter R44 II (N531AT), Palmer, AK, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot’s diverted attention during takeoff in flat light conditions, which resulted in a loss of visual reference with terrain.
- [NTSB ERA25LA089](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA25LA089), Dec 21, 2024: Buckeye Dream Machine (UNREG), Myakka City, FL, no damage. Probable cause: The non-certificated pilot’s improper decision to operate the powered parachute in close proximity to a fence, which resulted in a collision with the fence during takeoff. Also causal was the pilot’s…
- [NTSB ERA25LA077](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA25LA077), Dec 12, 2024: Wolstenholme Dennis Pietenpol AIR Camper (N161DW), Tullahoma, TN, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot’s failure to adequately secure the airplane before hand-propping the engine. Contributing was the pilot’s lack of training in hand-propping procedures.
- [NTSB ANC25LA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC25LA008), Nov 2, 2024: Cub Crafters CC18-180 (N55PK), Anchorage, AK, substantial damage. Probable cause: The incorrect installation of the rear flight control stick, resulting in the pilot’s inability to control the pitch attitude, coupled with the pilot’s inadequate control system check before…
- [NTSB CEN25LA024](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25LA024), Oct 19, 2024: Pitts S-2A (N11JC), Stoughton, WI, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during landing.
- [NTSB WPR24FA083](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR24FA083), Feb 7, 2024: Hawker Beechcraft Hawker 900XP (N900VA), Westwater, UT, destroyed, 2 fatal. Probable cause: The flight crew’s decision to conduct a post-maintenance stall test in an area of icing conditions, which resulted in wing contamination that significantly decreased the airplane’s critical angle of…
- [NTSB ERA24LA099](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA24LA099), Jan 18, 2024: Swissdrones Operating SDO 50 V2 (N780PA), Antioch, GA, substantial damage. Probable cause: A partial loss of engine power due to a reduction of fuel flow for undetermined reasons. Contributing to the accident was the UAS manufacturer’s lack of instructions for a partial loss of engine…
- [NTSB WPR24LA034](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR24LA034), Nov 13, 2023: Cessna 310 (N86H), Hayden, ID, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot’s failure to maintain adequate airspeed and his exceedance of the airplane’s critical angle of attack, which resulted in a loss of control and subsequent stall during a precautionary…
- [NTSB WPR23LA328](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR23LA328), Aug 27, 2023: Luscombe 8A (N28841), Hillsboro, OR, substantial damage. Probable cause: The student pilot’s failure to maintain airplane control during the landing roll and the flight instructor’s delayed remedial action, which resulted in a ground loop.
- [NTSB CEN23LA292](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN23LA292), Jul 5, 2023: Cessna 172R (N64AF), Burlington, VT, substantial damage. Probable cause: The student pilot’s improper landing flare, which resulted in a hard, bounced landing and the flight instructor’s delayed remedial action.

NTSB has coded findings and defining events since 2008; earlier cases used its older occurrence and cause codes and aren't counted.

Findings: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings.md. Defining events: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events.md. Phases of flight: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases.md. Every investigation, filtered by finding, event, phase, state, year or model: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb.md (for example ?state=MI&fatal=1).

NTSB's definitions: Accident and incident, 49 CFR 830.2 (https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-VIII/part-830/subpart-A/section-830.2), CICTT occurrence categories (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/data/Documents/datafiles/OccurrenceCategoryDefinitions.pdf), CICTT phases of flight (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/data/Documents/datafiles/PhaseofFlightDefinitions.pdf), and NTSB coding manual, before 2008 (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). NTSB publishes no definitions for its findings, only their names.

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