# NTSB investigations: Takeoff

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 4 of 281 · 14,035 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB WPR26LA115](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26LA115.md): Mightyfly MF-100 · Atwater, CA · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Mar 2, 2026 · N258MF · Destroyed
  > A control system anomaly, which resulted in the overload and failure of one of the propulsion motor systems during the transition from hover to forward flight.
- [NTSB ERA26LA133](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA133.md): Morris Bradley D Zenith Stol CH-701 · Hendersonville, NC · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Mar 1, 2026 · N123XP · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during takeoff, which resulted in a runway excursion and impact with trees.
- [NTSB ERA26LA131](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA131.md): Cessna 150L · Okeechobee, FL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Mar 1, 2026 · N10310 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain airplane control during takeoff, which resulted in a runway excursion and collision with terrain.
- [NTSB ERA26LA132](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA132.md): Cessna 172L · Bennettsville, SC · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Feb 28, 2026 · N7864G · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from trees on takeoff from a rural road.
- [NTSB GAA26WA115](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA26WA115.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Abbots Bromley, United Kingdom · Accident · No injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · Feb 24, 2026 · G-BBBY · Minor damage
- [NTSB DCA26WA136](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26WA136.md): Mcdonnell Douglas DC-9 · Maiquetía, Venezuela · Incident · No injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · Feb 22, 2026 · YV2923 · No damage
- [NTSB ERA26LA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA122.md): Hughes 269A · Gettysburg, PA · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Feb 21, 2026 · N1020S · Substantial damage
  > The flight instructor’s failure to identify the excess power required to lift off from soft and muddy ground, which resulted in a loss of control and subsequent collision with a hangar during takeoff.
- [NTSB ERA26LA119](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA119.md): Tabor W Coates AR-1 · Kissimmee, FL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Feb 17, 2026 · N220SM · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to obtain the proper rotor rpm during the takeoff roll which resulted in a loss of control.
- [NTSB ERA26LA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA117.md): Beech V35 · Gulf Shores, AL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Feb 17, 2026 · N35KA · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to establish a positive rate of climb before retracting the landing gear, which resulted in abnormal runway contact during the takeoff roll.
- [NTSB ERA26LA116](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA116.md): Cessna 182G · Quail Heights, FL · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Preliminary report · Feb 16, 2026 · N515CL · Substantial damage
  > On February 16, 2026, at 1020 eastern standard time a Cessna 182G, N515CL, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Quail Heights, Florida. The pilot and two passengers were not injured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code…
- [NTSB DCA26WA120](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26WA120.md): Boeing 737 · Melbourne Airport, Australia · Incident · No injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · Feb 16, 2026 · ZK-TXB · No damage
- [NTSB CEN26LA116](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA116.md): Beech C90 · Guymon, OK · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Feb 14, 2026 · N247MD · Substantial damage
  > The collision with a white-tailed deer during the takeoff in night visual conditions.
- [NTSB ERA26LA107](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA107.md): Cessna 560 · Danville, KY · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Preliminary report · Feb 6, 2026 · N476JC · Substantial damage
  > On February 6, 2026, about 0925 eastern daylight time, a Cessna 560XL, N476JL, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Danville, Kentucky. The two flight crew and two passengers were not injured. The airplane was operated as a Title…
- [NTSB WPR26LA102](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26LA102.md): Cessna 172M · Nampa, ID · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Feb 5, 2026 · N4464R · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to verify that the seat locking pins were fully engaged before takeoff, which allowed the seat to slide aft during the takeoff roll and resulted in a loss of directional control.
- [NTSB WPR26LA094](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26LA094.md): Enstrom F28C · Leeds, UT · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Preliminary report · Feb 2, 2026 · N5692Y · Substantial damage
  > On February 2, 2026, at about 1301 mountain standard time, an Enstrom F-28C helicopter, registration N5692Y, was substantially damaged near Leeds, Utah. The pilot and passenger sustained minor injuries. At the time of the accident, the helicopter was being…
- [NTSB ANC26LA013](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC26LA013.md): Piper PA-22-150 · Anchorage, AK · Accident · Serious injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Preliminary report · Feb 1, 2026 · N3263Z · Substantial damage
  > On January 31, 2026, about 1921 Alaska standard time, a Piper PA-22-150 airplane, N3263Z, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Anchorage, Alaska. The pilot was uninjured, and the passenger was transported to the hospital with…
- [NTSB GAA26WA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA26WA106.md): Cessna 182 · Carumba, Brazil · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · Jan 31, 2026 · PT-OIK
- [NTSB CEN26LA105](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA105.md): Cessna 441 · Pflugerville, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Jan 31, 2026 · N441EC · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain airplane control during a rejected takeoff due to a flat nose wheel tire which resulted in a runway excursion and impact with terrain. Contributing to the accident was pilot fatigue which delayed the rejected takeoff.
- [NTSB CEN26LA104](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA104.md): Textron 172S · Augusta, KS · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Jan 31, 2026 · N767VK · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot’s failure to maintain control during the takeoff.
- [NTSB ERA26LA101](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA101.md): Cessna 170 · Summerdale, AL · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Jan 29, 2026 · N4178V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s decision to abort the takeoff with insufficient runway remaining, which resulted in a runway overrun and impact with a fence post.
- [NTSB CEN26FA098](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26FA098.md): Bombardier CL-600-2B16 · Bangor, ME · Accident · 6 fatal · Class 2 · Field · Preliminary report · Jan 26, 2026 · N10KJ · Substantial damage
  > On January 25, 2026, at 1944 eastern standard time (EST), a Bombardier CL-600-2B16 (Challenger 650) airplane, N10KJ, sustained substantial damage when it was involved in an accident near Bangor, Maine. The pilot, copilot, and 4 passengers were fatally…
- [NTSB CEN26LA100](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA100.md): Piper PA 46-350P · Sioux City, IA · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Preliminary report · Jan 24, 2026 · N91MK · Substantial damage
  > On January 24, 2026, about 0712 central daylight time, a Piper PA-46-350P airplane, N91MK, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Sioux City, Iowa. The pilot and passenger were uninjured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14…
- [NTSB GAA26WA093](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA26WA093.md): Piper PA-28-181 · Lelystad, Netherlands · Accident · No injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · Jan 22, 2026 · PH-KAX · Substantial damage
- [NTSB CEN26LA097](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA097.md): Quicksilver II · Spring, TX · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Preliminary report · Jan 20, 2026 · N4NH · Substantial damage
  > On January 20,2026, 1658 central standard time, a Quicksilver II, N4NH, sustained substantial damage when it was involved in an accident at David Wayne Hooks Memorial Airport, DWH, in Spring, Texas. The pilot, sole occupant, sustained no injuries. The…
- [NTSB CEN26FA093](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26FA093.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Holly Springs, MS · Accident · 2 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Preliminary report · Jan 18, 2026 · N6711J · Destroyed
  > On January 18, 2026, about 1640 central standard time, a Piper PA28-140 airplane, N6711J, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident near Holly Springs, Mississippi. The flight instructor and student pilot were fatally injured. The airplane was…
- [NTSB WPR26LA081](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26LA081.md): Cessna 172E · Kingman, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Jan 14, 2026 · N7783U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to use a pre-takeoff checklist, which resulted in the fuel selector being in the off position, and subsequent loss of engine power during takeoff.
- [NTSB WPR26LA080](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26LA080.md): Fairchild SA227-AC · Prescott, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Preliminary report · Jan 13, 2026 · N370AE · Substantial damage
  > On January 13, 2026, about 0624 mountain standard time, a Fairchild SA227-AC airplane, N370AE, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Prescott Municipal Airport (PRC), Prescott, Arizona. The pilot was not injured. The airplane was…
- [NTSB CEN26LA092](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA092.md): Cessna 172 · San Marcos, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Jan 7, 2026 · N5136E · Substantial damage
  > The flight instructor’s failure to properly configure the elevator trim for the takeoff, that resulted in a hard landing. Contributing to the accident was the flight instructor’s failure to follow the before takeoff checklist.
- [NTSB CEN26LA083](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA083.md): Cessna 150 · Round Lake Park, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Jan 5, 2026 · N101FA · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during a soft-field takeoff and the flight instructor’s delayed remedial action.
- [NTSB ERA26LA080](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA080.md): Varga 2150A · Frostproof, FL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Dec 28, 2025 · N5062V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain control of the airplane during takeoff, resulting in a runway excursion and collision with terrain.
- [NTSB CEN26LA084](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA084.md): Cessna 172 · Taylor, TX · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Dec 26, 2025 · N172BX · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s inadequate preflight inspection that resulted in a loss of engine power due to water contamination.
- [NTSB WPR26FA069](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26FA069.md): Piper PA-32-260 · Rio Linda, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Preliminary report · Dec 24, 2025 · N2785Q · Substantial damage
  > On December 24, 2025, at approximately 1230 Pacific standard time, a Piper PA-32-260, N2785Q, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Rio Linda, California. The pilot sustained serious injuries, and the pilot-rated passenger was…
- [NTSB CEN26LA081](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA081.md): Ela ELA10 · Morris, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Dec 23, 2025 · N396S · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure obtain the proper rotor rpm before applying power for the takeoff roll which resulted in a loss of control.
- [NTSB DCA26WA101](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26WA101.md): Boeing 737 · Mexico City, Mexico · Incident · No injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · Dec 19, 2025 · XA-VDM · Minor damage
- [NTSB CEN26LA072](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA072.md): Cirrus Design SR22T · Muleshoe, TX · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Preliminary report · Dec 18, 2025 · N53KH · Substantial damage
  > On December 18, 2025, about 1255 central standard time, a Cirrus SR22T, N53KH, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Muleshoe, Texas. The pilot was not injured. The airplane was operated under the provisions of Title 14 Code of…
- [NTSB DCA26WA257](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26WA257.md): GippsAero GA8 · Whitemark, Australia · Incident · Class 5 · Foreign · Dec 16, 2025 · VH-ASI · 2 aircraft
- [NTSB CEN26LA067](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA067.md): Mark O Treidel American Ranger AR-1 · Denver, CO · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Dec 16, 2025 · N529MW · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to attain rotor RPM and maintain proper rotor disc angle during takeoff which resulted in a rotor strike with the rudder.
- [NTSB CEN26LA058](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA058.md): Piper PA28 · Conroe, TX · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Dec 10, 2025 · N6058F · Substantial damage
  > The collision with a deer during takeoff.
- [NTSB DCA26WA067](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26WA067.md): Boeing 737 · Barquisimeto, Venezuela · Incident · Class 5 · Foreign · Dec 8, 2025 · YV3063 · No damage
- [NTSB DCA26WA072](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26WA072.md): Boeing 727 · Bogotá, Colombia · Incident · No injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · Dec 6, 2025 · HK5216 · No damage
- [NTSB GAA26WA036](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA26WA036.md): Beech E90 · Para De Minas, Brazil · Accident · No injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · Nov 28, 2025 · PS-MGQ · Substantial damage
- [NTSB ERA26LA058](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA058.md): Huebbe Tom MAX TH · Inverness Highlands South, FL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Nov 26, 2025 · N48TH · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control on takeoff. Contributing to the accident was the aircraft design that did not incorporate differential braking.
- [NTSB CEN26LA054](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA054.md): Lou Malinchak Titan T-51D · Bristow, OK · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Nov 26, 2025 · N251LM · Substantial damage
  > The collision with two deer during takeoff which resulted in a loss of control and impact with terrain.
- [NTSB DCA26WA049](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26WA049.md): Boeing 737 · Seville, Spain · Accident · Class 5 · Foreign · Nov 20, 2025 · SP-RKK · Substantial damage
- [NTSB DCA26WA032](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26WA032.md): Fairchild 22C7 · South Mackay, Australia · Incident · Class 5 · Foreign · Nov 12, 2025 · VH-HPE · No damage
- [NTSB ERA26LA037](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA26LA037.md): Beech 95-A55 · Southern Pines, NC · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Nov 9, 2025 · N500CA · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during takeoff at night, while distracted by an animal approaching the runway, which resulted in collision with a runway light.
- [NTSB DCA26WA050](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26WA050.md): Boeing 737 · Heliopolis, Egypt · Incident · No injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · Nov 5, 2025 · SU-GGA · Minor damage
- [NTSB DCA26MA024](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26MA024.md): Mcdonnell Douglas MD-11F · Louisville, KY · Accident · 14 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Preliminary report · Nov 4, 2025 · N259UP · Destroyed
  > On November 4, 2025, about 1714 eastern standard time (EST), United Parcel Service (UPS) flight 2976, a Boeing (McDonnell-Douglas) MD-11F airplane, N259UP, was destroyed after it impacted the ground shortly after takeoff from runway 17R at Louisville Muhammad…
- [NTSB WPR26LA038](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26LA038.md): Cessna 182P · San Andreas, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Nov 3, 2025 · N1303S · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s decision to adjust his seat during the takeoff roll, which resulted in the seat sliding aft and a subsequent loss of directional control.
- [NTSB WPR26LA036](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26LA036.md): Cirrus Design SR22 · Sedona, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Preliminary report · Nov 3, 2025 · N237RJ · Substantial damage
  > On November 3, 2025, about 0830 mountain standard time, a Cirrus SR-22, N237RJ, sustained substantial damage when it was involved in an accident near Sedona, Arizona. The pilot and passenger were not injured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of…

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/300/cases.md?page=5

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 300)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/300/cases?page=4

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.
