# NTSB investigations: Maneuvering

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 81 of 378 · 18,851 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB NYC06LA167](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC06LA167.md): Bellanca 7GCBC · Toms River, NJ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 2006 · N50619 · Substantial damage
  > Carburetor icing, and the pilot's delayed application of carburetor heat, which resulted in a loss of engine power, and subsequent force landing. A factor in the accident was carburetor icing conditions.
- [NTSB SEA06LA135](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA06LA135.md): Hughes 369D · Moab, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 30, 2006 · N369PB · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the collective bungee support bracket due to non-compliance with a service information notice, which resulted in the pilot executing a precautionary autorotative landing. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the landing.
- [NTSB CHI06FA173](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI06FA173.md): Bell 206B · Walford, IA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 30, 2006 · N2877F · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from powerlines. The powerlines were a factor.
- [NTSB LAX06CA221](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX06CA221.md): Robinson R-44 · Fresno, CA · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 29, 2006 · N52EP · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain directional control following a loss of tail rotor effectiveness while in a downwind hover.
- [NTSB LAX06LA220](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX06LA220.md): Bell 206B · Chino Hills, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 28, 2006 · N205LA · Substantial damage
  > A loss of aircraft control for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB ANC06FA080](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC06FA080.md): Piper PA-12 · Cooper Landing, AK · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 28, 2006 · N7658H · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed while performing a low level pass, which resulted in an uncontrolled descent and collision with terrain. A factor contributing to the accident was an inadvertent stall.
- [NTSB CHI06LA163](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI06LA163.md): Varga 2150A · Columbus, WI · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 25, 2006 · N8267J · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate clearance from the trees during the attempted low altitude pass along the river. Contributing factors were the intentional low altitude flight maneuver, the pilot's improper decision to attempt that maneuver, and his…
- [NTSB SEA06FA126](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA06FA126.md): Pilatus PC-12/47 · Big Timber, MT · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 24, 2006 · N768H · Destroyed
  > The flight instructor's failure to maintain an adequate airspeed while maneuvering, which led to an inadvertent stall.
- [NTSB NYC06FA154](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC06FA154.md): Cessna 172N · Newry, ME · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 22, 2006 · N572BA · Destroyed
  > The flight instructor's failure to maintain altitude/clearance while maneuvering, which resulted in an impact with trees.
- [NTSB CHI06CA162](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI06CA162.md): Weatherly 201B · Bowbells, ND · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 22, 2006 · N1263W · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance to the rising terrain while maneuvering during the agricultural application flight. Contirbuting factors were the low altitude operation and the rising terrain.
- [NTSB ANC06LA073](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC06LA073.md): MBB BK 117A-3 · Ponce de Leon, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 22, 2006 · N913EF · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from objects while hovering in ground effect, which resulted in an in-flight collision with a tree. Factors associated with the accident were loose, sand-covered terrain, and the operator's failure to ensure that the…
- [NTSB SEA06LA124](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA06LA124.md): Hughes 369D · Salt Lake City, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 20, 2006 · N88SE · Substantial damage
  > A loss of rotor rpm for undetermined reasons, resulting in a hard landing on top of the commercial building over which the helicopter was working.
- [NTSB DFW06LA163](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW06LA163.md): Ayres S2R-T34 · Colt, AR · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 20, 2006 · N2292J · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with the ground during an aerial application flight.
- [NTSB LAX06FA206](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX06FA206.md): Cessna 180 · Payson, AZ · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 2006 · N1535C · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the terrain during a low level flyby maneuver. A factor was glare from the sun and shadows created by the mountainous terrain.
- [NTSB CHI06LA157](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI06LA157.md): Good RV-6A · Peru, IL · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 2006 · N86CG · 2 aircraft · Destroyed
  > Failure of the pilot of the second airplane in the formation to maintain clearance with the lead airplane during the overhead recovery maneuver prior to landing.
- [NTSB SEA06FA119](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA06FA119.md): Cessna 180 · Agness, OR · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 17, 2006 · N38SP · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain obstacle clearance while maneuvering at low altitude, which resulted in an in-flight collision with a tree and subsequent collision with rocky terrain. A contributing factor was the sun glare.
- [NTSB CHI06CA155](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI06CA155.md): McFarland Rotorway Exec · Mooresville, IN · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 17, 2006 · N9164X · Destroyed
  > An in-flight fire for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB NYC06CA172](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC06CA172.md): Rotorway 162-F · Brookhaven, NY · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 16, 2006 · N549AB · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot inadvertently allowing the skids to contact the ground resulting in dynamic rollover.
- [NTSB NYC06LA144](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC06LA144.md): Taylorcraft BC12-D · Mayville, NY · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 13, 2006 · N96486 · Substantial damage
  > The flight instructor's improper decision to attempt a simulated engine failure at a low altitude and her failure to maintain clearance from trees and wires, while maneuvering. Also causal was the flight instructor's impairment from prescription medication.
- [NTSB ATL06CA091](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL06CA091.md): Kearn Breezy · Dover, NC · Accident · Serious injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 12, 2006 · N15WK · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to ensure the airplane contained adequate fuel for the flight resulting in a loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion.
- [NTSB LAX06LA204](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX06LA204.md): Cessna 152 · Camarillo, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 11, 2006 · N452WC · Substantial damage
  > a loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. A factor was the soft terrain encountered during the emergency landing.
- [NTSB SEA06FA115](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA06FA115.md): Cessna TU206G · Mullan, ID · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 8, 2006 · N5136X · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's VFR flight into IMC and his subsequent failure to maintain terrain clearance. The pilot's inadequate inflight planning/decision, mountain obscuration, trees and high terrain were factors.
- [NTSB LAX06LA198](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX06LA198.md): Cessna 182B · El Dorado, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 8, 2006 · N2404G · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power for undetermined reasons and encounter with trees during the forced landing.
- [NTSB LAX06FA200](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX06FA200.md): Cessna 152 · Peoria, AZ · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 8, 2006 · N627PA · Substantial damage
  > the failure of both the flight instructor and student pilot to regain control of the airplane in a timely manner during an intentional spin maneuver, resulting in a collision with terrain. A factor in the accident was the instructor's inadequate supervision…
- [NTSB DFW06CA156](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW06CA156.md): Campbell W/Smiley J Execytive 162F · Porter, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 8, 2006 · N17VH · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's loss of control after encountering dynamic rollover while hovering.
- [NTSB SEA06LA109](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA06LA109.md): Piper PA-28-160 · Laurel, MT · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 2, 2006 · N1123W · Substantial damage
  > The failure of maintenance personnel to properly reinstall the left-hand control yoke to the left-hand control column, and the failure of other maintenance personnel to properly verify the installation, which resulted in the pilot's loss of control in flight…
- [NTSB DFW06CA150](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW06CA150.md): Grumman G-164B · Alex, OK · Accident · Serious injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 2, 2006 · N8225K · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the power transmission line(s). A contributing factor was the low altitude selected by the pilot.
- [NTSB ANC06LA067](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC06LA067.md): Cessna 182 · Chenega Bay, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 2, 2006 · N21545 · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power for an undetermined reason while maneuvering at low level over a beach, which resulted in an in-flight collision with rough terrain and a nose over. A factor in the accident was the rough/uneven terrain.
- [NTSB SEA06LA112](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA06LA112.md): de Havilland DHC-3T · Port Townsend, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 1, 2006 · N606KA · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's misjudgment of the airplane's height above the water during a precautionary landing which resulted in a hard landing. Contributing factors were glassy water conditions, fog, and the pilot's inadvertent VFR flight into IMC.
- [NTSB DFW06CA158](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW06CA158.md): Ayres S2R-600 · Childress, TX · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 1, 2006 · N70AF · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inability to maintain directional control while landing due to the failure of the rudder horn due to corrosion.
- [NTSB ANC06LA066](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC06LA066.md): Bell 206L-1 · Juneau, AK · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 1, 2006 · N45RP · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate altitude/clearance from terrain while maneuvering in adverse weather conditions. Factors associated with the accident are the pilot's decision to continue flight into adverse weather, fog, whiteout and flat light…
- [NTSB NYC06LA142](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC06LA142.md): Weatherly 201B · Southampton, NJ · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 31, 2006 · N1281W · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the engine's supercharger, which resulted in a loss of engine power, and subsequent forced landing.
- [NTSB DEN06CA079](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN06CA079.md): Cessna T210N · Santa Fe, NM · Accident · Serious injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 29, 2006 · N7353C · Substantial damage
  > the loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion. Contributing factors were the pilot's inadequate preflight planning and failure to refuel the airplane.
- [NTSB ATL06CA088](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL06CA088.md): Bellanca 7ECA · Gadsden, AL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 29, 2006 · N99NR · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain a visual lookout,while maneuvering at a low altitude resulting in an in-flight collision with a powerline.
- [NTSB SEA06CA107](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA06CA107.md): Taplin Avid Flyer · Grants Pass, OR · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 28, 2006 · N537MF · Substantial damage
  > The partial loss of engine power for undertermined reasons, resulting in a forced landing and substantial damage to the airplane. A contributing factor was the transmission wire.
- [NTSB NYC06LA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC06LA122.md): Hughes 369HS · Mattituck, NY · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 28, 2006 · N9244F · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power due to undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB NYC06CA125](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC06CA125.md): Robinson R-22 · Sanford, ME · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 28, 2006 · N720RJ · Substantial damage
  > The flight instructor's inadvertent encounter with settling-with-power, which resulted in a hard landing, and subsequent roll-over. A factor in the accident was the tailwind.
- [NTSB DFW06LA141](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW06LA141.md): Robinson R44 · Payne Springs, TX · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 28, 2006 · N42KJ · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB DFW06FA140](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW06FA140.md): Aviat A-1B · Edna, TX · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 27, 2006 · N166MA · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's ostentatious display while maneuvering at low altitude which resulted in an inadvertent stall/spin and subsequent impact with the water.
- [NTSB ATL06LA085](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL06LA085.md): Hughes 269A · Concord, NC · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 26, 2006 · N269RS · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons while maneuvering, resulting in a forced landing to uneven terrain and a roll over.
- [NTSB LAX06CA180](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX06CA180.md): Bell 47-G5 · Soledad, CA · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 23, 2006 · N4741R · Substantial damage
  > fuel exhaustion due to the pilot's inaccurate fuel consumption calculations and failure to refuel the helicopter which resulted in a loss of engine power.
- [NTSB SEA06CA101](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA06CA101.md): Ercoupe 415-C · Vaughn, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 20, 2006 · N2426H · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power due to carburetor ice. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB ANC06CA055](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC06CA055.md): Rockwell International S-2R · Perry, FL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 18, 2006 · N5596X · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to refuel the airplane before fuel exhaustion, which resulted in a loss of engine power while maneuvering, and a subsequent forced landing and collision with trees.
- [NTSB ATL06LA079](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL06LA079.md): Taylor Skybolt · Sharpsburg, GA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · May 14, 2006 · N78BJ · Destroyed
  > The pilot's loss of control while conducting aerobatic flight. Factors in the accident were the pilot's ostentatious display, and lack of recent and total experience in type of operation.
- [NTSB NYC06LA115](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC06LA115.md): Embraer 145LR · Winchester, VA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 13, 2006 · N653AE · No damage
  > The passenger's failure to heed the flight attendant warning and the seat belt sign. A factor was the turbulence.
- [NTSB MIA06LA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA06LA106.md): Piper PA-23-250 · Caribbean Sea · Accident · 2 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · May 10, 2006 · N5033Y · Destroyed
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain control of the airplane. A contributing factor in the accident was the spatial disorientation of the pilot, resulting in the in-flight loss of control.
- [NTSB DFW06CA123](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW06CA123.md): Bell 47G-2 · Rosenberg, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 10, 2006 · N993B · Substantial damage
  > The pilots encounter with loss of tail rotor effectiveness during an aerial application flight. A contributing factor was the gusty winds.
- [NTSB ATL06FA076](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL06FA076.md): Piper PA60-602P · Camp Hill, AL · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 10, 2006 · N68999 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's continued flight into known thunderstorms resulting in an in-flight break up. A factor in the accident was air traffic controller's failure to issue extreme weather radar echo intensity information displayed on the controller's radar to the pilot.
- [NTSB DFW06LA121](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW06LA121.md): Air Tractor AT-802A · Jasper, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 1, 2006 · N8504T · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable landing for the pilot to execute the forced landing.
- [NTSB LAX06LA151](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX06LA151.md): Schempp-Hirth Discus B · Minden, NV · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 29, 2006 · N13SG · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain an adequate airspeed, which resulted in an inadvertent stall. A factor was the loss of thermal lift.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450/cases.md?page=82

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 450)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450/cases?page=81

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.
