# NTSB investigations: Initial climb

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 105 of 412 · 20,559 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB NYC97LA152](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC97LA152.md): Kenneson Merlin GT · Kensington, NH · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 23, 1997 · N912AK · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's inability to obtain and/or maintain control of the airplane after takeoff.
- [NTSB CHI97LA221](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97LA221.md): Goble RV-4 · Rosemount, MN · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 23, 1997 · N36JG · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed after takeoff, which resulted in a stall/spin and collision with the terrain. His excessive climb rate after takeoff was a related factor.
- [NTSB SEA97LA176](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA97LA176.md): Garner RAF 2000 GTX-SE · Bandon, OR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 22, 1997 · N6281Y · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain sufficient rotor RPM. A factor was the pilot's limited flight experience in gyroplanes.
- [NTSB NYC97LA150](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC97LA150.md): Cessna 172E · Fitchburg, MA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 22, 1997 · N3553S · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB ATL97LA110](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL97LA110.md): Cessna 150L · Portland, TN · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 22, 1997 · N10744 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's attempt to perform a short field takeoff in unsuitable terrain. A related factor was the pilot's desire to impress his co-workers.
- [NTSB FTW97LA277](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW97LA277.md): Piper PA-25-235 · Blackwell, OK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 21, 1997 · N8784L · Substantial damage
  > partial loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. Factors relating to the accident were: the high vegetation and ditch in the emergency landing area.
- [NTSB CHI97LA217](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97LA217.md): Piper PA-36-285 · Hill City, KS · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 21, 1997 · N268JW · Substantial damage
  > the sustained partial loss of engine power due to low compression on one cylinder and the rough, uneven terrain.
- [NTSB CHI97FA220](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97FA220.md): Beech B-60 · Springfield, MO · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 20, 1997 · N3359P · Destroyed
  > The pilot's fuel mismanagement and his failure to maintain adequate airspeed which resulted in fuel exhaustion followed by the loss of power in one engine and the loss of aircraft control. Contributing was the pilot's failure to refuel the aircraft, the…
- [NTSB ANC97LA108](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC97LA108.md): Goode Avid Flyer MK-IV · Nikiski, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 20, 1997 · N4356H · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions. Factors were the sudden windshift, and the pilot's lack of seaplane certification.
- [NTSB LAX97LA252](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX97LA252.md): Cessna 182N · Sacramento, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 18, 1997 · N9099G · Substantial damage
  > Failure of maintenance personnel to adequately repair the pitch trim system and ensure that it was properly rigged, and the pilot's failure to maintain pitch control due to the distraction at liftoff of the mistrim condition.
- [NTSB SEA97LA169](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA97LA169.md): Weatherly 620B · Newdale, ID · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 17, 1997 · N9022H · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate preflight/planning preparation which resulted in the aircraft exceeding the maximum gross weight, and inability to climb. A factor was high density altitude.
- [NTSB NYC97LA147](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC97LA147.md): Cessna 120 · Napoleon, OH · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 17, 1997 · N2550N · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's decision to take off with inadequate fuel.
- [NTSB FTW97LA270](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW97LA270.md): Bell 206L-1 · Amelia, LA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 17, 1997 · N3892R · Substantial damage
  > partial loss of engine power due to frog(s) being ingested into the engine. Factors relating to the accident were: the lack of altitude and lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing.
- [NTSB CHI97LA213](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97LA213.md): Piper PA-28-151 · Fessenden, ND · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 17, 1997 · N41371 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's premature liftoff and/or failure to abort the takeoff while there was sufficient runway remaining.
- [NTSB ATL97LA104](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL97LA104.md): Cessna 177RG · Knoxville, TN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 16, 1997 · N52120 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's inadequate preflight by failing to ensure the oil filler cap was secured during his preflight inspection, and loss of engine oil (oil exhaustion), which resulted in subsequent engine failure. A factor relating to the accident was: the lack of…
- [NTSB MIA97LA210](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA97LA210.md): Grumman-Schweizer G-164A · Woodeberry, TN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 13, 1997 · N7981 · Destroyed
  > in-flight collision with a fence during takeoff. Factors in this accident were the pilot's inadequate pre-flight by not calculating the total weight of the airplane, and high temperatures.
- [NTSB CHI97LA210](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97LA210.md): Cessna A188B · Aitkin, MN · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 13, 1997 · N9746G · Substantial damage
  > loss of engine power for undetermined reason(s). A factor relating to the accident was: the wet/soft terrain in the emergency landing area.
- [NTSB FTW97LA278](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW97LA278.md): Watts RAF 2000 Gyroplane · Conroe, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 10, 1997 · N6826Z · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control. A factor was his premature liftoff at low airspeed.
- [NTSB NYC97LA140](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC97LA140.md): Cessna 182A · Hayfield Twnshp, PA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 8, 1997 · N4951D · Destroyed
  > The pilot's improper decision to attempt a takeoff from unsuitable terrain and failure to maintain airspeed. A factor in this accident was the gusty wind conditions.
- [NTSB MIA97LA208](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA97LA208.md): Air Tractor AT-401 · Altha, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 8, 1997 · N1509C · Destroyed
  > the pilot's impairment of judgment and performance due to alcohol which led to his failure to maintain control of the airplane.
- [NTSB ATL97LA101](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL97LA101.md): Piper PA-34-200 · Fajardo, PR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 6, 1997 · N4515T · Substantial damage
  > a malfunction (jamming) of the elevator flight control system for undetermined reason(s).
- [NTSB ATL97LA099](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL97LA099.md): Cessna P210N · Destin, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 6, 1997 · N222WE · Substantial damage
  > a loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB SEA97LA161](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA97LA161.md): Cessna 170B · Bend, OR · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 5, 1997 · N37RA · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to attain a proper climb rate. High density altitude and the pilot's failure to use all of the available runway were factors.
- [NTSB CHI97LA202](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97LA202.md): Niquette Pietenpol GN-1 · Lake Village, IN · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 5, 1997 · N46844 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's inability to maintain sufficient airspeed and climb.
- [NTSB CHI97FA200](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97FA200.md): Piper PA-32R-301 · St. Paul, MN · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 1997 · N83353 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed which resulted in a stall. Related factors were the pilot's diverted attention and gusty wind conditions.
- [NTSB ATL97FA095](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL97FA095.md): Boeing Stearman B75N1 · Locust Grove, GA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 1997 · N450GC · Destroyed
  > The inadvertent stall encountered by the pilot after experiencing an in-flight cylinder head separation.
- [NTSB ATL97LA093](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL97LA093.md): Convair 240-53 · San Juan, PR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 30, 1997 · N344MM · Substantial damage
  > a loss of engine power for undetermined reasons, the pilot's improper emergency procedure after the powewr loss, and the overloading of the airplane, resulting in an inability to maintain altitude and terrain clearance.
- [NTSB FTW97LA240](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW97LA240.md): Ercoupe Ercoupe 415-C · Ardmore, OK · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 29, 1997 · N2308H · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the power line. Factors were his improper decision to continue the flight after he noted a loss of engine power during initial takeoff climb and the loss of engine power for an undetermined reason.
- [NTSB CHI97LA192](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97LA192.md): Cessna A188B · Mcgregor, MN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 29, 1997 · N4485Q · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's improper planning/decision, his failure to abort the takeoff while sufficient runway was remaining, and/or his failure to jettison his load in order to achieve sufficient climb rate to clear trees. His lack of certification and training to perform…
- [NTSB IAD97LA093](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD97LA093.md): Cessna A185F · Charlton, MA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 28, 1997 · N39CC · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons..
- [NTSB ATL97LA091](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL97LA091.md): Beech E50 · Tullahoma, TN · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 28, 1997 · N4265R · Substantial damage
  > improper operation of the engine that produced internal damage, and improper servicing of the airplane by the owner/pilot mechanic that resulted in the subsequent mechanical failure of the engine crankshaft counterweight. Contributing to the accident was the…
- [NTSB FTW97LA237](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW97LA237.md): Rans S-12 Airaile S-12 · Fort Collins, CO · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 27, 1997 · N2117X · Substantial damage
  > Attempt by the pilot to fly the aircraft with the center of gravity out of limits. A factor was a disconnected lift strut support cable.
- [NTSB ANC97LA091](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC97LA091.md): Piper PA-18 · Chugiak, AK · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 26, 1997 · N1386A · Substantial damage
  > water contamination in the fuel, the second pilot's inadequate preflight/preparation to ensure all water was drained from the airplane fuel tanks, and inadequate supervision by the first pilot (CFI). A factor relating to the accident was: the lack of suitable…
- [NTSB SEA97LA151](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA97LA151.md): Cessna 182P · Yakima, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 25, 1997 · N9932E · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. Contributing to the accident was the soft terrain.
- [NTSB ANC97LA090](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC97LA090.md): Beech D18S · Willow, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 25, 1997 · N765D · Destroyed
  > The loss of engine power for an undetermined reason.
- [NTSB LAX97LA220](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX97LA220.md): Cessna 152 · Phoenix, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 24, 1997 · N96736 · Substantial damage
  > The dual student's premature rotation and failure to attain/maintain an adequate airspeed, which lead to a stall/mush and loss of control in-flight, and the flight instructor's inadequate supervision of the flight. A factor in this accident was the flight…
- [NTSB NYC97LA126](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC97LA126.md): Piper PA-30 · Highgate, VT · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1997 · N8321Y · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to secure the cargo. A factor was the pilot's failure to perform weight and balance calculations.
- [NTSB CHI97LA179](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97LA179.md): Cessna A150M · Cumberland, IN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1997 · N9842J · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to use (or improper use of) carburetor heat. Factors associated with the accident were: carburetor icing (weather) conditions, and the lack of airspeed (or altitude) to clear an obstruction (barn) without stalling the airplane.
- [NTSB ATL97LA088](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL97LA088.md): Air Tractor AT-402B · Ridgely, TN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1997 · N6128W · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate preflight planning in that he failed to account for the high temperature and high density altitude, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall and loss of control. Factors were the tall crops and the ditch.
- [NTSB NYC97LA124](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC97LA124.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Hammonton, NJ · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 21, 1997 · N43464 · Destroyed
  > A loss of engine power due to a partially blocked engine muffler.
- [NTSB MIA97FA188](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA97FA188.md): Beech 77 · Fort Lauderdale, FL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 21, 1997 · N1821B · Destroyed
  > loss of engine power for undetermined reason(s), and failure of the student pilot to remain clear of obstructions, while attempting to make a forced landing.
- [NTSB SEA97LA150](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA97LA150.md): Corben Junior ACE · East Wenatchee, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 20, 1997 · N9017 · Substantial damage
  > The dual student's improper attempt to abort the takeoff and the flight instructor's inadequate supervision of the flight.
- [NTSB LAX97FA217](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX97FA217.md): Piper PA 31-310 · San Diego, CA · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 20, 1997 · N266MM · Destroyed
  > The loss of power in the left engine for undetermined reasons and the pilot's subsequent failure to maintain minimum single-engine control airspeed. A contributing factor was the pilot's decision to fly with known deficiencies in the equipment.
- [NTSB CHI97LA173](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97LA173.md): Beech V35B · Kaiser, MO · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 19, 1997 · N25643 · Substantial damage
  > was fuel starvation for undetermined reasons. A factor was the failure of the pilot to refuel the aircraft.
- [NTSB LAX97IA209](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX97IA209.md): McDonnell Douglas MD-83 · Las Vegas, NV · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 1997 · N875RA · Minor damage
  > the maintenance/overhaul facility's improper repair, which led to obstructed oil supply hole(s) at the #5 bearing inner race, then oil starvation and subsequent uncontained engine failure.
- [NTSB FTW97LA228](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW97LA228.md): Rockwell S-2R · Pond Creek, OK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 1997 · N4859X · Destroyed
  > loss of engine power for undetermined reason(s). A factor relating to the accident was: the lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing.
- [NTSB CHI97LA168](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI97LA168.md): Cessna 150G · Franklin, IN · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 17, 1997 · N3787J · Destroyed
  > the instructor pilot stalled the aircraft as a result of inadequate preflight planning. Factors included the transmission wire, the rising terrain, and the trees at the departure end of the runway.
- [NTSB NYC97LA116](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC97LA116.md): Goodwin Rans S-4 · Cedar Bluff, VA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 16, 1997 · N495J · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain airspeed during the initial takeoff climb which resulted in an inadvertent stall. A related factor was the pilot's lack of familiarity with the airplane.
- [NTSB NYC97FA118](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC97FA118.md): Cessna 152 · Edgewater, MD · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 15, 1997 · N93908 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's excessive maneuver at a low altitude, and the flight instructor's inadequate supervision of the pilot, which resulted in an inadvertent stall/spin.
- [NTSB FTW97LA219](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW97LA219.md): Ayres S2R-G10 · Biggers, AR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 13, 1997 · N6133X · Destroyed
  > The total blockage of a fuel line by a silicone rubber contaminant which resulted in fuel starvation. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350/cases.md?page=106

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 350)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350/cases?page=105

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain, except the copies of manufacturers’ service documents, which belong to their rights holders.