# NTSB investigations: Initial climb

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 119 of 412 · 20,559 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB LAX95LA038](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX95LA038.md): Cessna T210H · Mount Hamilton, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 22, 1994 · N2221R · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to obtain/maintain an adequate airspeed and inadvertent entry into a stall/mush condition during the initial climb due to frost on the airframe which impeded the airplane's climb performance. Contributing factors were the pilot's improper…
- [NTSB FTW95LA052](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW95LA052.md): Cessna 172P · Blanco, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 21, 1994 · N65275 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's use of unsuitable terrain for takeoff. Factors were the uphill terrain, the long vegetation, and short takeoff area available.
- [NTSB NYC95LA032](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC95LA032.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Freeport, PA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 19, 1994 · N1470T · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's attempted takeoff in an overweight airplane, his failure to follow approved short field takeoff procedures, not attaining a positive rate of climb, and attempting an operation beyond his experience level.
- [NTSB FTW95LA045](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW95LA045.md): Cessna 182P · Haskell, OK · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 16, 1994 · N5931J · Substantial damage
  > The total loss of engine power due to contaminated fuel. Factors were the improper maintenance procedures resulting in fuel contamination, the pilot's inadequate preflight inspection, and the lack of suitable terrain available for the forced landing.
- [NTSB NYC95LA024](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC95LA024.md): Alon A-2 · Goode, VA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 13, 1994 · N888JL · Substantial damage
  > the inadequate preflight by the pilot, resulting in engine failure due to water ingestion.
- [NTSB CHI95FA041](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI95FA041.md): Cessna P210N · Savoy, IL · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 13, 1994 · N4895K · Destroyed
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain a positive rate of climb during the night takeoff. Factors related to the accident were: lack of visual cues, the weather conditions, and the dark night.
- [NTSB CHI95LA036](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI95LA036.md): Lessel KR-2 · Portland, IN · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 12, 1994 · N95RJ · Destroyed
  > the failure of the elevator control cable attach point and the pilot's subsequent inability to control the airplane.
- [NTSB FTW95LA042](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW95LA042.md): Cessna 150M · Seguin, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 11, 1994 · N9237U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to attain a proper climb rate after takeoff. A factor was the dark night light condition.
- [NTSB CHI95LA034](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI95LA034.md): Robinson R-22B · Mc Cordsville, IN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 8, 1994 · N317GB · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's improper use of the cyclic control. Factors were the diversion of attention and total lack of experience in the type of aircraft, by the pilot.
- [NTSB LAX95FA031](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX95FA031.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Honolulu, HI · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 4, 1994 · N3198Q · Destroyed
  > Improper loading of the airplane. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's failure to maintain minimum control airspeed.
- [NTSB LAX95IA027](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX95IA027.md): Fairchild SA-227AC · Oakland, CA · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Oct 29, 1994 · N191AF · No damage
  > the company maintenance personnel's improper installation of the aileron cable.
- [NTSB FTW95FA030](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW95FA030.md): Piper PA-28-235 · Aurora, CO · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 26, 1994 · N8954W · Destroyed
  > THE CFI's FAILURE TO MAINTAIN AIRCRAFT CONTROL DUE TO SPATIAL DISORIENTATION. FACTORS WERE: A DARK, MOONLESS NIGHT WITH NO VISIBLE HORIZON AND RECENCY OF NIGHT EXPERIENCE BY THE FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR.
- [NTSB SEA95FA010](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA95FA010.md): Beech 58 Foxstar · Shaw Island, WA · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 24, 1994 · N333KS · Destroyed
  > Failure of the pilot to maintain adequate airspeed during takeoff and initial climb, which resulted in a stall and subsequent collision with the ground. Factors related to the accident were: darkness, the pilot's improper decision to take off on an unlighted…
- [NTSB FTW95LA029](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW95LA029.md): Brantly Helicopter B-2B · Tomball, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 24, 1994 · N2166U · Substantial damage
  > A partial power loss for undetermined reasons. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB FTW95LA026](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW95LA026.md): George Spacewalker 1 · Mountain View, OK · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 23, 1994 · N64BG · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain minimum required airspeed for flight.
- [NTSB CHI95LA016](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI95LA016.md): Beech 58 · Ft. Wayne, IN · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 18, 1994 · N83KK · Substantial damage
  > the in-flight collision with birds(geese). A factors associated with the accident was the building which was contacted.
- [NTSB CHI95LA014](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI95LA014.md): Mooney M-20J · Aberdeen, SD · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 16, 1994 · CGJRA · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to assure adequate maintenance was performed on the airplane and the resulting intentional flight with known deficiencies. Factors associated with the accident were the pilot's failure to follow the aircraft flight manual and the improper…
- [NTSB NYC95LA028](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC95LA028.md): Rans/Hine S-10 · Hampton, NH · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 15, 1994 · N104AH · Substantial damage
  > a seized piston in the foward cylinder due to a lean mixture.
- [NTSB FTW95IA023](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW95IA023.md): Mcdonnell Douglas MD-11 · Dfw Airport, TX · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Oct 14, 1994 · N1758B · No damage
  > Improper maintenance by unknown persons resulting in a jammed spoiler. A factor was the reversed aileron fitting.
- [NTSB NYC95LA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC95LA006.md): Cessna 140 · Farmington, ME · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 11, 1994 · N2450V · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB BFO95LA003](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO95LA003.md): Piper PA-28-180 · Ebensburg, PA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 1994 · N8908J · Destroyed
  > The loss of partial engine power due to the failure of the right magneto's nylon gear on the rotating magnet and the low compression in the number three cylinder.
- [NTSB SEA95LA005](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA95LA005.md): Larsen Avid Heavy Hauler · Nampa, ID · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 8, 1994 · N21LJ · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power for undetermined reasons and the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB CHI95LA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI95LA006.md): Johnson A-4 · Laporte, IN · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 6, 1994 · N1730H · Destroyed
  > the pilot's inadvertant stall of the airplane while conducting a forced landing. A factor was the engine failure which occurred for an undetermined reason.
- [NTSB LAX95LA001](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX95LA001.md): Cessna 170B · Ramona, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 2, 1994 · N170CT · Destroyed
  > the noninstrument-rated pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control due to spatial disorientation after encountering instrument meteorological conditions after the pilot decided to takeoff in adverse weather conditions. A factor in the accident was the dark…
- [NTSB CHI94DEV02](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94DEV02.md): Thomas E. Georges Z-MAX · Palmyra, IL · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · Sep 25, 1994 · N4592M · Destroyed
  > The pilots's inadvertently stalled the airplane while maneuvering to land. Factors were the loss of engine power due to carburetor ice, carburetor icing conditions, and the unavailability of carburetor heat.
- [NTSB LAX94LA375](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94LA375.md): Corley Lancair · Ramona, CA · Accident · 2 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 24, 1994 · N6RC · Destroyed
  > the pilot's premature lift-off and failure to obtain the requisite minimum airspeed for flight, failure to maintain control of his airplane, and inadvertent stalling during initial climb. Factors which contributed to the accident related to the pilot's…
- [NTSB CHI94LA345](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA345.md): Cessna 150G · New Town, ND · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 23, 1994 · N6685F · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper use of wing flaps and premature lift-off. The pilot's poor preflight preparation was a factor.
- [NTSB NYC94LA180](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC94LA180.md): Piper PA-28R-200 · Oakland, MD · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 20, 1994 · N2815T · Destroyed
  > the pilot's inadequate preflight planning and preparation in which the pilot attempted a high density altitude takeoff, up-slope, with the airplane over the maximum allowable gross weight, utilizing a rolling takeoff technique with an improper flap setting.…
- [NTSB SEA94LA242](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA94LA242.md): Cessna P206D · Lopez, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1994 · N8761Z · Substantial damage
  > A worn throttle control lever.
- [NTSB NYC94LA179](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC94LA179.md): Cessna 172M · New London, PA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1994 · N13510 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot failed to maintain adequate airpseed which resulted in an inadvertent stall and inflight collision with terrain.
- [NTSB MIA94LA213](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA94LA213.md): Rans S-12 Airaile · Clearwater, FL · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1994 · N4123N · Destroyed
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB FTW94FA299](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW94FA299.md): Bellanca 7ACA · Lakeside, TX · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1994 · N68529 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain minimum required airspeed for flight. A factor was the loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB CHI94LA336](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA336.md): Cessna 170 · Lakeville, MN · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1994 · N4271V · Substantial damage
  > An inadequate pre-flight inspection by the pilot when he did not insure that all the water was drained from the airplane's fuel tanks. Factors associated with this accident were contaminated fuel and powerlines.
- [NTSB ANC94LA141](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC94LA141.md): Artic S-1B2 · Wasilla, AK · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1994 · N74AT · Substantial damage
  > A failure of the pilot to maintain adequate airspeed. A lack of total aeronautical experience was a factor in the accident.
- [NTSB CHI94LA333](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA333.md): Cessna 210 · Elkhart, IN · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 17, 1994 · N732HS · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's improper use of the fuel selector position which resulted in fuel starvation.
- [NTSB ANC94LA137](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC94LA137.md): Piper PA-18-150 · Port Alsworth, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 15, 1994 · N3930Z · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain a positive rate of climb.
- [NTSB FTW94FA295](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW94FA295.md): Cessna 175 · Oklahoma City, OK · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 10, 1994 · N7554M · Substantial damage
  > Improper maintenance of the engine by unknown person(s), the installation of unapproved parts, and subsequent bearing seizure. The lack of suitable terrain in the forced landing area was a related factor.
- [NTSB FTW94FA293](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW94FA293.md): Eurocopter AS-350-B2 · Cascade, CO · Accident · Minor injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 8, 1994 · N99TV · Destroyed
  > A power loss due to contaminated fuel from an unknown source that clogged the fuel filter and internally damaged the fuel control unit. A factor was unsuitable terrain for a forced landing.
- [NTSB CHI94LA317](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA317.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Princeton, WI · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 8, 1994 · N4188Q · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's premature liftoff.
- [NTSB SEA94LA233](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA94LA233.md): Cessna 150 · Cheyenne, WY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 6, 1994 · N1396Q · Substantial damage
  > Fuel deterioration and/or contamination, and the pilot's decision to operate the airplane with a known problem.
- [NTSB NYC94LA171](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC94LA171.md): Cessna 152-II · Enfield, NY · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 6, 1994 · N80235 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot-in-command's attempt to take off under conditions beyond the performance capabilities of the airplane.
- [NTSB LAX94FA354](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94FA354.md): Stinson 108-3 · Shelter Cove, CA · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 5, 1994 · N6446M · Destroyed
  > Inadequate preflight by the pilot, which resulted in fuel starvation and loss of engine power, improper (or delayed) positioning of the fuel selector to the fullest tank, and failure of the pilot to maintain adequate airspeed, while maneuvering for a forced…
- [NTSB LAX94FA353](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94FA353.md): Cessna 172RG · Truckee, CA · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 5, 1994 · N3745B · Destroyed
  > Failure of the pilot to obtain/maintain adequate airspeed to climb after takeoff, which resulted in a stall and subsequent collision with the ground. Factors related to the accident were: high density altitude, improper trim setting for takeoff, the…
- [NTSB CHI94FA310](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94FA310.md): Cessna 182H · Plymouth, MI · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 3, 1994 · N8470S · Destroyed
  > Carburetor ice, and improper use of (or failure to use) the carburetor heat. Factors related to the accident were: carburetor icing (weather) conditions, and the lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing.
- [NTSB CHI94LA308](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA308.md): Thalman Thorp T-18 · Kenosha, WI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 2, 1994 · N2911 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to use carburetor heat in carburetor icing conditions. A factor associated with the accident is the prevailing carburetor icing conditions.
- [NTSB ANC94LA129](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC94LA129.md): Piper PA-18 · Tok, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 2, 1994 · N8597D · Substantial damage
  > The worn cam shaft lobe and worn valve lifter.
- [NTSB BFO94LA158](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO94LA158.md): Cessna 140 · Ravenswood, WV · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 30, 1994 · N2150N · Substantial damage
  > The poorly planned approach which resulted in unporting of fuel from the left fuel tank and loss of engine power due to fuel starvation.
- [NTSB FTW94FA282](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW94FA282.md): Cessna 402 · Harlingen, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Aug 28, 1994 · N966JW · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain airspeed resulting in an inadvertent stall. Factors were a partial loss of power on all engines due to worn and fouled spark plugs and inadequate maintenance by company maintenance personnel, aircraft weight beyond limitations,…
- [NTSB CHI94LA289](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA289.md): Cessna 172 · Plato Center, IL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 28, 1994 · N97618 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's attempt to take off on a short runway with a gross weight which exceeded the maximum allowable weight and an improper flap setting. A factor was the location of obstructions (trees) at the departure end of the runway.
- [NTSB FTW94LA283](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW94LA283.md): Walton Skybolt · Collinsville, OK · Accident · 2 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 27, 1994 · N113BW · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain airspeed resulting in an inadvertent stall.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350/cases.md?page=120

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 350)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350/cases?page=119

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain, except the copies of manufacturers’ service documents, which belong to their rights holders.