# NTSB investigations: Initial climb

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 84 of 412 · 20,559 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB DCA02MA001](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA02MA001.md): Airbus Industrie A300B4-605R · Belle Harbor, NY · Accident · 265 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Nov 12, 2001 · N14053 · Destroyed
  > the in-flight separation of the vertical stabilizer as a result of the loads beyond ultimate design that were created by the first officer's unnecessary and excessive rudder pedal inputs. Contributing to these rudder pedal inputs were characteristics of the…
- [NTSB ATL02LA013](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL02LA013.md): Cessna 172S · Sarasota, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 11, 2001 · N24485 · Substantial damage
  > The operators failure to ensure adequate training had been provided to the student pilot in autopilot operations, and the student pilot's failure to comply/ follow written instructions (Federal Regulations/172 Skyhawk Information Manual) pertaining to the…
- [NTSB ATL02FA010](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL02FA010.md): Cessna 310Q · Winston Salem, NC · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 7, 2001 · N7648Q · Destroyed
  > Improper installation of the elevator trim tab control rod by maintenance personnel which allowed the control rod to disconnect and jam in the full up position (elevator full down) while in-flight. This resulted in a loss of directional control and subsequent…
- [NTSB DEN02LA007](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN02LA007.md): Piper PA-28-235 · Paonia, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 4, 2001 · N4447D · Substantial damage
  > impact with a deer during initial climb immediately following rotation, resulting in the separation of the left main landing gear assembly.
- [NTSB FTW02LA029](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW02LA029.md): Landoll Vans RV 3-A · Denton, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 3, 2001 · N96LS · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to perform a preflight inspection, which resulted in a loss of total engine power due to oil starvation. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable training for the forced landing.
- [NTSB ATL02FA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL02FA008.md): Piper PA-28-181 · McEwen, TN · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 3, 2001 · N43334 · Destroyed
  > The pilot initiated a VFR flight into known IMC conditions which resulted in a loss of control of the airplane due to spatial disorientation. Factors were the low ceilings.
- [NTSB NYC02LA018](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC02LA018.md): American AA-1 · Batavia, OH · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 28, 2001 · N5664L · Substantial damage
  > Malfunction of an exhaust valve. A factor was the pilot/owner's failure to comply with the engine manufacturer's service instructions.
- [NTSB FTW02LA022](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW02LA022.md): Bellanca 17-30A · Clarendon, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 27, 2001 · N614CJ · Substantial damage
  > the loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. Contributing factors to the accident were the dark night light conditions and the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB ANC02LA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC02LA006.md): Cessna 207A · Kobuk, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 23, 2001 · N7384U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate clearance from objects during the initial climb after takeoff, and subsequent collision with a tree. A factor was the presence of trees along the runway.
- [NTSB NYC02FA012](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC02FA012.md): Cessna 172 · South Hero, VT · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 18, 2001 · N8255B · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control during the takeoff. Factors in this accident were wind gusts and the airplane's high gross weight condition.
- [NTSB MIA02LA010](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA02LA010.md): Beech 58 · Gulfport, MS · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 17, 2001 · N943V · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to use the checklist resulting in a gear-up landing. Contributing factors in the accident were: 1) The inoperative landing gear warning system, 2) Inadequate preflight of the airplane by the pilot for his failure to assure that the…
- [NTSB LAX02IA002](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX02IA002.md): Boeing 737-700 · Santa Ana, CA · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 2001 · N615AS · No damage
  > The failure of the stabilizer electric trim motor as a result of internal mechanical seizure.
- [NTSB LAX02LA001](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX02LA001.md): Aero Commander 500 · Petaluma, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 8, 2001 · N7846C · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadvertent (dark, nighttime) VFR flight into instrument meteorological conditions and subsequent loss of altitude control. A factor in the accident was the pilot's inadequate preflight weather evaluation.
- [NTSB MIA02LA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA02LA006.md): Cessna 170 · Bennettsville, SC · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 5, 2001 · N4180V · Substantial damage
  > The blockage of the fuel vent and also the collapsed fuel supply line resulting in the total loss of engine power due to fuel starvation.
- [NTSB SEA02FA002](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA02FA002.md): Cessna 172N · Decatur Island, WA · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 3, 2001 · N733SW · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain airspeed during a low altitude turn, resulting in a stall. The pilot exceeding the aircraft's maximum gross takeoff weight was a factor.
- [NTSB NYC02LA001](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC02LA001.md): Clark T Bird II · Elberon, VA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 2, 2001 · N673KD · Substantial damage
  > A partial power loss for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB FTW02LA001](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW02LA001.md): Beech M35 · Denton, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 2, 2001 · N9765R · Substantial damage
  > the loss of engine power for an undetermined reason, which resulted in a forced landing. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB FTW01LA212](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW01LA212.md): Beech 70 · College Station, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 30, 2001 · N45BD · Substantial damage
  > the loss of right engine power during takeoff initial climb for undetermined reasons. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB ANC01LA149](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA149.md): Piper PA-22 · Skwentna, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 26, 2001 · N8127D · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power due to an undetermined reason.
- [NTSB ANC01LA147](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA147.md): Cessna 206 · Galena, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 24, 2001 · N35962 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate preflight planning and preparation for takeoff from an off-airport, short field site. Factors associated with the accident are a variable wind, and the pilot's inadequate weather evaluation.
- [NTSB NYC01LA229](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC01LA229.md): Boeing E75N1 · Rhinebeck, NY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 23, 2001 · N57940 · Substantial damage
  > A partial power loss for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB CHI01LA328](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI01LA328.md): Cessna 150H · Lebanon, IN · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 23, 2001 · N6609S · Substantial damage
  > The unsuitable terrain for landing encountered by the pilot. Factors were the carburetor icing conditions, the carburetor ice, and the bean crop.
- [NTSB LAX01LA295](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA295.md): Cessna 172 · Skull Valley, AZ · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 22, 2001 · N5792A · Substantial damage
  > the loss of engine power during takeoff for undetermined reasons. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the ensuing emergency landing.
- [NTSB FTW01LA208](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW01LA208.md): Piper PA-32R-301 · Waco, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 21, 2001 · N192SP · Destroyed
  > the mechanic's failure to perform an airworthiness directive, which resulted in the loss of engine oil through a partially failed oil filter converter plate gasket, and subsequent engine failure during takeoff climb. A contributing factor was the lack of…
- [NTSB LAX01FA302](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01FA302.md): Piper PA-23-150 · Chico, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 10, 2001 · N2268P · Destroyed
  > The loss of right engine power for undetermined reasons, and the pilot's failure to maintain control of the aircraft due to his improper single engine emergency procedures.
- [NTSB ANC01LA140](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA140.md): Rans S-7 · Chugiak, AK · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 10, 2001 · N4012H · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadvertent stall of the airplane during takeoff.
- [NTSB ANC01LA135](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA135.md): Colburn Murphy Rebel · Kotzebue, AK · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 6, 2001 · N407AC · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions during takeoff. Factors associated with the accident were variable winds, and trees.
- [NTSB CHI01LA313](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI01LA313.md): Gelasi Aircamper · Bloomfield, WI · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 3, 2001 · N7172B · Substantial damage
  > Aircraft control not possible due to the inadvertent control interference by the front seat passenger. Factors to the accident were the restricted control stick movement and the encountered stall.
- [NTSB CHI01LA310](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI01LA310.md): Mooney M20K · Croswell, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 3, 2001 · N252YX · Destroyed
  > The pilots failure to abort the takeoff. Factors were the pole and the trees.
- [NTSB CHI01LA300](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI01LA300.md): Grumman-Schweizer G-164B · Atlantic, IA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 3, 2001 · N6598K · Destroyed
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons during the takeoff and initial climb, and the unsuitable terrain encountered during the forced landing. Factors relating to this accident were the corn crop and the low altitude.
- [NTSB SEA01LA164](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA01LA164.md): Taylorcraft BC12-D · Winston, OR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 2, 2001 · N95223 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a fence during the initial takeoff. A fence was a factor.
- [NTSB LAX01LA298](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA298.md): Sparke Air Command 582 Dual · Gerlach, NV · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 2, 2001 · N301CS · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inability to maintain altitude because of the gyrocopter's inadequatly designed performance capability.
- [NTSB LAX01LA296](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA296.md): Funk C · Merced, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 31, 2001 · N22694 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper modification of the airplane when he switched a nonvented fuel cap to the fuselage tank. A factor was the inadequate annual inspection.
- [NTSB ANC01LA128](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA128.md): Cessna 170B · Fairbanks, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 29, 2001 · N4669C · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadvertent stall/mush during the initial climb after takeoff, and subsequent in-flight collision with a tree.
- [NTSB SEA01LA160](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA01LA160.md): Shank Kitfox Model II · Battle Ground, WA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 28, 2001 · N2136F · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed during climbout.
- [NTSB SEA01IA161](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA01IA161.md): de Havilland DHC-8-102 · Portland, OR · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Aug 28, 2001 · N827PH · No damage
  > Improper tension of the right control yoke chain; a worn right aileron spring tab hinge bearing; improper tension of the left aileron spring tab aft spring and worn contact stud; improper tension of the right aileron spring tab and a worn contact stud; a worn…
- [NTSB DEN01LA153](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA153.md): Bradley Rans S-7 · Fruita, CO · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 28, 2001 · N91642 · Substantial damage
  > loss of engine power due to both piston rings failing, and the subsequent inadvertent stall/spin during the attempted forced landing. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing.
- [NTSB CHI01LA296](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI01LA296.md): Dassault/SUD Fan Jet Falcon · Detroit, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 28, 2001 · N617GA · Substantial damage
  > The wheels up landing performed by the flightcrew during the emergency landing and improper aircraft preflight by the pilot in command. Factors were the unsecured cargo door, the cemetery fence, and the lack of crew coordination during the flight.
- [NTSB CHI01LA295](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI01LA295.md): Champion 7GCAA · Romeo, MI · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 28, 2001 · N9047L · Substantial damage
  > the reason for the loss of engine power is undetermined.
- [NTSB NYC01FA217](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC01FA217.md): Cessna 172SP · Matawan, NJ · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Aug 27, 2001 · N629PD · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain runway alignment during the initial climb. Factors were the pilot's failure to perform a go-around, the pilot's lack of flight experience in nighttime conditions, the nighttime conditions, and a tailwind.
- [NTSB FTW01LA198](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW01LA198.md): Cessna 150 · Miami, OK · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 26, 2001 · N10088 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed which resulted in a stall.
- [NTSB NYC01FA214](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC01FA214.md): Learjet 25 · Ithaca, NY · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Aug 24, 2001 · N153TW · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain a proper climb rate while taking off at night, which was a result of spatial disorientation. Factors in the accident were the low visibility and cloud conditions, and the dark night.
- [NTSB IAD01LA099](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD01LA099.md): Cessna 150J · Hyannis, MA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 24, 2001 · N5591G · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate preflight inspection, which resulted in a total loss of engine power due to fuel contamination.
- [NTSB FTW01LA191](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW01LA191.md): Piper PA-46-310P · Bulverde, TX · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 23, 2001 · N4362A · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to obtain airspeed after rotation, which resulted in a stall/mush. Contributing factors were the tailwind condition, high density altitude, and upsloping runway.
- [NTSB LAX01LA287](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA287.md): Cessna 150M · Murrietta, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 22, 2001 · N63405 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the muffler assembly causing a fuel line to overheat, resulting in vapor lock, and a subsequent engine failure followed by an emergency landing in rough terrain.
- [NTSB ANC01LA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA122.md): Cessna 185F · Cordova, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 22, 2001 · N111FB · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions during takeoff. Factors associated with the accident were trees and a variable wind.
- [NTSB ANC01LA118](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA118.md): Thomson Avid Flyer · Chugiak, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 22, 2001 · N47065 · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power during initial climb due to a broken spark plug.
- [NTSB ANC01LA121](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA121.md): de Havilland DHC-2 · Nondalton, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 21, 2001 · N10395 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate compensation for gusty wind conditions. Factors associated with the accident were the pilot's inadequate weather evaluation, and wind gusts.
- [NTSB ANC01LA120](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA120.md): Cessna 175 · Kenai, AK · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 21, 2001 · N6550E · Substantial damage
  > The total loss of engine power during takeoff for an undetermined reason.
- [NTSB ANC01LA119](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA119.md): Piper PA-18-180 · Glennallen, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 21, 2001 · N2871P · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions during takeoff. A factor associated with the accident was a variable wind.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350/cases.md?page=85

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 350)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/350/cases?page=84

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.
