# NTSB investigations: Maneuvering

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 177 of 377 · 18,850 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB FTW89DRG06](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW89DRG06.md): Hughes 269C · Rocksprings, TX · Accident · 1 fatal · Final report · May 18, 1989 · N58228 · Destroyed
  > The pilot diverted his attention from operation of the helicopter, failed to maintian proper rotor RPM, and failed to maintain altitude (clearance) above the ground, while maneuvering at low altitude. A contributing factor was his impairment from use of a…
- [NTSB SEA89LA088](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA89LA088.md): Bell 214B-1 · Ketchikan, AK · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 17, 1989 · N614RM · Substantial damage
  > The pilot misjudging clearance from trees during a hover descent.
- [NTSB SEA89LA087](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA89LA087.md): Bell 206B III · Lewiston, ID · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 17, 1989 · N5013C · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper use of the helicopter's flight controls. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's misjudgement of the external load characteristics.
- [NTSB FTW89DPJ04](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW89DPJ04.md): Fields Rotorway Exec · Oklahoma City, OK · Accident · Minor injuries · Final report · May 14, 1989 · N28276 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain proper altitude during the hover taxi.
- [NTSB DEN89DTM02](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN89DTM02.md): Hiller UH-12E · Mack, CO · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · May 13, 1989 · N5594N · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain proper altitude during a swath run.
- [NTSB NYC89DNE02](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC89DNE02.md): Smith Mini DSA-1 · Sterling, CT · Accident · 1 fatal · Final report · May 12, 1989 · N21H · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain control of the experimental aircraft while performing aerobatic maneuvers, and the aircraft's resultant uncontrolled descent into the ground.
- [NTSB ATL89DLT03](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL89DLT03.md): Bell 47 · Shelbyville, TN · Accident · No injuries · Final report · May 12, 1989 · N908B · Substantial damage
  > Failure in the rotor drive system for unknown reasons. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's inability to perform an autorotation.
- [NTSB MKC89FA107](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89FA107.md): Cessna 152 · Cottage Grove, MN · Accident · Serious injuries · Field investigation · Final report · May 11, 1989 · N5357Q · Substantial damage
  > Poor judgement of the pilot by flying while physically impaired from consumption of alcohol; and his failure to maintain adequate airspeed, while maneuvering, which resulted in an inadvertent stall and collision with wooded/hilly terrain.
- [NTSB MIA89FA146](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA89FA146.md): Piper PA-44-180 · Fort Pierce, FL · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 9, 1989 · N2231M · Destroyed
  > Inadequate supervision by the instructor pilot (CFI), and failure of the crew to maintain sufficient airspeed, which resulted in an inadvertent stall/spin and subsequent loss of engine power from possible interruption of fuel.
- [NTSB MKC89FA104](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89FA104.md): Callair A-9 · Hamilton, MO · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 7, 1989 · N3581G · Destroyed
  > The pilots failure to maintain control and prevent the airplane from descending while in a turn.
- [NTSB DEN89FA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN89FA117.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Livingston, MT · Accident · Serious injuries · Field investigation · Final report · May 7, 1989 · N7296J · Substantial damage
  > The poor judgement displayed by the pilot when he maneuvered the airplane at extremely low altitude over mountainous terrain. During the flight the pilot misjudged the pull-up required and struck trees.
- [NTSB ATL89DMG03](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL89DMG03.md): Smithgall Pitts Special S-1C · Fuquay-Varina, NC · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · May 7, 1989 · N7VC · Destroyed
  > Pilot did not maintain sufficient altitude to insure recovery from an aerobatic maneuver and spin.
- [NTSB LAX89FA181](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89FA181.md): Cessna 152 · Port San Luis, CA · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 6, 1989 · N6301M · Destroyed
  > Pilot failed to execute a 180 degree turn and inadvertently entered into instrument meteorological conditions.
- [NTSB FTW89LA092](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW89LA092.md): Bell 47L · Tulsa, OK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 6, 1989 · N6330D · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate supervision of the student by the instructor in that he allowed the student to overpower his control inputs after an unexpected gust of wind moved the tail of the helicopter.
- [NTSB FTW89FA091](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW89FA091.md): Aeronca 11AC · Paradise, TX · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 4, 1989 · N3226E · Destroyed
  > Loss of engine power for an undetermined reason, and failure of the pilot to maintain sufficient airspeed during the forced landing, which resulted in an inadvertent stall.
- [NTSB FTW89DQA04](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW89DQA04.md): Cessna A188B · Dell City, TX · Accident · 1 fatal · Final report · May 4, 1989 · N731FR · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to see and/or avoid the powerlines. Contributing factor(s) was: the early morning sunglare.
- [NTSB MIA89GA144](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA89GA144.md): Douglas C-47 · Summerland Key, FL · Accident · 2 fatal · Final report · May 3, 1989 · N28889 · Destroyed
  > The failure of the pilot-in-command to assure proper altitude and clearance was maintained above the terrain and trees. The trees and light condition at dusk were contributing factors.
- [NTSB CHI89LA082](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89LA082.md): Cessna 320D · Wixom, MI · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 1, 1989 · N132BC · Destroyed
  > Pilot's inattention to the fuel system during preflight and inadequate fuel system monitoring throughout the flight.
- [NTSB SEA89LA076](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA89LA076.md): Bell 47G3B2 · Milton-Freewtr, OR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 29, 1989 · N4072G · Substantial damage
  > Improper planning/decision by the pilot, which resulted in fuel exhaustion from an inadequate supply of fuel.
- [NTSB LAX89DVM02](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89DVM02.md): Hiller UH-12E · Salinas, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Final report · Apr 26, 1989 · N169HA · Substantial damage
  > The separation of the torsion coupling in the main rotor drive system.
- [NTSB MKC89FA094](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89FA094.md): Piper J3C · Ashland, NE · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Apr 22, 1989 · N33066 · Substantial damage
  > Poor judgement of the pilot by flying while physically impaired from alcohol consumption, and his failure to maintain adequate airspeed, while flying over a meandering river, which resulted in a stall. A contributing factor was the pilot's inadequate altitude…
- [NTSB LAX89FA165](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89FA165.md): Robinson R22 Beta · Stockton, CA · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Apr 20, 1989 · N26198 · Destroyed
  > Poor judgement of the pilot by flying while physically impaired from consumption of alcohol & drugs, and his failure to maintain proper altitude. The light condition (at night) and the obstructions (power lines and building) were considered to be contributing…
- [NTSB MIA89FA132](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA89FA132.md): Coutz Quickie Q-2 · Lake City, FL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Apr 16, 1989 · N13QT · Destroyed
  > Aircraft control was lost for an unknown reason.
- [NTSB SEA89LA086](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA89LA086.md): Aerospatiale AS-355-F2 · Las Vegas, NV · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 14, 1989 · N225CC · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's poor inflight decision in selecting an unsuitable area for practice landings and the pilot's inadequate visual lookout resulting in a tail rotor strike and loss of antitorque control.
- [NTSB LAX89LA169](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA169.md): Hiller UH-12D · Bolinas, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 14, 1989 · N14490 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's poor preflight planning in that he did not accurately account for the fuel on board the aircraft as a basis for fuel consumption calculations thereby causing the engine to stop producing power because of a lack of fuel. Contributing to the…
- [NTSB MKC89LA089](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89LA089.md): Grumman G-164A · Osceola, AR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 13, 1989 · N7245 · Substantial damage
  > Improper planning/decision by the pilot, and his misjudgement of clearance between the airplane, wires, and the ground during the aerial application maneuver. Factors relating to the accident were: the dirty windshield, sunglare, transmission line (wires),…
- [NTSB NYC89GA116](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC89GA116.md): Bell 206B · Airville, PA · Accident · 2 fatal · Final report · Apr 12, 1989 · N157P · Destroyed
  > The pilot was unable to see and avoid the unmarked power lines stretched across the river. A contributing factor was the lack of visual clues.
- [NTSB CHI89FA071](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89FA071.md): Sikorsky S-58T · Milwaukee, WI · Accident · Serious injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Apr 11, 1989 · N4247U · Substantial damage
  > Disconnect of the tailrotor drive shaft coupling.
- [NTSB LAX89LA155](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA155.md): Cessna 152 · Irwindale, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 10, 1989 · N25884 · Substantial damage
  > Improper procedure used by the certified flight instructor in simulating an engine failure. Contributing to this accident was the lack of total flight instruction experience of the flight instructor.
- [NTSB NYC89LA045](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC89LA045.md): Taylorcraft BC12-D · Gorham, ME · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 9, 1989 · N43561 · Destroyed
  > Failure of the pilot to maintain adequate airspeed when he diverted his attention during a low pass and allowed the aircraft to enter a stall/spin. The unfavorable wind was a factor.
- [NTSB FTW89DPJ03](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW89DPJ03.md): Air Tractor 301 · Jefferson, OK · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Apr 7, 1989 · N4369S · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power, due to a cracked number 4 cylinder. A factor related to the accident was: the terrace (dirt bank) in the emergency landing area.
- [NTSB ATL89FA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL89FA122.md): Cessna 182 · Luthersville, GA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Apr 6, 1989 · N5458B · Destroyed
  > Pilot's failure to take action that would prevent the formation of carburetor ice. Following the engine malfunction, the pilot did not configure the airplane so as to reduce the severity of the impact, I.e. extend the flaps and slow the airplane. Contributing…
- [NTSB ANC89FA057](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC89FA057.md): Bellanca 7GCBC · Eklutna, AK · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Apr 4, 1989 · N86836 · Destroyed
  > The pilot diverted his attention and failed to maintain adequate airspeed, which resulted in an inadvertent stall.
- [NTSB MKC89DCJ02](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89DCJ02.md): Schmahl Volksplane VP-1 · Papillion, NE · Accident · 1 fatal · Final report · Apr 2, 1989 · N81VP · Destroyed
  > The pilot failed to maintain the proper climb rate and inadvertently stalled the aircraft which entered an uncontrolled descent into an open field.
- [NTSB ATL89DKG02](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL89DKG02.md): Cessna A188B · Statesboro, GA · Accident · Minor injuries · Final report · Mar 30, 1989 · N9583G · Substantial damage
  > Improper inflight planning which allowed the engine to lose power due to fuel exhaustion.
- [NTSB NYC89LA110](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC89LA110.md): Robinson R-22B · Farmingdale, NY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 29, 1989 · N2553X · Substantial damage
  > Pilot's failure to control the altitude of the helicopter while demonstrating a quick stop maneuver to a student.
- [NTSB MIA89LA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA89LA117.md): Lee, David Velocity · Ponte Vedra Bch, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 29, 1989 · N81VA · Substantial damage
  > Failure through an oversight to remove the canard gap seals prior to aggravated stall testing which resulted in the aircraft entering an uncontrollable flight regime.
- [NTSB LAX89LA138](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA138.md): Cessna 150M · Mesa, AZ · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 29, 1989 · N7592U · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate visual lookout by the pilot, and his failure to maintain the proper altitude. Factors related to the accident were: the pilot's lack of visual perception at dusk, the transmission line, and the obstructions (tree & fence) in the emergency landing…
- [NTSB LAX89LA139](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89LA139.md): Cessna 172 · Santa Barbara, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 28, 1989 · N20356 · Substantial damage
  > The improper inflight planning/decisions by the plt when he decided to intentionally fly low over rough water in the pacific ocean and the partial loss of power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB LAX89FA133](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89FA133.md): Mooney M20F · San Andreas, CA · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Mar 26, 1989 · N9379M · Destroyed
  > Interruption of engine power for an undetermined reason, and failue of the pilot to maintain airspeed, which resulted in a stall/spin. A factor related to the accident was: lack of altitude to recover from the stall/spin.
- [NTSB MKC89LA085](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89LA085.md): Grumman G-164A · Advance, MO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 25, 1989 · N48385 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate visual lookout resulting in his failure to see power lines in time to avoid them. Contributing to the accident was the reduced visibility due to fog.
- [NTSB MIA89FA115](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA89FA115.md): Bellanca 7KCAB · Daytona Bch Shr, FL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Mar 25, 1989 · N90985 · Destroyed
  > In-flight loss of control while maneuvering to reverse direction due the failure of the pilot to maintain adequate airspeed during the 'steep turn.'
- [NTSB MKC89FA083](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89FA083.md): Piper PA-38-112 · Mayflower, AR · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Mar 24, 1989 · N2604N · Substantial damage
  > The pilots failure to maintain airspeed (vs), and inadvertant entry into a stall with necessary remedial action not understood.
- [NTSB DEN89LA090](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN89LA090.md): Bell 222 · Leadville, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 23, 1989 · N5008Q · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the pilot to compensate adequately for wind conditions with rudder pedals while maneuvering in unfavorable wind and high density altitude.
- [NTSB CHI89FA061](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI89FA061.md): Cessna 150M · Corunna, MI · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Mar 22, 1989 · N66688 · Destroyed
  > The failure of the student pilot to maintain sufficient altitude to recover from a practice stall maneuver. A factor related to the accident was: the pilot's visual perception over snow covered terrain.
- [NTSB LAX89DVA05](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX89DVA05.md): Grumman G-164B · Westley, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · Mar 18, 1989 · N6713Q · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. A factor related to the accident was the proximity of obstructions.
- [NTSB MKC89LA080](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89LA080.md): Callair A9-B · Fisher, AR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 13, 1989 · N7701V · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the engine magneto resulting in engine failure.
- [NTSB MKC89LA079](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MKC89LA079.md): Grumman G-164A · Stuttgart, AR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 11, 1989 · N9874 · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the engine blower assembly drive shaft, while maneuvering at low altitude, and failure of the pilot to maintain adequate airspeed, which resulted in a stall before he could land.
- [NTSB ATL89LA101](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL89LA101.md): Champion 7KCAB · Steubenville, OH · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 11, 1989 · N12208 · Substantial damage
  > The rudder control cable failed which rendered the control surface inoperative. The loss of rudder precluded the pilot from maintaining directional control after landing.
- [NTSB MIA89FA101](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA89FA101.md): North American T-28C · Titusville, FL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Mar 10, 1989 · N775CH · Destroyed
  > The pilot's improper execution of an aerobatic maneuver resulting in inadequate airspeed and loss of control.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450/cases.md?page=178

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 450)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450/cases?page=177

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain, except the copies of manufacturers’ service documents, which belong to their rights holders.