# NTSB investigations: Initial climb

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 154 of 412 · 20,559 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB ANC89LA118](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC89LA118.md): Piper PA-20 · Eureka, AK · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 8, 1989 · N7029K · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power for an unknown reason. A factor related to the accident was: rough terrain in the emergency landing area.
- [NTSB LAX89LA236](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA236.md): Cessna 150M · Venice, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 7, 1989 · N704YY · Substantial damage
  > The improper installation and inspection of the carburetor throttle linkage arm.
- [NTSB DEN89LA159](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN89LA159.md): Bell 47G-3B-2 · Tierra Amarilla, NM · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 7, 1989 · N8132J · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain rotor RPM during the premature lift-off which resulted in a forced landing. Contributing to the accident was the high density altitude conditions, and unsuitable terrain.
- [NTSB DEN89LA158](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN89LA158.md): Cessna 150M · Bountiful, UT · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 7, 1989 · N6318K · Destroyed
  > The pilot failed to maintain adequate speed for the turning maneuver (to avoid an obstacle) and inadvertently allowed the aircraft to stall. Contributing factors were: improper uuse of the flaps, high density altitude, and a high obstruction.
- [NTSB CHI89FA128](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89FA128.md): Beech 58 · Battle Creek, MI · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 7, 1989 · N9253A · Destroyed
  > The flight crew inadvertently shut down the left engine after the right engine lost power, and the copilot failed to maintain control of the aircraft while maneuvering the aircraft back toward the runway. Factors related to the accident were: improper…
- [NTSB BFO89LA055](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO89LA055.md): Hughes 500D · Williamson, WV · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 7, 1989 · N51516 · Substantial damage
  > Pilot's failure to see and avoid the wire which crossed the end of the field in which he was taking off.
- [NTSB MIA89LA185](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA89LA185.md): Piper PA-28R-200 · Hilliard, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 6, 1989 · N9473N · Substantial damage
  > The inadequate pre-flight examination by the pilot, after refueling, which failed to detect water in the fuel.
- [NTSB LAX89LA231](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA231.md): Boeing A75 · Sacramento, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 6, 1989 · N747JR · Substantial damage
  > The partial blockage of the engine induction system which resulted from improper maintenance.
- [NTSB LAX89DUG05](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89DUG05.md): Salmon KR-2 · Chino, CA · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Jul 6, 1989 · N1033A · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's overcontrolling of the aircraft. A factor in the accident was that this was the pilot's first flight in the aircraft.
- [NTSB MKC89LA151](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89LA151.md): Piper J3 "CUB" · Morrilton, AR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 4, 1989 · N1414N · Substantial damage
  > The abrupt handling of the airplane by the pilot. He failed to maintain airspeed and inadvertantly stalled and spun the airplane at an altitude insufficient for recovery.
- [NTSB MIA89FA184](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA89FA184.md): Cessna 177 · Stuart, FL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 4, 1989 · N2923X · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate maintenance/servicing of the aircraft, which resulted in water and rust contamination of the fuel and a subsequent loss of engine power, and failure of the pilot to maintain flying speed, while maneuvering back toward the runway, which resulted in…
- [NTSB SEA89FA126](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA89FA126.md): Piper PA-22-150 · Elgin, OR · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 3, 1989 · N6941B · Destroyed
  > Failure of the pilot to obtain/maintain adequate airspeed during takeoff/initial climb, which resulted in a stall. Factors related to the accident were: quartering tailwind, high density altitude, and the pilot's lack of recent experience in the aircraft.
- [NTSB FTW89FA127](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW89FA127.md): Piper PA-12 · Sanger, TX · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 3, 1989 · N3353M · Destroyed
  > Failure of the pilot to maintain adequate airspeed, which resulted in an inadvertent stall at low altitude.
- [NTSB NYC89LA155](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC89LA155.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Gasport, NY · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 1989 · N5266T · Destroyed
  > Fuel contamination (water) and an inadequate preflight by the pilot, which resulted in the loss of engine power.
- [NTSB CHI89LA123](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89LA123.md): Cessna 182A · Tecumseh, MI · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 1989 · N3939D · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power for an undetermined reason. The embankment (dirt bank) was a contributing factor.
- [NTSB NYC89LA153](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC89LA153.md): Taylorcraft BC-12D · Newport, ME · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 1989 · N43562 · Substantial damage
  > The aircraft fuel supply was contaminated by water and the pilot's inadequate preflight.
- [NTSB BFO89LA051](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO89LA051.md): Cessna 140 · Bridgeport, WV · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 1989 · N1975N · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power because of fuel starvation. Fuel starvation occurred because of unporting of fuel from the tank outlet when the aircraft was in a slip attitude shortly before the power loss. A contributing factor is inadequate information in the…
- [NTSB ANC89LA113](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC89LA113.md): Cessna 150 · Duffys Tavern, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 1989 · N3200X · Substantial damage
  > The selection of the soft sandy strip for takeoff by the pilot and his premature liftoff combined to make it impossible to attain climb airspeed before colliding with bushes at the end of the runway.
- [NTSB MKC89LA146](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89LA146.md): Air Tractor 301 · Lonoke, AR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 28, 1989 · N3653M · Substantial damage
  > Partial failure of the power-plant for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB SEA89FA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA89FA122.md): Douglas DC-3C · Petersburg, AK · Accident · No injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 26, 1989 · N8042X · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper decision to ditch the aircraft when it could have been flown back to the airport using the right seat controls. Contributing factor(s) was: the failure & separation of a portion of the right aileron fabric, and the pilot's excessive force…
- [NTSB MIA89FA178](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA89FA178.md): Beech A36 · Shelby, MS · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 26, 1989 · N1837N · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the pilot to maintain adequate airspeed while maneuvering back to the runway which resulted in an inadvertentstall. Contributing factors were: failure of the pilot to insure the cabin door (on the passenger's side) was properlyclosed and secured…
- [NTSB FTW89DQG04](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW89DQG04.md): Cessna A188B · Vega, TX · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Jun 26, 1989 · N4956Q · Substantial damage
  > The unfavorable wind condition (probable whirlwind or severe wind shear) that was encountered moments after lift-off.
- [NTSB CHI89DEE04](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89DEE04.md): Renninger Mustang II · Kirkland, IL · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Jun 25, 1989 · N11WR · Destroyed
  > Fuel starvation (possibly from vapor lock), which resulted in loss of engine power, and the pilot's misjudgement of ground clearance during a final turn to land.
- [NTSB SEA89LA119](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA89LA119.md): Beech B35 · Dallesport, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 24, 1989 · N5028C · Substantial damage
  > The premature rotatiion and liftoff by the pilot, which resulted in an inadvertent stall. A factor related to the accident was: the tailwind.
- [NTSB ATL89LA169](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL89LA169.md): Cessna 401 · Raleigh, NC · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 24, 1989 · N8271F · Substantial damage
  > Improper maintenance by other maintenance personnel and excessive fuel pressure to the right engine (rich mixture). A possible contributing factor was the worn/unserviceable internal lock nut in the fuel pump.
- [NTSB SEA89FA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA89FA117.md): Piper PA-28-181 · Chiloquin, OR · Accident · Serious injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1989 · N43708 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's inadequate planning and preparation for the flight which resulted in inadequate airspeed and an inadvertent stall while attempting to clear trees off the end of the runway. Contributing factors were: the high density altitude, gusty crosswind,…
- [NTSB CHI89FA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89FA122.md): Piper PA-60-700P · Griffith, IN · Accident · No injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1989 · N6907C · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the turbocharger exhaust tailpipe assembly retaining clamp.
- [NTSB ANC89FA100](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC89FA100.md): Cessna U-206G · Anchorage, AK · Accident · No injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 21, 1989 · N8773Q · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to conduct a proper pre-flight inspection and remove the tail mooring from the float plane. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's over confidence in his personal ability.
- [NTSB LAX89LA213](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA213.md): Piper PA-22-160 · El Cajon, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 19, 1989 · N8836D · Substantial damage
  > The inadequate maintenance of the airplane & inadequate preflight inspection which resulted in the undetection of contaminated fuel.
- [NTSB DEN89FA141](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN89FA141.md): Beech A36 · South Lake Taho, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 19, 1989 · N1778W · Destroyed
  > The pilot's falure to maintain adequate airspeed after takeoff due to diverted attention toward an open acft door.
- [NTSB ANC89LA096](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC89LA096.md): Piper PA-18 · Rainbow Lake, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 19, 1989 · N5087Y · Substantial damage
  > Pilot in command's failure to maintain an airspeed (angle of attack) that would preclude a stall.
- [NTSB LAX89LA221](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA221.md): Cessna 172E · Grass Valley, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 1989 · N3618S · Substantial damage
  > Failure to perform maintenance inspections prescribed by the magneto, engine and aircraft manufacturers. The high density altitude and terrain conditions were contributing factors.
- [NTSB CHI89LA115](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89LA115.md): Piper PA-22 · Michigan City, IN · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 1989 · N8824D · Destroyed
  > Failure of the pilot to obtain and/or maintain adequate airspeed during takeoff, which resulted in an inadvertent stall & collision with the ground. Related factors were: failure of the pilot to follow procedures/directives and his operation of the aircraft…
- [NTSB CHI89FA113](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89FA113.md): Cessna 150L · Wisc Rapids, WI · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 1989 · N6878G · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to assure that the flaps were in the up position during takeoff. A factor related to the accident was the pilot's lack of familiarity with aircraft.
- [NTSB CHI89FA112](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89FA112.md): Hughes 269C · Lockport, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 1989 · N26628 · Destroyed
  > Improper flight technique by the PIC during a takeoff from a confined area.
- [NTSB CHI89DEK01](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89DEK01.md): Piper PA-28 · Albany, OH · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · Jun 18, 1989 · N40973 · Substantial damage
  > Seizure of the #4 exhaust valve and bending of its respective push rod, which resulted in a significant loss of engine power. Contributing factors were: lack of a suitable emergency landing area, trees, and the fence.
- [NTSB LAX89LA218](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA218.md): de Havilland DHC-2 · Trinity Center, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 17, 1989 · N1215 · Substantial damage
  > An interruption of fuel to the engine for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB LAX89LA217](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA217.md): Cessna 421 · Picacho, AZ · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 17, 1989 · N421S · Destroyed
  > Failure of the number three exhaust valve on the left engine. A major factor was the high density altitude where the airplane would not operate on single engine.
- [NTSB LAX89LA214](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA214.md): Piper PA-24-250 · San Diego, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 16, 1989 · N5432P · Substantial damage
  > Fuel starvation due to the pilot's inadvertent selection of the off position on the fuel selector.
- [NTSB FTW89DRD08](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW89DRD08.md): Schweizer G-164B · Kaplan, LA · Accident · Minor injuries · Final report · Jun 16, 1989 · N48592 · Destroyed
  > Loss of engine power due to a cracked cylinder.
- [NTSB CHI89FA109](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89FA109.md): Piper PA-28R-200 · Saint Charles, IL · Accident · No injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 16, 1989 · N5242T · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the mechanic to properly inspect the alternate air door during annual inspection. This failure led to air starvation, loss of power, and a forced landing by the pilot onto rough terrain.
- [NTSB FTW89DRD07](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW89DRD07.md): Grumman-Schweizer G-164A · Morse, LA · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Jun 15, 1989 · N8916H · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power for an undetermined reason. The soft terrain was a contributing factor.
- [NTSB MKC89LA131](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89LA131.md): Glaser-Dirks DG-101 · Stanton, MN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 11, 1989 · N83GB · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the pilot to maintain control of the glider. Contributing factors were: improper use of flight controls by the pilot and his lack of total experience in the type of glider.
- [NTSB CHI89DEC05](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89DEC05.md): Job Sonerai II · Fowlerville, MI · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · Jun 8, 1989 · N288LJ · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's discontinuing visual lookout to scan gages before clearing a known obstacle on the departure path from the runway. A factor in the accident is the pilot's lack of experience in this model airplane.
- [NTSB MKC89LA128](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89LA128.md): Waco UPF-7 · Creve Coeur, MO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 6, 1989 · N29309 · Substantial damage
  > Improper use of the carburetor heat by the pilot and carburetor ice. Contributing factors were: carburetor icing conditions, high obstructions and terrain conditions (corn crop).
- [NTSB CHI89DEM02](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89DEM02.md): Aeronca 15AC · Plainwell, MI · Accident · Minor injuries · Final report · Jun 6, 1989 · N1003H · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's decision to fly the airplane which had not been properly maintained which resulted in the fuel system blockage.
- [NTSB ANC89LA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC89LA106.md): Helio H-295 · King Salmon, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 6, 1989 · N204CW · Substantial damage
  > An undetermined problem related to the engine, propeller, and/or failed tailwheel assembly.
- [NTSB BFO89LA042](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO89LA042.md): Beech T-34B · Suffolk, VA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 5, 1989 · N91072 · Substantial damage
  > An inadvertent stall due to failure of the student pilot to obtain adequate flying speed and inadequate supervision by the instructor pilot (CFI). The inoperative stall warning system was considered to be a contributing factor. The intermittent intercomm…
- [NTSB ANC89LA085](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC89LA085.md): Cessna 180-J · Glennallen, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 5, 1989 · N52010 · Substantial damage
  > Pilot used poor judgement and planning for his takeoff.
- [NTSB DEN89LA132](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN89LA132.md): Champion 7GCBC · Monticello, UT · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 4, 1989 · N7545F · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate preflight of the aircraft by the pilot which resulted in fuel exhaustion due to an inadequate supply of fuel. The terrain condition was considered to be a factor.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350/cases.md?page=155

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 350)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350/cases?page=154

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain, except the copies of manufacturers’ service documents, which belong to their rights holders.