# Development

- Type: NTSB finding subcategory
- Path: [Organizational issues](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/04) › Development
- NTSB code: 0401
- Cases: 152
- In the probable cause: 129
- Fatal cases: 33
- All cases: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/0401/cases.md
- Cases with it in the probable cause: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/0401/cases.md?cause=1
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/0401

## Cases per year (in the probable cause / all)

- 2008: 15 / 17
- 2009: 14 / 15
- 2010: 13 / 18
- 2011: 12 / 14
- 2012: 10 / 11
- 2013: 8 / 9
- 2014: 7 / 8
- 2015: 7 / 7
- 2016: 6 / 7
- 2017: 4 / 5
- 2018: 3 / 5
- 2019: 5 / 5
- 2020: 1 / 2
- 2021: 2 / 2
- 2022: 4 / 6
- 2023: 7 / 9
- 2024: 9 / 10
- 2025: 2 / 2

## Sections

- [Design](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/040110): 66 cases, 57 in the probable cause
- [Manufacture/production](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/040130): 65 cases, 55 in the probable cause
- [Selection/certification/testing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/040120): 31 cases, 25 in the probable cause
- [Development, general](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/040100): 1 cases, 1 in the probable cause

## Defining events in these cases

- [Sys/Comp malf/fail (non-power)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/330): 19 cases
- [Powerplant sys/comp malf/fail](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/340): 15 cases
- [Loss of control in flight](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240): 11 cases
- [Loss of engine power (partial)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/342): 9 cases
- [Aircraft structural failure](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/337): 8 cases
- [Flight control sys malf/fail](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/333): 8 cases
- [Landing gear collapse](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/094): 7 cases
- [Birdstrike](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/901): 6 cases
- [Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341): 6 cases
- [Part(s) separation from AC](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/338): 6 cases

## Aircraft models (registry)

- [Cessna 560XL](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-560xl): 3 cases
- [Boeing 757-223](https://openairdocs.org/model/boeing-757-223): 3 cases
- [Piper PA-28-161](https://openairdocs.org/model/piper-pa-28-161): 2 cases
- [Dehavilland DHC-3](https://openairdocs.org/model/dehavilland-dhc-3): 2 cases
- [Cessna 172R](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172r): 2 cases
- [Bombardier DHC-8-402](https://openairdocs.org/model/bombardier-dhc-8-402): 2 cases
- [Boeing 777-232](https://openairdocs.org/model/boeing-777-232): 2 cases
- [Boeing 777-222](https://openairdocs.org/model/boeing-777-222): 2 cases
- [Flight Design CTLS](https://openairdocs.org/model/flight-design-ctls): 2 cases
- [Flight Design CTSW](https://openairdocs.org/model/flight-design-ctsw): 2 cases

## Other findings in the same cases

- [Aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040) (Personnel issues): 14 cases
- [Use of equip/system](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063015) (Personnel issues): 13 cases
- [Decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520) (Personnel issues): 13 cases
- [Adequacy of policy/proc](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/04021015) (Organizational issues): 10 cases
- [Fuel](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010) (Aircraft): 9 cases
- [Performance/control parameters, general](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062000) (Aircraft): 8 cases
- [Animal(s)/bird(s)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03022045) (Environmental issues): 6 cases
- [Installation](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02062035) (Personnel issues): 6 cases
- [Incorrect action performance](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041015) (Personnel issues): 6 cases
- [Airspeed](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062010) (Aircraft): 6 cases

## Newest cases

- [NTSB CEN25LA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25LA117), Mar 10, 2025: Vans RV-7A (N923ZA), Plainview, TX, substantial damage. Probable cause: The improper machining of the propeller blade bearing seat, which resulted in an inflight propeller blade fatigue failure. Contributing to the accident was the improper machining of the propeller hub…
- [NTSB DCA25MA108](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA25MA108), Jan 30, 2025: Bombardier CL-600-2C10 (N709PS), Washington, DC, destroyed, 67 fatal. Probable cause: The Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) placement of a helicopter route in close proximity to a runway approach path; their failure to regularly review and evaluate helicopter routes and…
- [NTSB CEN25LA043](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25LA043), Nov 17, 2024: Pitts S1E (N52B), Seguin, TX, substantial damage. Probable cause: The improper construction of the rudder cable assembly by the airplane builder, which resulted in the fatigue failure of the left rudder cable during the landing roll and the pilot’s subsequent…
- [NTSB ANC25LA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC25LA008), Nov 2, 2024: Cub Crafters CC18-180 (N55PK), Anchorage, AK, substantial damage. Probable cause: The incorrect installation of the rear flight control stick, resulting in the pilot’s inability to control the pitch attitude, coupled with the pilot’s inadequate control system check before…
- [NTSB ERA24LA392](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA24LA392), Sep 23, 2024: Piper PA28 (N4298V), LaGrange, GA, substantial damage. Probable cause: Improper manufacture of a cylinder exhaust valve guide by the engine manufacturer, which resulted in a stuck exhaust valve and a partial loss of engine power during initial climb.
- [NTSB CEN24LA318](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN24LA318), Jun 20, 2024: Ayres S2R (N4004K), Stanwood, MI, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot’s failure to maintain terrain clearance during a low-level aerial application flight, which resulted in impact with terrain and a subsequent forced landing. Contributing to the accident was…
- [NTSB CEN24FA218](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN24FA218), Jun 12, 2024: Cessna 172 (N656MA), Gainesville, TX, substantial damage, 1 fatal. Probable cause: The fuel pump manufacturer’s improper torquing of screws on the engine-driven fuel pump, which resulted in a disruption in the fuel system and a loss of engine power on initial climb.
- [NTSB ERA24LA163](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA24LA163), Apr 4, 2024: Evektor-Aerotechnik A S Harmony LSA (N469JA), Seffner, FL, substantial damage. Probable cause: The improper installation of the fuel line that connected the fuel pump to the four-way distributor, which resulted in fuel starvation when the line became disconnected.
- [NTSB ENG24LA012](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ENG24LA012), Mar 1, 2024: British Aerospace BAE 146 Series 200A (N474NA), Missoula, MT, incident, minor damage. Probable cause: The use of a new long term fire retardant with a chemical composition incompatible with the retardant previously in use for the integration-operational field evaluation without adequate testing and…
- [NTSB CEN24LA121](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN24LA121), Feb 25, 2024: Piper PA-28-181 (N38696), Watertown, SD, substantial damage. Probable cause: The stuck No. 2 cylinder exhaust valve, which resulted in a partial loss of engine power and a forced landing due to an undersized exhaust valve guide. Contributing to the accident were the improper…

NTSB has coded findings and defining events since 2008; earlier cases used its older occurrence and cause codes and aren't counted.

Findings: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings.md. Defining events: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events.md. Phases of flight: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases.md. Every investigation, filtered by finding, event, phase, state, year or model: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb.md (for example ?state=MI&fatal=1).

NTSB's definitions: Accident and incident, 49 CFR 830.2 (https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-VIII/part-830/subpart-A/section-830.2), CICTT occurrence categories (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/data/Documents/datafiles/OccurrenceCategoryDefinitions.pdf), CICTT phases of flight (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/data/Documents/datafiles/PhaseofFlightDefinitions.pdf), and NTSB coding manual, before 2008 (PDF) (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). NTSB publishes no definitions for its findings, only their names.

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