# NTSB investigations: Enroute

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 228 of 718 · 35,885 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB LAX94LA387](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94LA387.md): Hughes 369D · Pacific Ocean (Pacific Ocean) · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 24, 1994 · N58400 · Destroyed
  > failure of the helicopter's main rotor pitch change link (control rod). The helicopter was not recovered and the Safety Board was unable to determine the pitch change link's failure mode.
- [NTSB CHI94LA348](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA348.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Dale, IN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 23, 1994 · N6244W · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to assure an adequate fuel supply for the flight. Factors associated with the accident were poor preflight planning, inattentiveness to the fuel supply during the flight, the ditch, and the utility pole which was contacted during the…
- [NTSB CHI94LA350](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA350.md): Ultralight Challenger II · Princeton, IL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 20, 1994 · UNREG · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate directional stability of the aircraft (due to installation of lexan cockpit enclosure doors), which precipitated a loss of directional control.
- [NTSB CHI94FA340](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94FA340.md): Beech E95A · Poplar Grove, IL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 20, 1994 · N9581Y · Destroyed
  > Aircraft control not maintained by the pilot when he began his turn from base leg to final approach. Factors associated with this accident were the fatigue failure of a propeller blade, improper maintenance overhaul of the propeller, and a material defect in…
- [NTSB MIA94LA214](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA94LA214.md): Boeing 737-400 · Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic Ocean) · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 19, 1994 · N433US · No damage
  > The inflight encounter with turbulence in clouds.
- [NTSB FTW94LA303](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW94LA303.md): Harris Dragonfly · Woodville, TX · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1994 · N345DH · Destroyed
  > Was fuel starvation. Factors were the jammed float in the fuel sight gage and the lack of suitable terrain.
- [NTSB CHI94LA332](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA332.md): Cessna 170 · St. Anne, IL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1994 · N4216V · Substantial damage
  > Engine failure due to an inadequately reconditioned cylinder.
- [NTSB LAX94LA366](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94LA366.md): Piper PA-28R-201 · Fort Bragg, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 17, 1994 · N30150 · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to adequately anticipate and compensate for the existing crosswind/windshear conditions during the takeoff initial climb.
- [NTSB CHI94LA331](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA331.md): Cessna 150 · Winnetka, IL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 17, 1994 · N9456U · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power due to an undetermined reason. The lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing was a factor.
- [NTSB ANC94LA140](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC94LA140.md): Piper PA-18-150 · Wasilla, AK · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 17, 1994 · N9359D · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to assure that an adequate supply of fuel was available to complete the flight. A factor in the accident was the siphoning of fuel from the fuel cap.
- [NTSB NYC94FA178](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC94FA178.md): Piper PA-28-236 · Vernon, NJ · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 16, 1994 · N81X · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control which resulted a loss of control and inflight collision with the terrain.
- [NTSB LAX94LA364](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94LA364.md): Rockwell 114 · Poway, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 16, 1994 · N114FF · Substantial damage
  > fuel exhaustion due to the pilot's inadequate preflight planning and failure to refuel the aircraft prior to departure.
- [NTSB CHI94LA328](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA328.md): Mooney M20E · Plymouth, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 14, 1994 · N6944U · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's improper (maintenance) modification and his initiating an operation with known deficiencies in equipment
- [NTSB CHI94LA327](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA327.md): Piper PA-60-602P · Port Huron, MI · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 14, 1994 · CFSMO · Destroyed
  > Inadequate preflight by the pilot resulting in fuel exhaustion. Inadequate maintenance and inspection was a factor contributing to the accident.
- [NTSB ATL94FA171](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL94FA171.md): Piper PA-32R-300 · Glenville, NC · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 13, 1994 · N73AW · Destroyed
  > The fatigue failure of #4 intake valve. A factor was hilly terrain.
- [NTSB LAX94LA363](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94LA363.md): Beech C35 · Borrego Springs, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 12, 1994 · N622D · Destroyed
  > The pilot's inadvertent allowance of a fuel starvation loss of power event and his failure to select a tank containing fuel due to his lack of knowledge about the fuel pump/selector unit operating limitations. Factors in the accident were his limited…
- [NTSB NYC94LA174](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC94LA174.md): Piper PA-24-250 · North Anson, ME · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 10, 1994 · N55GV · Substantial damage
  > the inadequately installed cylinder mounting stud nuts, by the engine overhaul facility, which resulted in the separation of the number two cylinder and the subsequent forced landing.
- [NTSB NYC94LA172](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC94LA172.md): Piper PA-28R-201T · Lockwood, WV · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 10, 1994 · N47457 · Substantial damage
  > An electrical ground short of the ignition wires which resulted in a loss of engine power.
- [NTSB CHI94LA319](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA319.md): Snider CP328 Super Emeraude · Painton, MO · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 10, 1994 · N90484 · Substantial damage
  > in flight delamination and subsequent failure of the hand carved wooden propeller.
- [NTSB CHI94LA323](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA323.md): Beech D18S · Mt Pleasant, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 9, 1994 · N666S · Substantial damage
  > the improper fuel selector position by the pilot-in-command which resulted in fuel starvation. A factor was rough/uneven terrain.
- [NTSB CHI94LA315](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA315.md): Mooney M20F · Hanston, KS · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 8, 1994 · N9310V · Destroyed
  > The failure of the number two connecting rod. Factors in the accident were the fouled windshield utility wires, the road sign, and the telephone pole.
- [NTSB CHI94DER03](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94DER03.md): Smart CP 301 · Remer, MN · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · Sep 8, 1994 · N60AG · Substantial damage
  > the failure of the alternator/electrical system, and subsequent total loss of engine power during cruise flight over wooded terrain.
- [NTSB ATL94LA169](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL94LA169.md): Cessna T210M · Willacooche, GA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 8, 1994 · N761GQ · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's excessive fuel leaning during improper use of the mixture control, which resulted in pre-ignition/detonation and a total loss of engine power. Factors were the electrical wires and vehicles.
- [NTSB SEA94LA235](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA94LA235.md): Cessna 172M · Coolin, ID · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 7, 1994 · N61838 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the engine manufacturer to properly remanufacture and adequately inspect the no. 1 rocker arm prior to its installation on the engine. This resulted in fatigue cracking of the rocker arm and a subsequent loss of engine power.
- [NTSB MIA94LA207](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA94LA207.md): Cessna 152 · Osteen, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 7, 1994 · N48938 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot-in-command's decision to land with excessive airspeed, and failure to obtain the proper touchdown point during a precautionary landing. The electrical short was a factor in the accident.
- [NTSB SEA94LA231](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA94LA231.md): Cessna 172G · Paradise, WA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 5, 1994 · N4628L · Destroyed
  > Proper altitude was not maintained and improper inflight planning/decision. Factors to the accident were mountainous/hilly terrain conditions and lack of total experience.
- [NTSB CHI94LA313](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA313.md): William P. Bouda Varieze · Millard, NE · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 5, 1994 · N54WB · Substantial damage
  > the loss of engine power due to fuel starvation from vapor lock. A factor associated with the accident is the soft terrain the pilot was forced to land upon.
- [NTSB FTW94FA287](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW94FA287.md): Aerostar RX-7 · Fountain, CO · Accident · Serious injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 4, 1994 · N3578D · No damage
  > The pilot's improper aircraft handling during landing in high wind conditions. A factor was the high wind.
- [NTSB NYC94FA166](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC94FA166.md): Cessna 310R · Blain, PA · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 3, 1994 · N502SB · Destroyed
  > The pilot's impairment of judgment and performance due to drugs, failure to maintain control of the airplane, and exceeding the design stress limits of the airplane, which resulted in an in-flight breakup of the airplane. A factor related to the accident was:…
- [NTSB MIA94LA206](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA94LA206.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Englewood, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 3, 1994 · N10187 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the number four connecting rod and rod bolts due to oil starvation (extreme heat) for undetermined reasons, resulting in a total loss of engine power, forced landing, and subsequent in-flight collision with trees and terrain.
- [NTSB LAX94LA349](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94LA349.md): Cessna 172M · Jackpot, NV · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 3, 1994 · N21704 · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control due to spatial disorientation during a moonless night departure over an area without ground reference lights. A factor in the accident was the pilot's lack of instrument training and experience.
- [NTSB LAX94LA348](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94LA348.md): Cessna 182 · Orland, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 3, 1994 · N5449B · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to follow checklist procedures to assure that the fuel selector was in the both fuel tanks position. Fuel starvation and the dark night were factors in this accident.
- [NTSB FTW94LA289](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW94LA289.md): Cessna 182L · Ardmore, OK · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 2, 1994 · N3413R · Substantial damage
  > The partial loss of power due to a cylinder head separation. Factors were the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing and the low ceiling.
- [NTSB MIA94LA204](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA94LA204.md): Cessna 188B · Indian River, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 1, 1994 · N53184 · Destroyed
  > The total loss of engine power for undetermined reasons over terrain unsuitable for a forced landing.
- [NTSB LAX94LA342](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94LA342.md): Texas Helicopter M74 · Salinas, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 31, 1994 · N51852 · Substantial damage
  > fuel exhaustion due to the pilot's inadequate preflight planning and in-flight fuel consumption monitoring.
- [NTSB ANC94LA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC94LA117.md): Stinson 108-1 · Anchorage, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 31, 1994 · N9130K · Substantial damage
  > The binding in the mechanical fuel selector valve, and lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing.
- [NTSB FTW94LA284](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW94LA284.md): Cessna 152 · Arkadelphia, AR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 29, 1994 · N44687 · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion and the pilot's failure to refuel. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB BFO94LA155](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO94LA155.md): Hughes 369D · Butler, PA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 28, 1994 · N5027P · Substantial damage
  > The malfunction of the emergency fuel vent and the exhaustion of the fuel supply which resulted in the loss of engine power.
- [NTSB FTW94LA285](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW94LA285.md): Cessna T210L · Amarillo, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 27, 1994 · N1779X · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to attain proper alignment of the airplane with the runway during the landing flare/touchdown. A factor was the partial loss of engine power due to undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB CHI94LA302](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA302.md): Frith Challenger II · Fairfield, IA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 27, 1994 · N7051P · Substantial damage
  > the total failure and separation of the propeller system drive belt. Obstacles (powerlines and pole) were a factor in the accident.
- [NTSB CHI94LA301](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA301.md): Cessna 172 · Whitehall, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 27, 1994 · N1106F · Substantial damage
  > The pilot in command's inadequate preflight planning. Factors related to the accident were the fuel exhaustion and the soft crop field.
- [NTSB CHI94LA299](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA299.md): Robert Eldon Idler TIERRA-2 · Prole, IA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 26, 1994 · N6161Q · Destroyed
  > the airplane's encounter with the outflow (gust front) from an approaching thunderstorm. Factors were the pilot's inaccurate evaluation of the gust front location, and the inability of the airplanes flight control system to compensate for the rolling moment.
- [NTSB CHI94LA298](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI94LA298.md): Cessna 150 · Centralia, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 26, 1994 · N6307S · Substantial damage
  > fuel exhaustion as a result of the pilots improper fuel calculation and improper use of fuel mixture.
- [NTSB ATL94LA165](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL94LA165.md): Cessna 150J · Spruce Pine, NC · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 26, 1994 · N50446 · Substantial damage
  > A seized cylinder exhaust valve because of deposits on the valve and an oversized valve stem. The lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing was a factor.
- [NTSB BFO94LA149](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO94LA149.md): Mooney M20G · Bowling Green, OH · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 24, 1994 · N3916N · Substantial damage
  > fuel exhaustion for undetermined reason(s), which resulted in loss of engine power and a subsequent forced landing. A factor relating to the accident was: faulty fuel quantity gauge/system.
- [NTSB MIA94LA200](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA94LA200.md): Cessna 152 · Osteen, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 23, 1994 · N6088H · Substantial damage
  > Engine power loss due to blockage of the carburetor fuel discharge nozzle pickup by an insect that inadvertently entered the carburetor during overhaul resulting in fuel starvation.
- [NTSB BFO94LA145](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO94LA145.md): Mooney M-20B · Marion, OH · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 23, 1994 · N778R · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate maintenance which resulted in the throttle cable becoming disconnected from the carburetor.
- [NTSB MIA94LA199](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA94LA199.md): Cessna 152 · Aguadilla, PR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 22, 1994 · N6332P · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot-in-command to divert and refuel resulting in loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion.
- [NTSB SEA94LA217](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA94LA217.md): Allen D. Potts WAG-A-BOND · Benton City, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 21, 1994 · N47AT · Substantial damage
  > Fuel starvation and inadequate compensation for wind conditions. A factor to the accident was soft terrain.
- [NTSB LAX94LA335](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX94LA335.md): Cessna 172N · Simi Valley, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 21, 1994 · N739VY · Substantial damage
  > Fuel exhaustion after the student pilot became lost/disoriented. Factors related to the accident were: failure of the supervising flight instructor (CFI) to follow the FAA approved syllabus, inadequate supervision by the company/operator management, darkness,…

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400/cases.md?page=229

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 400)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400/cases?page=228

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.