# NTSB investigations: Maneuvering

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 113 of 378 · 18,851 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB SEA00LA018](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA00LA018.md): Piper PA18 · Malheur City, OR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 13, 1999 · N82553 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's excessive descent rate during an attempted precautionary landing. Factors include the pilot's intentional operation of his aircraft with a known electrical system deficiency, a malfunction of the electrical system while in flight, the pilot's…
- [NTSB DEN00LA016](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN00LA016.md): Cessna 150E · Longmont, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 7, 1999 · N6158T · 2 aircraft · Substantial damage
  > The pilot of the other aircraft's failure to follow right-of-way VFR procedures and inadequate visual lookout.
- [NTSB NYC00LA026](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC00LA026.md): Bailey Exec 162F · Pottstown, PA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 6, 1999 · N14JJ · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot's loss of control of the helicopter, his lack of recent experience, his lack of total experience, and his overconfidence in his personal ability. A factor in the accident was the student pilot's disregard of regulations.
- [NTSB FTW00LA024](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW00LA024.md): Cessna A188B · Seminole, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 3, 1999 · N72062 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with the powerlines.
- [NTSB SEA00FA014](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA00FA014.md): Enstrom F28C · Pendleton, OR · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 2, 1999 · N635H · Destroyed
  > Failure to maintain clearance from the runway surface while maneuvering at low altitude, and inadequate remedial action after the tail rotor struck the surface.
- [NTSB MIA00FA019](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA00FA019.md): Cessna 152 · Tamarac, FL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 2, 1999 · N924JH · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to maintain airspeed resulting in the airplane stalling and entering a spin to the left at an inadequate altitude and his failure to apply spin recovery emergency procedures prior to the airplane impacting the swamp.
- [NTSB IAD00FA003](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD00FA003.md): Coughlin LONG-EZ · Remington, VA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 1, 1999 · N743TC · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to maintain adequate altitude/clearance from the trees while maneuvering at low altitude.
- [NTSB SEA00FA012](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA00FA012.md): Cessna U206F · Challis, ID · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 31, 1999 · N902CT · Substantial damage
  > Aircraft control was not maintained. The pilot's improper decision to abort the landing and flight into a box canyon were factors.
- [NTSB MIA00FA017](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA00FA017.md): Cessna T310R · Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic Ocean) · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 31, 1999 · N4XZ · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane, which resulted in impact with rough water. A factor in this accident was a dark night, which resulted in no visual cues.
- [NTSB NYC00LA022](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC00LA022.md): Godbout Exec 162F · Milan, NH · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 30, 1999 · N228CH · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain proper rotor rpm while maneuvering, which resulted in main rotor blade flapping, and its subsequent impact with the tail boom. A factor was the pilot's lack of experience in maneuvering flight.
- [NTSB LAX00LA027](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX00LA027.md): Hiller UH-12E · Castroville, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 28, 1999 · N5374V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate visual lookout and diverted attention.
- [NTSB IAD00LA002](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD00LA002.md): Loral GZ-22 · Mogadore, OH · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 28, 1999 · N4A · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the flight control system manufacturer to meet design (hardness) specifications that resulted in stripped splines.
- [NTSB NYC00LA019](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC00LA019.md): Parsons Rans S-12 · Gainesville, VA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 26, 1999 · N70197 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain airspeed which resulted in an inadvertent stall.
- [NTSB FTW00LA015](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW00LA015.md): Sturges Spezio Sport · Mathis, TX · Accident · 2 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 24, 1999 · N75JS · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to maintain clearance with the power lines while maneuvering.
- [NTSB CHI00LA012](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI00LA012.md): Cessna A188B · Sprague, NE · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 20, 1999 · N731PU · Substantial damage
  > Engine failure due to fouled and rusted spark plugs, and a clogged fuel filter. Factors relating to this accident were the inadequate annual inspection performed on the airplane, the trees and the ditch.
- [NTSB MIA00LA005](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA00LA005.md): Robinson R-22 · Sunny Isles, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 17, 1999 · N83574 · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power while maneuvering due to improper ignition timing by unknown person(s) resulting in an emergency descent and collision with the water.
- [NTSB LAX00FA017](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX00FA017.md): Cessna 152 · Ventura, CA · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 16, 1999 · N5169B · Destroyed
  > the pilot's continued VFR flight into IMC. Contributing factors were the pilot's self induced pressure to depart the airport before the weather worsened and the airport closed, and the mountain obscurement and foggy weather conditions, and the night light…
- [NTSB FTW00LA012](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW00LA012.md): Air Tractor AT-301 · Olton, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 14, 1999 · N23930 · Substantial damage
  > The inflight separation of the propeller blade due to damage from a wire strike. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB LAX00TA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX00TA006.md): McDonnell Douglas 369E · Moreno Valley, CA · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Oct 8, 1999 · N991SD · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain sufficient forward airspeed to preclude an inadvertent encounter with loss of tail rotor effectiveness, which resulted in a loss of yaw control. The pilot's failure to initiate timely remedial action is a factor.
- [NTSB FTW00LA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW00LA008.md): Air Tractor AT-502B · Bay City, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 7, 1999 · N61768 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadvertent stall. A factor was the pilot's encounter with the airplane's wake turbulence.
- [NTSB MIA00FA003](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA00FA003.md): Bell 206B · Centreville, AL · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 5, 1999 · N1285S · Destroyed
  > The pilot's inadequate preflight inspection of the helicopter's fuel system resulting in an in-flight loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion as a result of overboard porting of fuel when the airframe fuel filter was left in the 'drain and locked'…
- [NTSB FTW00LA005](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW00LA005.md): Piper PA-36-285 · Brownfield, TX · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 5, 1999 · N4241U · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with power wires while maneuvering during an aerial application flight. A factor was the sunglare.
- [NTSB LAX00LA003](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX00LA003.md): Giles G-750 · Salinas, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 3, 1999 · N17HE · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain an adequate airspeed while maneuvering, which led to a stall/mush condition.
- [NTSB CHI00FA003](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI00FA003.md): Beech D-45 · Oswego, IL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 1, 1999 · N300SH · 2 aircraft · Destroyed
  > the visual lookout not obtained by the pilot of the Beech T-34 and the inadequate procedure by the Lima Lima Flying Squadron. The delayed entry into the maneuver by the pilot of the Beech D-45 was a contributing factor.
- [NTSB MIA99LA272](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA272.md): Boeing 767-332 · Atlanta, GA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 27, 1999 · N196DN · No damage
  > FAA approach/departure controller's improper service and failure to coordinate and resolve a conflict between aircraft prior to effecting a frequency change, and the improper application of visual separation rules to a flight in the clouds, resulting the crew…
- [NTSB FTW99LA255](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA255.md): Bell OH-58A · Ratcliff, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 26, 1999 · N523SP · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with the tree while maneuvering during an aerial application flight. Factors were the sunglare, and the pilot's diverted attention while adjusting the GPS receiver.
- [NTSB DEN99LA171](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN99LA171.md): Robinson R22 · St. George, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 26, 1999 · N8360J · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate visual lookout. Factors included the pilot concentrating on the maneuver being practiced to such an extent that he was inattentive to outside surroundings, and the sun glare.
- [NTSB NYC99LA237](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC99LA237.md): Pratt Dominator · Auburn, ME · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 25, 1999 · N4449N · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper decision to execute a 0 airspeed pedal turn at 100 feet agl.
- [NTSB ATL99FA135](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99FA135.md): North American T-6-SNJ-5 · Nashville, TN · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 25, 1999 · N23ZH · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain flying speed which resulted in a stall and the loss of control. A factor was pilot impairment due to the use of drugs.
- [NTSB NYC99GA234](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC99GA234.md): Bell 206L-1 · Randolph, NY · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · Sep 22, 1999 · N17SP · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain visual separation from the wires. A factor was sunglare.
- [NTSB SEA99LA171](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA171.md): Garlick UH-1H · Usk, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 21, 1999 · N32800 · Substantial damage
  > Fatigue failure of the 90-degree gearbox attachment studs, resulting in separation of the tailrotor and 90-degree gearbox from the vertical fin.
- [NTSB CHI99LA344](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA344.md): Bellanca 8KCAB · Atlanta, KS · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 19, 1999 · N5532K · Destroyed
  > the pilots failure to maintain control of the aircraft. Factors were the aerobatic maneuvers performed by the pilot and the low altitude.
- [NTSB SEA99LA166](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA166.md): Pitts 11 · Iona, ID · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1999 · N11PU · Destroyed
  > The pilot-in-command's delayed recovery from a snap roll. A contributing factor was the low altitude at which the maneuver was initiated.
- [NTSB NYC99LA229](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC99LA229.md): Cessna 305A · Warehouse Point, CT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1999 · N86WM · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's misjudgment of the clearance between the airplane and the banner loop during banner pickup.
- [NTSB LAX99LA319](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99LA319.md): Bell OH58A · Salinas, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1999 · N5800K · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain an adequate clearance from all ground obstacles during a low altitude aerial application flight.
- [NTSB LAX99FA311](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99FA311.md): No American/Rogers B L P-51R · Reno, NV · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 18, 1999 · N57LR · Destroyed
  > The onset of a flutter event and the resultant separation of the rudder and empennage from the aircraft. The precipitating cause for the flutter could not be determined.
- [NTSB SEA99LA165](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA165.md): Piper PA-28-180 · Eatonville, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 17, 1999 · N7832N · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate inflight planning/preparation and terrain clearance not maintained. Mountainous terrain, cloudy conditions and delayed remedial action are factors
- [NTSB CHI99FA342](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99FA342.md): Piper PA-38-112 · Warrensburg, IL · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 17, 1999 · N9575T · Destroyed
  > Aircraft control not being maintained by the private pilot candidate and the inadequate supervision by the FAA Designated Examiner. Factors relating to the accident were the inadvertent spin, the unsuccessful remedial action attempted by the flightcrew, and…
- [NTSB MIA99LA257](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA257.md): Air Tractor AT-502B · Anguilla, MS · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 16, 1999 · N5092G · Substantial damage
  > The P3 air line disconnected at the P3 air filter housing, and a 'B' nut not being safetied by maintenance personnel, which resulted in a total loss of engine power.
- [NTSB CHI99FA343](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99FA343.md): Piper J-3 · Brookville, OH · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 16, 1999 · N3223N · Destroyed
  > the stall/spin encountered by the pilot. A factor was the intentional slow flight.
- [NTSB ATL99FA132](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99FA132.md): Continental Copters Tomcat MK5A · Heflin, AL · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 16, 1999 · N9010T · 2 aircraft · Destroyed
  > The pilot of N9010T's failure to maintain visual lookout while maneuvering, resulting in a midair collision with N30899. A factor was the sun glare.
- [NTSB ATL99LA129](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99LA129.md): Air Tractor AT-401 · Caledonia, MS · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 13, 1999 · N45205 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the fuel control gear train due to oil contamination. A factor was Inadequate maintenance.
- [NTSB SEA99LA159](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA159.md): Gentry Series 5 Vixen · Naples, ID · Accident · 2 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 12, 1999 · N199DG · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed during a turn back toward the departure surface, resulting in a stall.
- [NTSB LAX99LA305](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99LA305.md): Cessna 182J · Klamath, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 12, 1999 · N3348F · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power due to carburetor icing and the pilot's failure to use carburetor heat in conditions conducive to icing.
- [NTSB ATL99FA127](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99FA127.md): Gulfstream American AA-5A · Carthage, MS · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 11, 1999 · N26801 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot-in-command's failure to maintain altitude clearance while maneuvering. A factor was the pine trees.
- [NTSB ANC99LA140](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC99LA140.md): Eurocopter AS-350B-2 · Juneau, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 10, 1999 · N6052C · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain altitude/clearance. Factors associated with the accident were flat light conditions, snow-covered terrain, and self-induced pressure to continue the search.
- [NTSB SEA99LA157](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA157.md): Piper PA-23-160 · Hillsboro, OR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 9, 1999 · N4065P · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power due to fuel contamination.
- [NTSB LAX99TA299](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99TA299.md): Bell B212 · Bakersfield, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Final report · Sep 9, 1999 · N212AR · Destroyed
  > The failure of the pilot-in-command to maintain adequate visual surveillance to see and avoid power transmission wires known to be in the area.
- [NTSB CHI99LA334](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA334.md): Bell 206B · Nekoosa, WI · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 9, 1999 · N4010G · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's inadequate compensation for wind gusts. Factors were the wind gusts and the two vehicles parked nearby.
- [NTSB FTW99LA249](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA249.md): Air Tractor AT-502B · Seminole, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 6, 1999 · N5005G · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain obstacle clearance.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450/cases.md?page=114

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 450)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450/cases?page=113

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.
