# NTSB investigations: Takeoff

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 85 of 281 · 14,038 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB DEN03LA132](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN03LA132.md): Cessna 172P · Watkins, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 17, 2003 · N98969 · Substantial damage
  > the right seat shifting aft during the take off roll, rendering aircraft control not possible by the flight instructor. Contributing factors include the inboard seat pin which did not engage fully, the outboard seat pin which was installed incorrectly, the…
- [NTSB CHI03LA215](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA215.md): Ayres S2R-G6 · Esmond, ND · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 17, 2003 · N3105U · Substantial damage
  > The obstruction of the windshield by the application chemical restricting the pilot's visual lookout, and the pilot's failure to perform an aborted takeoff. Factors contributing to the accident were the leak in the hopper lid and the drainage ditch.
- [NTSB IAD03CA065](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD03CA065.md): Diamond Aircraft Industries DA20-C1 Katana · Hillsboro, TX · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jul 16, 2003 · N905CT · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane during the takeoff roll. A factor in the accident was the pilot's lack of total flying experience.
- [NTSB FTW03LA187](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW03LA187.md): Mikoyan MIG-15BIS · Little Rock, AR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 16, 2003 · N15PE · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power during takeoff for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB LAX03LA230](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX03LA230.md): Aero Commander S2R · Tulelake, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 10, 2003 · N8912Q · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate preflight inspection and failure to remove the gust lock, which resulted in his loss of airplane control.
- [NTSB SEA03LA126](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA03LA126.md): Druckman 102 · Alsea, OR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 7, 2003 · N102DR · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the take-off roll, when his foot became lodged between the rudder pedal and the heel brake. An additional factor is a fence near the area where he was taking off from.
- [NTSB CHI03LA200](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA200.md): Piper PA-38-112 · Fort Smith, AR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 7, 2003 · N569RA · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons during the climb out. A factor was the ditch encountered during the forced landing.
- [NTSB CHI03LA203](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA203.md): Aerotrike DPS · Brandon, IA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 5, 2003 · UNREG · Substantial damage
  > The non-certificated pilot selected unsuitable terrain for takeoff when he departed from a bean field, and the airplane stalled as a result of low airspeed during takeoff climb. Factors to the accident included the pilot's total lack of experience, the…
- [NTSB NYC03LA145](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC03LA145.md): Mooney M20J · De Lancey, NY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 2003 · N1084B · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's delayed decision to perform an aborted takeoff, which did not allow for sufficient room to stop. A factor was the grass runway.
- [NTSB MIA03LA138](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA03LA138.md): WSK PZL Mielec M-18A · Belle Glade, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 2003 · N82120 · Substantial damage
  > The inability of the pilot to maintain directional control of the airplane following a blown right main landing gear tire during the takeoff roll, resulting in the airplane rolling into soft terrain and subsequent nose over. A factor in the accident was the…
- [NTSB CHI03LA188](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA188.md): Piper PA-28-161 · Brazil, IN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 29, 2003 · N1660H · Substantial damage
  > The delayed aborted takeoff by the pilot-in-command. A contributing factor was the fence, which the airplane contacted during the aborted takeoff.
- [NTSB NYC03LA140](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC03LA140.md): Champion 7EC · Point Pleasant, WV · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 27, 2003 · N7570E · Substantial damage
  > The CFI's failure to maintain directional control, which resulted in a collision with trees.
- [NTSB SEA03CA112](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA03CA112.md): Cessna 177 · Woodland, WA · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 20, 2003 · N2279Y · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's premature liftoff and his failure to maintain/obtain airspeed and directional control during takeoff.
- [NTSB SEA03FA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA03FA106.md): Downer RC-3 · Yelm, WA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 17, 2003 · N6723K · Destroyed
  > The failure of the pilot to abort the takeoff roll. Factors contributing to the accident included the failure of the aircraft to accelerate for undetermined reasons and the trees.
- [NTSB CHI03LA168](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA168.md): Cessna A188B · Hornersville, MO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 17, 2003 · N70403 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane during takeoff. A contributing factor was the crosswind.
- [NTSB CHI03LA160](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA160.md): Piper PA-24 · Harvey, ND · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 13, 2003 · N21533 · Substantial damage
  > The aborted takeoff not performed by the pilot. The inadequate short field takeoff procedure by the pilot and the short grass runway were contributing factors.
- [NTSB MIA03FA120](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA03FA120.md): Aerospatiale AS355F1 · Madison, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 11, 2003 · N217ES · Substantial damage
  > The pilot in command's diverted attention and loss of control while attempting to takeoff, which resulted in the main rotor blades being dragged, and the helicopter rolling over.
- [NTSB ATL03CA105](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL03CA105.md): Ayers RV-6A · St. Simons Isld, GA · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 11, 2003 · N221SA · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate preflight inspection that resulted in his failure to remove the seatbelt (flight control gust lock) from the right side flight control stick.
- [NTSB CHI03LA156](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA156.md): Dromader M-18 · Dumas, AR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 9, 2003 · N51402 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's delay in aborting the takeoff and his intentional maneuver to avoid the obstruction at the end of the runway. Contributing factors were the road and ditch.
- [NTSB CHI03LA154](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA154.md): Braunschmidt RV-6A · Tea, SD · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 9, 2003 · N160BM · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons and the unsuitable terrain for landing encountered. Contributing factors to this accident were the crop and the collapse of the nose landing gear strut.
- [NTSB ANC03LA057](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC03LA057.md): Cessna 185 · Talkeetna, AK · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 9, 2003 · N5246E · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's excessive taxi speed while attempting to turn the airplane in soft snow, which resulted in a nose over. A factor in the accident was soft snow.
- [NTSB NYC03LA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC03LA122.md): Cessna 150 · Culpeper, VA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 8, 2003 · N92WA · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control on the runway during takeoff.
- [NTSB CHI03FA151](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03FA151.md): Cessna 172P · Sheboygan, WI · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 8, 2003 · N63319 · Destroyed
  > The pilot failed to maintain control of the airplane after encountering instrument meteorological conditions during takeoff. Factors associated with the accident were the low ceiling, fog and lack of instrument rating.
- [NTSB FTW03LA166](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW03LA166.md): Bell 47G-2 · Franklinton, LA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 4, 2003 · N90485 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's encounter with dynamic rollover due to his failure to properly remove the tie-down strap on the right skid prior to takeoff. Factors were the pilot's inadequate preflight preparation and failure to abort takeoff.
- [NTSB CHI03LA158](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA158.md): Cessna 152 · Owensville, MO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 2, 2003 · N68778 · Substantial damage
  > The pilots delayed attempt to perform an aborted takeoff and subsequent overrun. Contributing factors to the accident were the fence and the ditch.
- [NTSB CHI03LA148](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA148.md): WSK PZL Mielec M-18A · Reydell, AR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 2, 2003 · N135RA · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control during initial climb.
- [NTSB MIA03LA116](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA03LA116.md): Cessna 172N · Clearwater, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 1, 2003 · N9758G · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll, which resulted in the airplane departing the runway, and impacting with trees.
- [NTSB SEA03LA091](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA03LA091.md): Cessna 150 · Dillon, MT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 31, 2003 · N4424U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll, and his inadequate remedial actions during his attempt to realign the aircraft with the runway. Factors include a crosswind, and the pilot's lack of experience in tailwheel-equipped…
- [NTSB SEA03LA090](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA03LA090.md): Beech 95 C-55 · Canby, OR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 31, 2003 · N660K · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate preflight planning resulting in fuel starvation and subsequent loss of power after takeoff. High vegetation was a factor.
- [NTSB CHI03LA144](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA144.md): Grumman G-164B · Superior, NE · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 31, 2003 · N48597 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed, and the delayed remedial action by the pilot, resulting in a stall. Factors to the accident included the aircraft’s low altitude and the pilot's lack of experience in the make/model of aircraft.
- [NTSB DEN03LA083](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN03LA083.md): Cessna 172S · Cedar City, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 21, 2003 · N5278H · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions, and his failure to maintain directional control.
- [NTSB CHI03LA136](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA136.md): Piper PA-11 · Minocqua, WI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 17, 2003 · N4711U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to attain a proper climb rate during takeoff. A factor to the accident was the tree.
- [NTSB LAX03LA151](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX03LA151.md): Cessna 172S · Camarillo, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 15, 2003 · N585TM · Substantial damage
  > the student pilot's failure to maintain directional control, resulting in a collision with terrain. The flight instructor's inadequate supervision of the flight and delayed remedial action were also causal.
- [NTSB ATL03LA093](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL03LA093.md): Cessna 172K · Bristol, TN · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 15, 2003 · N7412G · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper use of the rudder controls during the takeoff roll resulting in a loss of directional control, and the on-ground collision with an embankment.
- [NTSB MIA03CA107](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA03CA107.md): Michael Allen Brown RAF 2000 GTX · Punta Gorda, FL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 10, 2003 · N9DQ · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain rotor speed during the takeoff which resulted in the gyrocopter descending and the main rotor impacting the ground, incurring damage.
- [NTSB MIA03CA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA03CA106.md): Enstrom 280C · Panama City Bch, FL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 10, 2003 · N51752 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate rotor rpm and altitude during takeoff which resulted in the helicopter impacting the water during a descent in an attempt to maintain rotor rpm.
- [NTSB MIA03LA104](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA03LA104.md): Brantly B-2B · Lantana, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 5, 2003 · N2141U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot/owner's failure to maintain rotor rpm which resulted in a loss of control. Contributing factors were high gross weight and high density altitude.
- [NTSB FTW03LA142](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW03LA142.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Needham, AR · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 29, 2003 · N7546R · Substantial damage
  > The total loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB FTW03LA141](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW03LA141.md): Air Tractor AT-502B · Pond Creek, OK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 28, 2003 · N60819 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to attain adequate airspeed during liftoff resulting in a stall.
- [NTSB NYC03LA091](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC03LA091.md): Cessna 172K · Burnham, PA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 27, 2003 · N758XB · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll.
- [NTSB NYC03LA090](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC03LA090.md): Starnes Quickie Q-200 · Henderson, KY · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 27, 2003 · N1V · Destroyed
  > The pilot's improper recovery from a bounced landing and his failure to maintain directional control, after experiencing an in-flight loss of control for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB SEA03LA068](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA03LA068.md): Piper PA-18-135 · Marion, MT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 23, 2003 · N60733 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot-in-command's failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll resulting in the aircraft leaving the runway, crossing a ditch and collapsing the landing gear. A contributing factor was the ditch.
- [NTSB CHI03LA111](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI03LA111.md): Cessna 150F · Three Rivers, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 23, 2003 · N8082F · Substantial damage
  > The directional control not maintained by the student pilot. The student pilot's lack of experience was a contributing factor.
- [NTSB FTW03LA140](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW03LA140.md): Robinson R-22 Beta · Ardmore, OK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 20, 2003 · N2341Z · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control during liftoff. A contributing factor was the inadvertent encounter of propeller blast from the other airplane starting at the time of takeoff.
- [NTSB SEA03LA064](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA03LA064.md): Cessna 150 · Coos Bay, OR · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 19, 2003 · N7057F · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper remedial action during takeoff and his failure to maintain airspeed. Contributing factors included the binding of the left brake and the trees.
- [NTSB IAD03LA047](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD03LA047.md): Cessna 170B · Randolph, NY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 19, 2003 · N118F · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to attain/maintain proper runway alignment. A factor in the accident was the sun glare.
- [NTSB FTW03LA136](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW03LA136.md): Air Tractor AT-301 · Batchelor, LA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 18, 2003 · N36531 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to abort the takeoff with adequate runway available. A contributing factor was the high density altitude.
- [NTSB DEN03LA075](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN03LA075.md): Mitsubishi MU-2B-60 · Salt Lake City, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 18, 2003 · N157CA · Substantial damage
  > the pilot improperly aligning the airplane on the runway for takeoff. Contributing factors were the reduced visibility due to rain, and the dark night.
- [NTSB DEN03LA066](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN03LA066.md): Taylorcraft BC12-D · West Jordan, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 16, 2003 · N43591 · Substantial damage
  > the dual student's failure to maintain aircraft control and the flight instructor's inadequate supervision of the student. A contributing factor was the unfavorable wind gust.
- [NTSB SEA03LA063](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA03LA063.md): Herb Six Northstar · Medford, OR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 15, 2003 · N606HS · Substantial damage
  > The compressive buckling and collapse of the right main landing gear.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/300/cases.md?page=86

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 300)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/300/cases?page=85

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.
