# NTSB investigations: Initial climb

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 137 of 412 · 20,559 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB FTW92LA041](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92LA041.md): Piper PA-28-235 · Houston, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Dec 9, 1991 · N55839 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to correctly calculate fuel consumption and the loss of engine power. A factor was the unsuitable terrain.
- [NTSB CHI92LA056](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI92LA056.md): Cessna 177 · Elkhart, IN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Dec 9, 1991 · N2961X · Substantial damage
  > The pilot in command's failure to use carburetor heat. A factor to the accident was the carburetor icing conditions.
- [NTSB LAX92LA061](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA061.md): North American-Kenney T-28D-5, NA-260 · Bermuda Dunes, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Dec 7, 1991 · N2496 · Substantial damage
  > An inadequate annual inspection performed by the mechanic. Contributing to this accident was the deterioration of the fuel bladder self-sealing lining and partial blockage of the fuel screens.
- [NTSB NYC92LA039](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92LA039.md): Cessna 182 · Westerly, RI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Dec 4, 1991 · N92181 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to remove all the water from the fuel system prior to takeoff which resulted in a power loss.
- [NTSB CHI92FA037](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI92FA037.md): Beech G-18S · West Chicago, IL · Accident · No injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Dec 4, 1991 · N38RM · Destroyed
  > A result of the pilot in command's not maintaining directional control, an improper inflight decision, and improper remedial action once the loss of directional control was recognized by the pilot. Factors contributing to this accident are inadequate cargo…
- [NTSB ATL92LA027](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92LA027.md): Piper J-3 · Statesville, NC · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 28, 1991 · N35535 · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. A factor was the lack of a suitable landing site.
- [NTSB LAX92LA049](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA049.md): Piper PA28R-201 · Gila Bend, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 22, 1991 · N91886 · Substantial damage
  > The animal on the runway. Contributing to this accident was separation of the right main landing gear due to overload and the dark night.
- [NTSB CHI92LA031](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI92LA031.md): Cessna 310R · South St Paul, MN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 22, 1991 · N35H · Substantial damage
  > The inadequate design of the propeller hub assembly which resulted in metal fatigue and propeller blade separation during initial climbout.
- [NTSB DEN92LA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN92LA008.md): Piper PA-28-161 · Greeley, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 18, 1991 · N9811C · Substantial damage
  > A partial loss of engine power on initial takeoff climb due to a bent and loose carburetor heat control mechanism.
- [NTSB NYC92DNE01](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92DNE01.md): Advanced Buccaneer SX B1B-503 · Palmer, MA · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · Nov 17, 1991 · UNREG · Substantial damage
  > A failed lower rudder attach pivot bolt which resulted in jammed flight controls and an uncontrolled descent into trees.
- [NTSB SEA92FA019](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92FA019.md): Cessna C-402B · Boise, ID · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 16, 1991 · N29517 · Destroyed
  > The loss of power on the right engine during initial climb after takeoff due to inadequate maintenance inspection and adjustment of the engine by company maintenance personnel, and the loss of control by the pilot due to his failure to properly configure the…
- [NTSB NYC92LA033](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92LA033.md): Schweizer SGS-1-36 · Erwinna, PA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 15, 1991 · N3617C · Substantial damage
  > The pilot rotated the glider prematurely, resulting in an inadvertent stall at too low an altitude to allow recovery. Factors related to the accident were the pilot's total lack of experience in gliders, no experience in this type of glider, and improper trim…
- [NTSB BFO92LA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO92LA006.md): Cessna 150L · Portsmouth, VA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 15, 1991 · N19595 · Substantial damage
  > Collisiion with the deer on the runway. A factor was the dark night.
- [NTSB SEA92LA018](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92LA018.md): Cessna 152 · Auburn, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 14, 1991 · N68267 · Destroyed
  > The loss of control on takeoff by the pilot due to the improper flap setting, the premature liftoff and his failure to attain proper climb airspeed after takeoff.
- [NTSB ANC92LA017](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC92LA017.md): Cessna 172 · Moose Pass, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 11, 1991 · N6742A · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's premature lift-off, causing the airplane to settle back to the ground. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's loss of directional control after settling back on the runway, due to his visibility being restricted by frost on the windshield.
- [NTSB SEA92FA016](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92FA016.md): Bell 206B · Salt Lake City, UT · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 8, 1991 · N5736B · Destroyed
  > The pilot failed to maintain directional control. Factors to the accident were: inadeqaute remedial action, over confidence in personal ability, and lack of recent expereince.
- [NTSB ATL92FA020](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92FA020.md): Piper PA-24 · Engelhard, NC · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 8, 1991 · N7120P · Destroyed
  > The spatial disorientation experienced by the pilot, and his inadvertent descent into the terrain. A factor was the dark, night lighting condition at the time of the accident.
- [NTSB LAX92LA036](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA036.md): Cessna 152 · Hayward, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 3, 1991 · N4933B · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain directional control of the aircraft after it settled back onto the runway following a premature takeoff rotation. A factor in the accident was the lack of total experience of the pilot.
- [NTSB CHI92LA021](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI92LA021.md): Cessna 172 · Bemidji, MN · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 2, 1991 · N8283E · Destroyed
  > Inadequate preflight planning and preparation by the pilot in command, the non performance o fan emergency procedure and not maintaining a positive rate of climb on behalf of the pilot in command. Factors contributing to the accident were the pilot in…
- [NTSB LAX92LA031](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA031.md): Cessna T210L · Van Nuys, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 1, 1991 · N93054 · Substantial damage
  > The inadvertent loss of control during the initial climb after takeoff that resulted from the collapse of the rudder pedal because of a worn locking pin hole in the rudder pedal stowing system, which allowed the pin to disengage.
- [NTSB NYC92LA022](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92LA022.md): Cessna 150 · Beekmantown, NY · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 31, 1991 · N5889E · Substantial damage
  > An inadvertent stall due to the pilot's decision to prematurely retract the wing flaps. A factor related to the accident was the lack of altitude for recovery.
- [NTSB NYC92LA023](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92LA023.md): Beech B23 · Bombay, NY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 29, 1991 · N6119N · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the pilot to use all the available take off area.
- [NTSB FTW92FA015](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92FA015.md): Bellanca 17-30A · Cotulla, TX · Accident · Serious injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 28, 1991 · N6307Y · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control. Factors related to the accident were: darkness, and a short in the electrical system which resulted in partial failure of the instrument lights and a malfunction of the autopilot.
- [NTSB LAX92FA017](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92FA017.md): Cessna 414 · Long Beach, CA · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 26, 1991 · N3843C · Destroyed
  > The pilot's improper emergency procedures by not retracting the landing gear when he shut the engine down and his failure to maintain airspeed. The scavenge pump failure, shutting down the engine and the inadvertent stall were factors in the accident.
- [NTSB ANC92LA010](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC92LA010.md): De Havilland DHC-6 · Chevak, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 26, 1991 · N724CA · Substantial damage
  > The high crosswind condition, the pilot in commands inability to compensate for the wind conditions, and his failure to follow company procedures and the procedures recommended in the aircraft flight manual. Factor relating to the accident was the captain's…
- [NTSB ATL92LA014](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92LA014.md): Piper PA-25-235 · Thomasville, GA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 24, 1991 · N7501Z · Destroyed
  > A total loss of engine power for undetermined reasons, and the pilot's failure to maintain a proper descent rate during the forced landing attempt.
- [NTSB FTW92LA013](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92LA013.md): Cessna 150M · Matagorda, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 22, 1991 · N9293U · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate flying speed during the attempted takeoff.
- [NTSB NYC92LA011](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92LA011.md): Aerospatiale ND-26 · Albany, NY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 20, 1991 · N29816 · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate quality control during maintenance or manufacturing by failing to use corrosion inhibiter, which resulted in corrosion, fatigue, and subsequent failure.
- [NTSB FTW92LA012](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92LA012.md): North American Navion · Denison, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 20, 1991 · N8560H · Substantial damage
  > The exceeding of the airplane's takeoff performance capability by the pilot's inadequate preflight preparation..
- [NTSB CHI92FA013](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI92FA013.md): Piper PA28-140 · Lafayette, IN · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 19, 1991 · N38713 · Destroyed
  > Failure of the pilot to compensate for wind conditions during initial climb. Factors associated with the accident are crosswind conditions and a dark night light condition.
- [NTSB ATL92LA009](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92LA009.md): Champion 7ECA · Whitesburg, GA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 17, 1991 · N11077 · No damage
  > A sudden wind shift during initial climb which resulted in an uncontrolled descent.
- [NTSB LAX92LA016](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA016.md): Cessna 182K · Reno, NV · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 15, 1991 · N2573R · Substantial damage
  > A partial loss of engine power for undetermined non-mechanical reasons.
- [NTSB NYC92LA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92LA008.md): Taylorcraft BC12D · Townshend, VT · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 14, 1991 · N5014M · Substantial damage
  > The pilot allowed the speed of the airplane to get too slow, resulting in inadvertent stall at too low an altitude to allow recovery.
- [NTSB FTW92LA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92LA008.md): Bellanca 17-31 · Big Spring, TX · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 14, 1991 · N9755E · Substantial damage
  > The complete loss of engine power due to a failed piston rod. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB NYC92LA007](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92LA007.md): Grumman AA-5A · Boxboro, MA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 13, 1991 · N26697 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to perform an adequate preflight to remove ice/frost from the aircraft wings.
- [NTSB NYC92LA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92LA006.md): Bell 47G-3B-1 · Catawissa, PA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 12, 1991 · N5NH · Substantial damage
  > Pilot factor in that the pilot used poor judgement and loaded more passengers than were seats on the helicopter this resulted in control interference and subsequent loss of control. Contributing was the pilot's failure to check the weight and balance for the…
- [NTSB SEA92LA004](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92LA004.md): Piper PA28-140 · Renton, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 1991 · N55841 · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power for undetermined reasons and unsuitable terrain available for a forced landing.
- [NTSB NYC92LA004](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92LA004.md): Cessna 172 · Toledo, OH · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 1991 · N739LT · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to preform an aircraft preflight, and remove the gust lock from the aileron, resulting in a loss of airplane control during initial climb.
- [NTSB SEA92LA015](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92LA015.md): Cessna 177A · Trout Lake, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 8, 1991 · N30515 · Substantial damage
  > An inadequate compensation for wind, and proper climb rate not being maintained. Factors include inadequate preflight planning, the pilot's over-confidence in his own ability and the ability of the aircraft, lack of experience in this type of operation, and a…
- [NTSB SEA92LA003](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92LA003.md): Cessna 337A-RG · Snohomish, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 8, 1991 · N6396F · Substantial damage
  > Fuel system starvation, due to the pilot's improper fuel tank selection. Factors include procedures not being followed, and inattentiveness.
- [NTSB MIA92LA007](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA92LA007.md): O'Dell, Herbert L. Evans VP-1 · Summerfield, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 7, 1991 · N4224C · Substantial damage
  > Total loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion and inadequate preflight by the pilot-in-command.
- [NTSB FTW92LA003](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92LA003.md): Beech C-45H · Edinburg, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 6, 1991 · N166ZA · Substantial damage
  > Power loss due to a loss of oil pressure for undetermined reasons. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain for forced landing.
- [NTSB LAX92LA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA008.md): Grumman AA-5A · Flagstaff, AZ · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 5, 1991 · N9694U · Destroyed
  > An inadvertent stall/mush due to the pilot's failure to maintain the appropriate airspeed during the takeoff attempt. Factors in the accident were the high density altitude and the inadequate preflight planning by the pilot.
- [NTSB ATL92LA002](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92LA002.md): Piper PA-24-260 · Sanford, NC · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 4, 1991 · N8839P · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power due to unknown reasons.
- [NTSB DEN92LA001](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN92LA001.md): Enstrom F-28C · Evergreen, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 2, 1991 · N552H · Substantial damage
  > In flight encounter with a sudden downdraft. A factor was: the pilot's lack of total experience in aircraft type.
- [NTSB BFO91FA087](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO91FA087.md): Piper PA-38-112 · Laurel, MD · Accident · Serious injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 30, 1991 · N2513N · No damage
  > A loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB SEA91FA255](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91FA255.md): Lake LA-250 · Sisters, OR · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 29, 1991 · N1404X · Destroyed
  > Improper planning/decision by the pilot(s), and failure to attain sufficient altitude to remain clear of obstructions. Factors related to the accident were: the pilot(s) failure to use all available runway, high density altitude, rising terrain and trees…
- [NTSB NYC91LA249](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA249.md): Davis D1K · Chester, CT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 29, 1991 · N158Y · Substantial damage
  > Improper maintenance on the engine which resulted in a power loss due to a stuck exhaust valve and subsequent forced landing in unsuitable terrain.
- [NTSB CHI91DEV05](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91DEV05.md): Ullman Vari Viggen · Greenville, IL · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Sep 29, 1991 · N22VV · Substantial damage
  > Improper maintenance installation of the propeller.
- [NTSB SEA91LA254](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA254.md): Bellanca 7GCBC · Kaycee, WY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 28, 1991 · N5505H · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate clearance with the vehicle and the pilot's failure to obtain proper assistance for the takeoff. Factors contributing to the accident were 1) the pilot's inadequate preflight planning, 2) the vehicle, and 3) high density altitude conditions.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350/cases.md?page=138

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 350)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350/cases?page=137

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain, except the copies of manufacturers’ service documents, which belong to their rights holders.