# NTSB investigations, IL: Takeoff

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 1 of 9 · 408 cases

## Latest cases

- [NTSB CEN27LA025](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN27LA025.md): Howell Mark R RV-8 · Geneseo, IL · Accident · Limited investigation · Investigation open · Oct 21, 2026 · N818TC
- [NTSB CEN26LA299](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA299.md): Cessna 150M · Greenwood, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Investigation open · Aug 22, 2026 · N3103V · Substantial damage
- [NTSB CEN26LA186](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA186.md): Piper PA-28R-201 · West Chicago, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · May 13, 2026 · N31401 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s improper decision to attempt an intersection takeoff and delay to abort the takeoff which resulted in a subsequent runway excursion.
- [NTSB CEN26LA083](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA083.md): Cessna 150 · Round Lake Park, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Jan 5, 2026 · N101FA · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during a soft-field takeoff and the flight instructor’s delayed remedial action.
- [NTSB CEN26LA081](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN26LA081.md): Ela ELA10 · Morris, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Dec 23, 2025 · N396S · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure obtain the proper rotor rpm before applying power for the takeoff roll which resulted in a loss of control.
- [NTSB CEN25LA397](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25LA397.md): De Havilland DH82 · Harvard, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Sep 27, 2025 · UNREG · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure of the pilot to maintain directional control during takeoff which resulted in a collision with cornstalks. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s partially obscured vision due to sun glare.
- [NTSB CEN25LA340](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25LA340.md): Burkhart Grob Flugzeugbau G102 Club Astir Iiib · Highland, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Aug 24, 2025 · N424BG · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during takeoff which resulted in a collision with a parked vehicle.
- [NTSB CEN25LA313](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25LA313.md): Air Tractor AT-502 · Lawrenceville, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Preliminary report · Aug 10, 2025 · N9193V · Substantial damage
  > On August 10, 2025, about 1321 central daylight time, an Air Tractor AT-502, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Lawrenceville, Illinois. The pilot sustained minor injuries. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of…
- [NTSB CEN25LA267](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25LA267.md): Air Tractor AT-402B · Wyoming, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Jul 15, 2025 · N647RA · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to attain a positive climb rate due to airplane’s improper takeoff configuration.
- [NTSB CEN25LA177](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25LA177.md): Rolladen-Schneider LS-6B · Hinckley, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · May 14, 2025 · N246GC · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain control of the glider during takeoff.
- [NTSB CEN25LA022](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25LA022.md): Magniflight M24 Orion · Valmeyer, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Oct 19, 2024 · N4777W · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s loss of control due to flight control interference by the passenger during takeoff.
- [NTSB CEN23LA362](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN23LA362.md): Piper PA-38-112 · Harvard, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Aug 10, 2023 · N2351A · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during takeoff that resulted in a runway excursion and an impact with the cornfield.
- [NTSB CEN23LA216](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN23LA216.md): Remos G-3/600 · Sugar Grove, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Jun 1, 2023 · N133LS · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot’s improper flight control inputs and the flight instructor’s delayed remedial action during takeoff, which resulted in a runway excursion and impact with terrain.
- [NTSB CEN22LA393](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN22LA393.md): Boeing B75N1 · Harvard, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Aug 24, 2022 · N66417 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during take-off, which resulted in a collision with crop and terrain.
- [NTSB CEN22LA323](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN22LA323.md): Bell 206B · Verona, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Jul 18, 2022 · N6BU · Substantial damage
  > A loss of rotor rpm for reasons that could not be determined.
- [NTSB CEN22LA312](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN22LA312.md): Air Tractor AT-502B · Decatur, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Jul 11, 2022 · N5850R · Substantial damage
  > Fracture of the compressor turbine (CT) blades due to creep.
- [NTSB CEN22LA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN22LA122.md): Bell 206 · Eldorado, IL · Accident · Serious injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Feb 12, 2022 · N469AE · Minor damage
  > Overheating of two lithium batteries in the paramedic’s flight suit pocket resulting in an explosion and fire that seriously injured the paramedic as the helicopter was about to take off.
- [NTSB CEN21LA095](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN21LA095.md): Robinson Helicopter R44 · Morris, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Dec 20, 2020 · N3264U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate pedal application during liftoff with a tailwind, which resulted in a loss of yaw control and a subsequent impact with terrain.
- [NTSB CEN21LA058](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN21LA058.md): Temco GC-1B · Waukegan, IL · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report · Nov 8, 2020 · N77759 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during takeoff with a crosswind that resulted in a ground loop and impact with terrain.
- [NTSB CEN20LA352](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20LA352.md): Beech 200 · Rockford, IL · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Aug 20, 2020 · N198DM · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain airplane control following a reduction of thrust in the left engine during takeoff. The reason for the reduction in thrust could not be determined based on the available evidence.
- [NTSB CEN20LA219](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20LA219.md): Flight Design Ctls · Beecher, IL · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Jun 8, 2020 · N257V · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s decision to continue takeoff after a partial loss of engine power, and the pilot’s subsequent failure to control airplane pitch during a forced landing. Contributing to the accident was the partial loss of engine power for reasons that could not…
- [NTSB CEN18LA299](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN18LA299.md): Piper PA28 · Columbia, IL · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 28, 2018 · N624FL · Substantial damage
  > The airplane's inability to climb due to reduced engine power as a result of insufficient compression in all cylinders and fouled spark plugs in the No. 2 cylinder while operating near its maximum gross weight.
- [NTSB GAA18CA430](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA18CA430.md): Robinson R44 · Okawville, IL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jul 9, 2018 · N944DC · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper preflight weight and balance calculation, which resulted in his operating the helicopter over its maximum gross takeoff weight and in its subsequent failure to climb.
- [NTSB GAA18CA401](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA18CA401.md): Grumman G164 · Rochelle, IL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jul 5, 2018 · N6795Q · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to move the power lever to the proper position before takeoff, which resulted in insufficient airspeed and a subsequent aerodynamic stall.
- [NTSB CEN18LA092](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN18LA092.md): Cessna 172M · Centralia, IL · Accident · Serious injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Feb 8, 2018 · N1409U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's exceedance of the airplane's critical angle of attack during takeoff, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall/spin.
- [NTSB CEN18LA041](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN18LA041.md): Cessna 182S · Bolingbrook, IL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 22, 2017 · N7111W · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during takeoff.
- [NTSB GAA17CA450](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA17CA450.md): Robinson Helicopter R44 · Dunlap, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jul 31, 2017 · N344MM · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to visually confirm that the helicopter was disconnected from hoses during refueling operations. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s and ground crew’s misunderstanding of the hand signals.
- [NTSB ENG17IA028](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ENG17IA028.md): Bombardier CL 600 2C10 · Chicago, IL · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Jun 10, 2017 · N715SK · Minor damage
  > A Bombardier CRJ700 No. 1 engine failure caused by buckling of the combustion outer liner due to fatigue cracks. The liner buckling resulted in airflow disruption and reduced engine performance. The engine fuel control unit attempted to compensate for the…
- [NTSB CEN17LA145](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17LA145.md): Cessna 120 · Columbia, IL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 19, 2017 · N1915N · Substantial damage
  > The partial loss of engine power due to carburetor icing.
- [NTSB DCA17FA021](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17FA021.md): Boeing 767 · Chicago, IL · Accident · Serious injuries · Class 1 · Field · Final report · Oct 28, 2016 · N345AN · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the high-pressure turbine (HPT) stage 2 disk, which severed the main engine fuel feed line and breached the right main wing fuel tank, releasing fuel that resulted in a fire on the right side of the airplane during the takeoff roll. The HPT…
- [NTSB CEN16LA329](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN16LA329.md): Collins RV6A · Pekin, IL · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 18, 2016 · N576RV · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to latch the canopy before takeoff, and his subsequent distraction and failure to maintain control while attempting to close the open canopy, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall.
- [NTSB GAA16CA313](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA16CA313.md): Air Tractor AT 802 · Cairo, IL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 12, 2016 · N20361 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to ensure that the tailwheel pin was in the locked position prior to the takeoff roll, resulting in a runway excursion, ground loop, and substantial damage.
- [NTSB GAA16CA153](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA16CA153.md): Barnes Thomas A Vans · Bolingbrook, IL · Accident · Serious injuries · Data collection · Final report · Mar 18, 2016 · N442TB · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain direction control during the takeoff roll, which resulted in runway excursion, collision with terrain, and nose over.
- [NTSB CEN15LA335](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN15LA335.md): Air Tractor AT 502B · Virden, IL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 1, 2015 · N502LH · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to establish a proper airspeed during takeoff with the airplane near its maximum gross weight and with a quartering tailwind.
- [NTSB OPS15IA011](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/OPS15IA011.md): Embraer EMB 145LR · Chicago, IL · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Feb 18, 2015 · N698CB · 2 aircraft · No damage
  > The flight crew's failure to manage cockpit tasks during taxi resulting in a loss of situation awareness and subsequently taxiing past a required turn point and onto an active runway without clearance. Contributing to the runway incursion was the ground…
- [NTSB CEN14CA464](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN14CA464.md): Air Tractor AT 502B · Colusa, IL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Aug 27, 2014 · N369AB · Substantial damage
  > The pilot did not maintain control of the airplane during takeoff from a grass strip. Contributing was the airplane being loaded beyond its capability for the runway.
- [NTSB CEN14LA349](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN14LA349.md): Air Tractor AT-502 · Carthage, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 7, 2014 · N9185G · Substantial damage
  > The airplane’s inability to climb out of ground effect, which resulted from the pilot using a lower power setting than needed for takeoff due to the mechanic’s installation of the wrong engine torque gauge.
- [NTSB CEN13CA499](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN13CA499.md): Beech 35 · Wheeling, IL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Aug 18, 2013 · N779RB · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s loss of control due to the passenger’s inadvertent application of left rudder during the takeoff roll.
- [NTSB CEN13CA495](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN13CA495.md): Cessna 172 · Kankakee, IL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Aug 18, 2013 · N5148A · Substantial damage
  > The airplane struck a deer during takeoff. Contributing to the accident was the perimeter fence being less than FAA's recommended 10 feet high.
- [NTSB CEN13LA451](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN13LA451.md): Air Tractor AT-400A · Lombardville, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 29, 2013 · N36612 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain airplane control during takeoff.
- [NTSB CEN13LA426](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN13LA426.md): Air Tractor AT-502 · Shannon, IL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 20, 2013 · N502MH · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s inability to maintain an adequate climb rate after encountering a sudden wind shift during takeoff.
- [NTSB DCA13WA062](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA13WA062.md): Airbus · Chicago, IL · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 6, 2013 · D-AIKJ · Minor damage
  > The BFU-DE of Germany has notified the NTSB of an accident involving an Airbus 330 that occurred on March 06, 2013 in Chicago, Illinois. The NTSB delegated the investigation to Germany and has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the BFU-DE's…
- [NTSB CEN13CA151](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN13CA151.md): Cessna 172 · Murphysboro, IL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Feb 1, 2013 · N546A · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain control of the airplane during the takeoff roll.
- [NTSB CEN13CA142](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN13CA142.md): Cessna 172S · Peoria, IL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jan 24, 2013 · N5113J · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s inadvertent activation of the electric trim to the nose-down position, which resulted in the airplane being improperly configured for takeoff, and the flight instructor’s incorrect remedial action that allowed the airplane to porpoise.
- [NTSB CEN12CA665](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN12CA665.md): Cessna 182 · Tiskilwa, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Sep 30, 2012 · N82GS · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s loss of control while preforming a short field takeoff.
- [NTSB CEN12LA577](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN12LA577.md): Jones Kitfox III · Rockford, IL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 19, 2012 · N942EJ · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper installation of a spark plug, which led to a partial loss of engine power after takeoff and the resultant forced landing.
- [NTSB OPS12IA167](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/OPS12IA167.md): Learjet 45 · Chicago, IL · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Dec 1, 2011 · N570AM · 2 aircraft · No damage
  > The tower local controller did not ensure that the runway was clear of conflict before directing the B737 to cross the runway, and other air traffic control personnel did not effectively intervene when the separation between the two airplanes became…
- [NTSB CEN12FA073](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN12FA073.md): Skykits Savannah VGW · Plato Center, IL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 20, 2011 · N61XT · Substantial damage
  > The noncertificated pilot’s decision to fly the airplane without receiving any flight instruction in the airplane, which resulted in his failure to maintain sufficient airspeed during takeoff and the subsequent aerodynamic stall.
- [NTSB CEN11FA500](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN11FA500.md): Piper PA 46-350P · Rantoul, IL · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 24, 2011 · N46TW · Substantial damage
  > The pilot did not maintain airplane control during takeoff with approaching thunderstorms. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's decision to depart into adverse weather conditions.
- [NTSB CEN11CA486](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN11CA486.md): Hamlin John D CH701 · Paxton, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jul 16, 2011 · N9040W · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's decision to takeoff with a tailwind in high density altitude conditions.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/300/cases.md?state=IL&page=2

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventStateOrRegion" = 'IL' AND c."eventCountry" = 'USA'
  AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 300)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/300/cases?state=IL

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