# NTSB investigations: Maneuvering

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 85 of 378 · 18,851 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB DFW05LA179](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05LA179.md): Air Tractor AT-502B · Hickory Ridge, AR · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 12, 2005 · N9086V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with terrain during aerial application.
- [NTSB CHI05CA183](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI05CA183.md): Rockwell S-2R · Guelph, ND · Accident · Serious injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jul 12, 2005 · N4232X · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance to the guy wire during the agricultural application pass. Contributing factors were the guy wire, and low altitude flight.
- [NTSB NYC05FA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC05FA117.md): Carlstrom Long EZ · Lewes, DE · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 10, 2005 · N78LC · 2 aircraft · Destroyed
  > The Long EZ pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the RV-8 airplane, which resulted in a mid-air collision during a formation flight.
- [NTSB ATL05LA126](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL05LA126.md): Ellsworth Sky Bolt · Cumming, GA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 9, 2005 · N250SE · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper fuel management while maneuvering resulting in a total loss of engine power due to fuel starvation.
- [NTSB MIA05CA133](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA05CA133.md): Robinson R44 · St. Cloud, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jul 7, 2005 · N90SG · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain clearance with a palm tree resulting in the in-flight collision with it, and subsequent uncontrolled descent and in-flight collision with the ground.
- [NTSB SEA05LA138](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA05LA138.md): Bell 47G-2A · Oroville, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 5, 2005 · N38926 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the throttle cable housing, which permitted the engine's RPM to decay to the idle position. Contributing factors were the trees and the lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing.
- [NTSB IAD05LA094](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD05LA094.md): Consolidated Aeronautics Lake LA-4-200 · Conesus, NY · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 5, 2005 · N6028V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed, which resulted in an inadvertent stall and collision with terrain.
- [NTSB CHI05LA164](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI05LA164.md): Rockwell S-2R · Bristol, SD · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 5, 2005 · N3211R · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with the static lines between the transmission towers. A factor associated with the accident were the static lines.
- [NTSB NYC05LA113](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC05LA113.md): Meyer Atlantis · Pittstown, NJ · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 4, 2005 · N98Y · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from power lines, while returning to the airport after takeoff.
- [NTSB LAX05LA224](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX05LA224.md): Schleicher ASW-20 · Big Pine, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 3, 2005 · N31AP · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to maintain an adequate terrain clearance altitude and his decision to turn toward higher terrain.
- [NTSB ANC05LA094](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC05LA094.md): Bellanca 7GCAA · Whittier, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 3, 2005 · N8626V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's becoming lost/disoriented while maneuvering due to inadequate in-flight planning/decision making, which resulted in fuel exhaustion and a forced landing in tree-covered terrain. A factor contributing to the accident was fuel exhaustion.
- [NTSB MIA05LA129](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA05LA129.md): Cessna 172S · Glen Saint Mary, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 2005 · N53269 · Substantial damage
  > The separation of a plastic sleeve off the idle stop of the servo fuel injector for undetermined reasons resulting in decreased fuel flow and subsequent total loss of engine power.
- [NTSB DFW05CA177](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05CA177.md): Grumman-Schweizer G-164C · Gillett, AR · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jul 1, 2005 · N6626K · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power resulting from a disconnected discharge pressure line at the fuel control unit. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB DEN05LA102](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN05LA102.md): Enstrom 480B · Scofield, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 29, 2005 · N480EH · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain control of the helicopter. Contributing factor's include the pilot's failure to maintain clearance from terrain.
- [NTSB SEA05LA128](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA05LA128.md): Ellsberg One Design · Madras, OR · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 25, 2005 · N555TE · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain altitude/clearance from terrain while performing aerobatics which resulted in a collision with the ground.
- [NTSB SEA05CA132](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA05CA132.md): Weatherly 620B · Teton, ID · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 25, 2005 · N2021V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from power transmission lines while maneuvering.
- [NTSB IAD05LA084](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD05LA084.md): Bell 206B · Cleveland, OH · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 25, 2005 · N1212N · Substantial damage
  > A failure of the main drive shaft for undetermined reasons, which resulted in a total loss of engine power. A factor was pilot's improper flare, which resulted in a hard landing.
- [NTSB CHI05CA159](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI05CA159.md): Robinson R22 Beta · Osage Beach, MO · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 25, 2005 · N7195L · Destroyed
  > The pilot not maintaining clearance from the water while maneuvering for photographs.
- [NTSB IAD05LA083](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD05LA083.md): Titan Tornado · Bath, PA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 2005 · UNREG · Destroyed
  > The pilot/owner's failure to maintain adequate airspeed following a loss of engine power, which resulted in an inadvertent stall/spin. Factors in the accident were the stripped spark plug threads, and an inadequate preflight inspection by the pilot/owner.
- [NTSB DFW05LA171](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05LA171.md): Cessna A188B · Piggott, AR · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 2005 · N9071R · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed resulting in an inadvertent stall.
- [NTSB ATL05LA111](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL05LA111.md): Piper J3C-65 · Yadkinville, NC · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 2005 · N6912H · Substantial damage
  > The pilots failure to maintain adequate clearance from object and inadequate visual look-out while maneuvering resulted in an in-flight collision with power lines.
- [NTSB ATL05LA110](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL05LA110.md): Casten Rans S-10 · Perry, SC · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 2005 · N327AN · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power due to fuel starvation as a result of the pilot mismanagement. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed resulting in a stall during the forced landing.
- [NTSB DFW05CA172](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05CA172.md): Garlick Helicopters OH-58A+ · Graham, TX · Accident · Serious injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 22, 2005 · N372NS · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with the wire while maneuvering during an aerial application flight. Low altitude flight is a contributing factor.
- [NTSB SEA05CA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA05CA122.md): Bell 47G-3B-1 · Brewster, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 19, 2005 · N8554F · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadvertent anti-torque pedal input, which resulted in a loss of control and collision with trees while hovering.
- [NTSB NYC05FA100](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC05FA100.md): Cessna 182Q · Stockholm, NJ · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 19, 2005 · N21005 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control while maneuvering, which resulted in an uncontrolled descent and impact with the ground. Factors in this accident were clouds, and the pilot's spatial disorientation.
- [NTSB CHI05LA149](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI05LA149.md): Cessna 188 · Senath, MO · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 19, 2005 · N9778G · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the tower guy wires. A factor was the extra antenna guy wire.
- [NTSB IAD05MA078](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD05MA078.md): Sikorsky S-76C · New York, NY · Accident · Serious injuries · Major investigation · Final report · Jun 17, 2005 · N317MY · Substantial damage
  > An inadvertent encounter with a left quartering tailwind. Factors in the accident were settling with power, the high gross weight of the helicopter, and the crew's failure to accurately assess the winds in the area.
- [NTSB DFW05LA162](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05LA162.md): Wsk-Pzl Mielec M18B · Eudora, AR · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 17, 2005 · N16836 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the tree.
- [NTSB CHI05LA148](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI05LA148.md): Reay Titan Tornado II · Winsted, MN · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 17, 2005 · N122AR · Destroyed
  > The pilot performed an unauthorized aerobatic loop and failed to maintain control of the airplane.
- [NTSB IAD05LA077](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD05LA077.md): Piper PA-25-260 · Southampton, NJ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 15, 2005 · N4754Y · Substantial damage
  > A lack of lubrication for undetermined reasons which resulted in the failure of the Nos. 4 and 5 connecting rods, and a subsequent total loss of engine power. A factor in the accident was the furrowed cornfield.
- [NTSB LAX05LA204](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX05LA204.md): Bellanca 7GCBC · Woodfords, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 14, 2005 · N8634 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain an adequate airspeed while turning in strong wind conditions, which resulted in a stall/spin. A factor in the accident was the high density altitude.
- [NTSB NYC05LA096](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC05LA096.md): Hall Maxair Drifter · Gloucester, VA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 12, 2005 · N9238V · Substantial damage
  > The in-flight separation of the empennage, which resulted in a loss of control and subsequent impact with the ground.
- [NTSB LAX05CA200](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX05CA200.md): Aviat Pitts S-1T · Fillmore, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 12, 2005 · N647J · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to affect timely recovery from an intentional inverted flat spin.
- [NTSB SEA05LA114](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA05LA114.md): Avia Stroitel AC-4B · Wenatchee, WA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 11, 2005 · N1198Z · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain terrain clearance for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB DFW05CA166](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05CA166.md): Rockwell International S-2R · Watson, AR · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 11, 2005 · N8856Q · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons and the pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed which resulted in a stall.
- [NTSB DFW05CA155](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05CA155.md): Cessna A188B · Goodlett, TX · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 11, 2005 · N4919R · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable terrain (soft) for the forced landing.
- [NTSB DFW05CA176](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05CA176.md): Cessna A188B · Truman, AR · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 10, 2005 · N4842R · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with the power lines while maneuvering during an aerial application flight. A contributing factor was the sunglare.
- [NTSB DEN05CA085](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN05CA085.md): Robinson R22 Beta II · Wallsburg, UT · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 7, 2005 · N993RW · Substantial damage
  > the flight instructor's inadequate in-flight planning and decision making and failure to maintain aircraft control. Contributing factor's include the flight instructor's inadequate supervision of the flight, the student pilot's failure to maintain rotor rpm,…
- [NTSB LAX05GA192](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX05GA192.md): Eurocopter AS 350 B2 · Bisbee, AZ · Accident · Serious injuries · Final report · Jun 2, 2005 · N5205F · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain an adequate forward airspeed, which resulted in an in-flight loss of control due to a loss of tail rotor effectiveness, while operating near the out of ground effect hover capability of the helicopter. Contributing factors to…
- [NTSB DFW05CA144](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05CA144.md): Hughes 269A · Sherman, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jun 1, 2005 · N62269 · Substantial damage
  > The applicant's failure to maintain directional control of the helicopter during a simulated power failure from a hover and the FAA inspector's delayed remedial action resulted in a dynamic rollover.
- [NTSB DFW05LA140](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05LA140.md): Debus/Mountain/Bowes Debus-Casst-Snoshoo · Oklahoma City, OK · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 29, 2005 · N102MB · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain airspeed which resulted in an inadvertent stall. A contributing factor was the loss of engine power as result of the fracture of the number two piston to crankshaft connecting rod.
- [NTSB LAX05FA189](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX05FA189.md): Robinson R44 · Lucerne Valley, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Field investigation · Final report · May 28, 2005 · N7015Q · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to maintain adequate main rotor rpm and directional control while maneuvering at low altitude. Contributing factors in the accident were the helicopter's gross weight in excess of the maximum hover out of ground effect limit, a high…
- [NTSB DFW05LA138](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05LA138.md): Stearman D75 · Taylor, TX · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · May 28, 2005 · N56259 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from an unmarked transmission line. A contributing factor was low altitude selected by the pilot.
- [NTSB LAX05LA187](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX05LA187.md): Bell 47G-4A · Bakersfield, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 25, 2005 · N110DT · Destroyed
  > the pilot's inadequate visual lookout and failure to maintain clearance from the power lines.
- [NTSB DFW05CA132](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05CA132.md): Weatherly 201B · Tornillo, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · May 24, 2005 · N1284W · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power as result of the failure of a cylinder.
- [NTSB DEN05LA082](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN05LA082.md): Robinson R22 Beta · Provo, UT · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · May 23, 2005 · N553SH · Substantial damage
  > the dual student’s failure to maintain adequate rotor rpm and the inadequate supervision by the instructor.
- [NTSB ATL05FA086](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL05FA086.md): Piper PA-18-135 · Conway, SC · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 23, 2005 · N9951Q · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain airspeed while maneuvering after releasing a banner aerial sign, resulting in an inadvertent stall and collision with the ground. A factor in the accident was the flight instructor's improper supervision of the pilot receiving…
- [NTSB NYC05FA086](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC05FA086.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Edinburg, OH · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 22, 2005 · N217AW · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control.
- [NTSB IAD05FA067](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD05FA067.md): Cessna 172S · Brooklyn, NY · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 21, 2005 · N778LP · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed, which resulted in an inadvertent stall and subsequent impact with terrain.
- [NTSB DFW05LA126](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DFW05LA126.md): Air Tractor AT-602 · Ralls, TX · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · May 19, 2005 · N9017Z · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the antenna tower. Contributing factors were the recency of the tower's construction and the lack of obstruction lights on the tower.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450/cases.md?page=86

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 450)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450/cases?page=85

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.