# NTSB investigations: Enroute

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 253 of 718 · 35,885 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB ANC92LA080](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC92LA080.md): Piper PA-12 · Port Heiden, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 26, 1992 · N3558M · Substantial damage
  > Engine power loss for undetermined causes. Contributing to the accident was the unsuitable terrain.
- [NTSB MIA92LA126](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA92LA126.md): Cessna T188C · Cross City, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 24, 1992 · N4547J · Substantial damage
  > The inadequate inspection for contamination of the aircraft fuel system after modification resulting in failure of the engine driven fuel pump due to contamination. Contributing to the accident was the improper modification of the fuel system which resulted…
- [NTSB ATL92FA108](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92FA108.md): Cessna 172B · Cherokee, NC · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 24, 1992 · N8102X · Destroyed
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain control of the aircraft as a result of spatial disorientation. The lack of total flight time, and rain in the accident area were factors in the accident.
- [NTSB ANC92LA077](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC92LA077.md): De Havilland DHC-2-T · Alexander Creek, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 24, 1992 · N4478 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadvertent deactivation of the engine's fuel supply by switching off the fuel shut off. Factor related to the accident was the soft mud in the forced landing area.
- [NTSB LAX92LA216](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA216.md): Questair Venture · Ely, NV · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 23, 1992 · N3VD · Substantial damage
  > The inadequate installation of the engine oil temperature/pressure transducer by the pilot/owner that resulted in a fatigue failure of the transducer mounting fitting in the engine oil system. The soft landing surface and the mountainous terrain in which the…
- [NTSB ATL92LA105](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92LA105.md): Cessna 150E · N.Myrtle Beach, SC · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 23, 1992 · N6209R · Destroyed
  > The ostentatious display of the Piper cub's pilot caused the accident airplane's pilot to loose control and crash.
- [NTSB ATL92FA107](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92FA107.md): Maule M-5-210C · Wetumpka, AL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 23, 1992 · N62047 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate visual lookout, and his failure to maintain proper clearance from the transmission wires.
- [NTSB ATL92FA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92FA106.md): Cessna 152 · Seale, AL · Accident · No injuries · Field investigation · Final report · May 23, 1992 · N49449 · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. A factor was the right seat pilot's selection of unsuitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB LAX92LA214](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA214.md): Cobb Intl Exec 90 · Glendale, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 22, 1992 · N7656T · Substantial damage
  > The improper carburetor idle adjustment by company maintenance personnel. Contributing to this accident was the cfi's inability to attain adequate RPM and the soft dirt.
- [NTSB FTW92LA139](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92LA139.md): Ercoupe 415-CD · Van, TX · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 22, 1992 · N3454H · Substantial damage
  > Fuel exhaustion engine power loss due to the pilot's failure to refuel. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain available for the forced landing.
- [NTSB SEA92LA098](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92LA098.md): Schweizer SGS-1-35C · Big Timber, MT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 20, 1992 · N2739H · Substantial damage
  > Airspeed was not maintained. Factors to the accident were: no thermal lift and inadequate remedial action.
- [NTSB FTW92FA133](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92FA133.md): Cessna 310K · Carswell Afb, TX · Accident · No injuries · Field investigation · Final report · May 19, 1992 · N6980L · Substantial damage
  > Loss of power to both engines from fuel starvation and the improper selector positions of fuel tanks by the pilot. A factor was the pilot's failure to feather the propellers.
- [NTSB SEA92LA102](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92LA102.md): Beech S35 · Davenport, WA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · May 17, 1992 · N9015S · Destroyed
  > Poor in flight planning/decision. Factors to the accident were: mountainous/hilly terrain and terrain clearance was not maintained.
- [NTSB SEA92LA103](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92LA103.md): E.E. Shilling Q-2 · Billings, MT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 16, 1992 · N21QQ · Substantial damage
  > An undetermined loss of engine power.
- [NTSB BFO92FA064](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO92FA064.md): Beech 65 · Madison, VA · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 16, 1992 · N30RR · Destroyed
  > The pilot initiated VFR flight into known adverse weather conditions. Contributing to the accident was low ceiling, high terrain, and low altitude.
- [NTSB ATL92LA103](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92LA103.md): Cessna 152 · Manchester, GA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 16, 1992 · N4867H · Substantial damage
  > The inadequate in-flight planning by the pilot.
- [NTSB FTW92LA142](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92LA142.md): Boeing 737-200 · Palacios, TX · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 15, 1992 · N67SW · No damage
  > The flight's unexpected encounter with moderate turbulence.
- [NTSB FTW92DRD01](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92DRD01.md): Ayres S2R · Hebert, LA · Accident · 1 fatal · Final report · May 14, 1992 · N5637X · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed, resulting in an inadvertent stall and collision with terrain.
- [NTSB BFO92LA061](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO92LA061.md): Aerotek Pitts S-1S · Hopkinsville, KY · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 14, 1992 · N4MG · Destroyed
  > The failure of the number 2 oil ring in the number 4 engine cylinder resulting in oil leakage, loss of oil pressure, and engine power loss.
- [NTSB NYC92GA092](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92GA092.md): Beech BE-200 · Roanoke, VA · Accident · No injuries · Final report · May 13, 1992 · N30721 · Substantial damage
  > A lightning strike which discharged through the right elevator.
- [NTSB ATL92LA100](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92LA100.md): Piper PA-18-150 · Soccastee, SC · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 13, 1992 · N3841Z · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's mismanagement of his fuel in that he exhausted fuel in one tank, then failed to select the tank with fuel.
- [NTSB CHI92LA148](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI92LA148.md): Stinson 108-2 · Olathe, KS · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 12, 1992 · N9694K · Substantial damage
  > The in flight separation of the propeller tip. An associated factor is the rough and uneven terrain.
- [NTSB SEA92LA095](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92LA095.md): Ryan ST-3KR · Anacortes, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 11, 1992 · N4223P · Destroyed
  > Loss of engine power due to fatigue failure of the crankshaft counterweight cap screws and separation of the counterweight. A factor relating to the accident was the residential area and lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing.
- [NTSB FTW92LA129](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW92LA129.md): Piper PA-22-150 · Terrell, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 11, 1992 · N7152D · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's alcoholic impairment of efficiency and judgement which led to his inattention to the amount of fuel remaining in the left fuel tank, resulting in fuel starvation and a total loss of engine power. A factor in the accident was the existence of the…
- [NTSB LAX92LA235](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA235.md): Mcquen Glassair III · Casa Grande, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 10, 1992 · N115DM · Substantial damage
  > Fuel starvation due to the pilot's misreading of a newly installed fuel selector panel with placards and a position pointer which were confusing. Factors in the accident were the confusing nature of the fuel panel and placard design and the school bus which…
- [NTSB BFO92LA056](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO92LA056.md): Cessna 150 · Warren, VT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 10, 1992 · N27395 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to select a safe altitude for flight in mountainous terrain. The downdraft was a factor.
- [NTSB LAX92LA207](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA207.md): Lawrence H. Macey Quicksilver GT500 · Perris, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · May 9, 1992 · N16LM · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain control of his airplane for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB CHI92DCG01](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI92DCG01.md): Cedric Lewellen Soneria II · Bolivar, MO · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · May 9, 1992 · N7063L · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper preflight planning/preparation.
- [NTSB ANC92FA069](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC92FA069.md): Cessna 172 · Ruth Glacier, AK · Accident · No injuries · Field investigation · Final report · May 9, 1992 · N73813 · 2 aircraft · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilots of both airplanes to maintain an adequate visual lookout. Factors which contributed to the accident was the failure of the pilot of the CE-172 to become aware of and to use the listed frequency for inter aircraft communications, and…
- [NTSB LAX92FA206](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92FA206.md): Robinson R-22B · Anaheim, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 8, 1992 · N8064E · Destroyed
  > The total loss of engine power for undetermined reasons, and the pilot's failure to maintain adequate rotor RPM during the autorotation.
- [NTSB CHI92LA146](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI92LA146.md): Cessna 150F · Eldon, MO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 8, 1992 · N8081S · Substantial damage
  > A binding exhaust valve resulting in a partial loss of engine power. Factors in the accident are rising terrain conditions, inadequate aircraft climb capability, and a ditch in the forced landing area.
- [NTSB BFO92LA055](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO92LA055.md): Piper PA-24-250 · Falmouth, KY · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 8, 1992 · N7851P · Substantial damage
  > The pilot misjudged the airplane's altitude and distance in reference to the runway. Contributing to the accident was the fuel system leak.
- [NTSB LAX92LA285](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA285.md): Schweizer 1-36 · Hemet, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 6, 1992 · N3619U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadvertent selection of unsuitable terrain for the precautionary landing. A factor in the accident was his failure to obtain a preflight weather briefing.
- [NTSB LAX92LA203](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA203.md): Cessna 182K · Carefree, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 6, 1992 · N2646R · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate aircraft maintenance and the failure of the pilot to ensure that adequate engine oil was on board prior to departure.
- [NTSB ATL92FA096](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92FA096.md): Robinson R-22 Beta · Mt. Pleasant, TN · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 6, 1992 · N191KC · Destroyed
  > A divergence of the main rotor from its normal plane of rotation for an undetermined reason, which resulted in rotor contact to the cockpit area.
- [NTSB NYC92FA090](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92FA090.md): Beech A36 · Southbury, CT · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 5, 1992 · N36MR · Destroyed
  > The failure of the pilot to monitor his fuel supply which resulted in a power loss due to fuel exhaustion and an inadvertent stall/spin as the pilot was maneuvering for a forced landing. Factors related to the accident was improper maintenance on the fuel…
- [NTSB LAX92LA199](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA199.md): Robinson R-22B · Sun Valley, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 4, 1992 · N4081P · Substantial damage
  > 1) Fuel exhaustion due to improper preflight planning by the CFI and his failure to refuel the aircraft prior to departure on the accident flight, and 2) the cfi's misjudgement of the landing flare timing during the auto rotation.
- [NTSB SEA92LA087](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA92LA087.md): Cessna T210L · Prineville, OR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 2, 1992 · N5469V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot in command delaying his decision to divert for fuel, overloading of the nose gear strut and the pilot in command's inability to maintain aircraft control subsequent to the nose wheel separation. Factors contributing to the accident were: the pilot…
- [NTSB LAX92LA386](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA386.md): Beech A36 · Avalon, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · May 2, 1992 · N583T · Destroyed
  > A loss of control due to pilot incapacitation for an undetermined reason(s).
- [NTSB LAX92LA194](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA194.md): Piper PA-31-325 · Independence, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 2, 1992 · N59781 · Destroyed
  > Fuel starvation due to 1) the pilots inadequate preflight planning preparation, 2) the pilot's fuel system management, and 3) his operation of the aircraft with known deficiencies in the aircraft electrical system. Factors in the accident were: 1) the…
- [NTSB CHI92LA139](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI92LA139.md): Piper PA-28-140D · Markham, IL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 2, 1992 · N1814T · Substantial damage
  > The result of an inadequate annual inspection by other maintenance personnel and, as a result, a total failure of the throttle linkage. A factor was the pilot overshot his intended emergency landing area, due to excessive speed.
- [NTSB NYC92GA089](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC92GA089.md): Mcdonnell Douglas 500E · Mount Zion, KY · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Apr 30, 1992 · N97BR · Substantial damage
  > An in-flight separation of the tail rotor assembly as the result of the loss of an abrasion strip from the leading edge of one of the tail rotor blades, which induced vibrational stresses high enough to initiate fatigue failure in the tail rotor gear box…
- [NTSB CHI92LA137](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI92LA137.md): Bell 47-G2A · Dousman, WI · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 30, 1992 · N52HB · Substantial damage
  > The in-flight loss of the swash plate drive link bolt which allowed the swash plate drive assembly to disconnect.
- [NTSB MIA92LA120](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA92LA120.md): Beech C35 · Scottsmoor, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 29, 1992 · N657D · Substantial damage
  > Encounter with clear air turbulence during cruise flight.
- [NTSB DEN92LA047](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN92LA047.md): Cessna 172RG · Elbert, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 28, 1992 · N5282V · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the crankshaft left accessory gear which resulted in a complete power loss. A factor was: lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing.
- [NTSB LAX92LA192](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX92LA192.md): Laister Nugget · Bishop, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 26, 1992 · N97DT · Substantial damage
  > The pilot-in-command's improperly planned no-flap landing approach; failure to follow the checklist; and inadvertent gear retraction. Factors contributing to the accident were the buckling of the wing skin, cracking of the fuselage and the inoperative flaps.
- [NTSB ATL92FA091](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92FA091.md): Cessna 310R · Gatlinburg, TN · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Apr 26, 1992 · N3221M · Destroyed
  > The pilot's continued VFR flight into IMC, and his failure to attain a proper altitude over high, mountainous terrain. Factors were the high terrain, and the fog, clouds, and obscuration at the accident site.
- [NTSB ATL92FA090](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92FA090.md): Bellanca 17-30A · Burnsville, NC · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Apr 26, 1992 · N28110 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to adequately evaluate the weather information and his continued visual flight into instrument conditions, which resulted in a collision with high terrain. A factor was the dark night.
- [NTSB ATL92LA089](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92LA089.md): Beech 23A-19 · Orangeburg, SC · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 25, 1992 · N7973L · Destroyed
  > The deterioration of the exhaust muffler which resulted in an inflight fire.
- [NTSB ATL92LA088](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL92LA088.md): Bellanca 17-30 · Alto, GA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 24, 1992 · N14690 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's mismangement of the fuel in that he delayed selection of a fuel tank with usable fuel, and the excessive final landing speed. Factors were the pilot's failure to extend the flaps and the rough/uneven terrain because of the railroad spur.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400/cases.md?page=254

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 400)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400/cases?page=253

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.
