# NTSB investigations, 1998: Maneuvering

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 1 of 6 · 259 cases

## Latest cases

- [NTSB FTW99GA061](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99GA061.md): Hughes OH-6A · Laredo, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Final report · Dec 27, 1998 · N6638R · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power as result of the failure of the power turbine governor. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain available to the pilot for the forced landing.
- [NTSB CHI99FA053](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99FA053.md): Cessna C-172R · Angola, IN · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Dec 25, 1998 · N989CP · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB LAX99FA058](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99FA058.md): Cessna 150L · Yucaipa, CA · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Dec 24, 1998 · N11829 · Destroyed
  > The flight instructor's failure to maintain control of the airplane.
- [NTSB LAX99FA057](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99FA057.md): Bell UH-1H · Quincy, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Dec 23, 1998 · N4590 · Destroyed
  > An inaccurate exhaust gas temperature gauge, that allowed the engine to be run over-temperature unknowingly by the pilot, which resulted in the subsequent failure of the turbine sections. Also causal was the pilot's failure to maintain rotor RPM during the…
- [NTSB LAX99FA053](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99FA053.md): Piper PA-28-181 · Santa Clarita, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Dec 19, 1998 · N6272J · Destroyed
  > the pilot's failure to maintain control of the aircraft. Factors were the night weather conditions and the lack of total and recent instrument flight time.
- [NTSB SEA99LA020](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA020.md): Garlick UH-1H · Darrington, WA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Dec 14, 1998 · N94NW · Substantial damage
  > The total separation of the vertical fin (stabilizer), as the result of fatigue cracks which initiated in the fourth rivet hole above where the fin extends from the tailboom.
- [NTSB SEA99FA018](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99FA018.md): Hughes 369D · Taholah, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Dec 8, 1998 · N1096L · Substantial damage
  > Turbine wheel failure as the result of a low-cycle fatigue crack that initiated in a beyond-limits grinding gouge. Factors include improper maintenance by unknown parties and tree stumps that prohibited a successful emergency landing.
- [NTSB FTW99TA046](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99TA046.md): Bell OH-58A · N. Little Rock, AR · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Dec 7, 1998 · N900PD · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. Factors were the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing and the dark night light condition.
- [NTSB SEA99LA019](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA019.md): Robinson R-22B · Carnation, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Dec 6, 1998 · N2304W · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with a wire. Related factors were the pilot's performance of a low pass, a transmission wire, and difficulty encountered by the pilot in detecting the wire visually.
- [NTSB CHI99LA046](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA046.md): Grumman G-164B · Naponee, NE · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Dec 3, 1998 · N6676Q · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to identify the wires prior to spraying the field and the low altitude at which the pilot was flying. A factor was the wires which the airplane contacted.
- [NTSB FTW99LA042](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA042.md): Holiman Pietenpol Aircamper · England, AR · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Dec 2, 1998 · N396S · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with the powerline while maneuvering.
- [NTSB CHI99FA042](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99FA042.md): Cessna 172F · Coleman, WI · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Nov 29, 1998 · N72RE · Destroyed
  > pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the trees and his intentional flight into IMC conditions. Factors contributing to this accident were the pilot's lack of instrument certification, his becoming lost in the poor weather, his inadequate preparation for…
- [NTSB SEA99LA017](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA017.md): Champion 7ECA · Jardine, MT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 27, 1998 · N8306V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot-in-command's failure to maintain adequate clearance with trees and terrain. Contributing factors were unfavorable winds, mountainous terrain and trees.
- [NTSB MIA99LA037](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA037.md): Cessna 150F · New Brockton, AL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 26, 1998 · N3060X · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to perform fuel consumption calculations for the flight, resulting in a total power failure due to fuel exhaustion, and subsequent forced landing in soft terrain. Contributing factors in this accident were inadequate pre-flight planning…
- [NTSB FTW99LA034](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA034.md): Stanton Staros SA 260 · Marion, TX · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 24, 1998 · N540HC · Destroyed
  > The fuel leak for an undetermined reason which resulted in an in-flight fire.
- [NTSB FTW99LA031](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA031.md): Air Tractor AT-400A · Bunkie, LA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 19, 1998 · N23787 · Substantial damage
  > The total loss of engine power for an undetermined reason. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.
- [NTSB FTW99LA030](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA030.md): Rockwell S-2R · Alexandria, LA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 18, 1998 · N4938X · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with the water during the turnaround maneuver. A factor was the haze over the river.
- [NTSB NYC99LA025](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC99LA025.md): Horner-Ryan Wichawk · Pine Island, NY · Accident · 2 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 14, 1998 · N30HR · Destroyed
  > The pilot-in-command's failure to maintain control while maneuvering.
- [NTSB LAX99LA030](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99LA030.md): Cessna 172N · Prescott, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 13, 1998 · N2401E · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the flight instructor to provide adequate supervision of the student pilot during a simulated emergency landing.
- [NTSB MIA99LA033](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA033.md): Cessna 152 · Coral Springs, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 12, 1998 · N65611 · Substantial damage
  > The delay by the pilot to obtain proper assistance after becoming lost/disoriented resulting in total loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's lack of total experience.
- [NTSB ATL99LA017](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99LA017.md): Grumman-Schweizer G164B · Cuthbert, GA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 11, 1998 · N6656Q · Destroyed
  > The fatigue failure of the accessory gear shaft which resulted in fuel starvation and the loss of engine power. A factors was the fuel system filter restriction.
- [NTSB MIA99LA022](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA022.md): Ferguson Rans S-10 Sakota · Pisgah, MS · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Nov 1, 1998 · N383FF · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control during a low altitude maneuver resulting in the aircraft's uncontrollable descent until impact with the terrain.
- [NTSB MIA99LA019](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA019.md): Cessna 152 · Douglasville, GA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 28, 1998 · N25037 · Destroyed
  > Failure of the no. 1 cylinder exhaust valve guide due to erosion, which resulted in separation of the exhaust valve head, loss of engine power, and collision with a power pole during a forced landing on unsuitable terrain.
- [NTSB SEA99LA005](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA005.md): Robinson R-22 · Scappoose, OR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 22, 1998 · N474BC · Substantial damage
  > Aircraft control was not maintained. Inadequate remedial action is a factor.
- [NTSB DEN99TA013](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN99TA013.md): Air Tractor AT-400 · Aztec, NM · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Oct 19, 1998 · N73080 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate preflight inspection of the airplane. Factors were the unsecured oil dipstick, the loss of engine oil pressure necessitating a precautionary landing on unsuitable terrain, and the collision with the tree.
- [NTSB MIA99LA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA008.md): Ryan ST3KR · Rossville, TN · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 14, 1998 · N59514 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain airspeed (VSO) while maneuvering in a recovery from a spin.
- [NTSB ATL99LA009](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99LA009.md): Air Tractor AT502B · Bainbridge, GA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 12, 1998 · N6037N · Destroyed
  > The pilot's inadequate visual lookout which resulted in a collision with an irrigation unit located in the field.
- [NTSB LAX99LA008](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99LA008.md): Stearman E75 · Oakland, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 11, 1998 · N770WM · Substantial damage
  > A loss of engine power due to the pilot's inadvertent entry into a negative 'g' condition, which induced a temporary interruption of the fuel supply.
- [NTSB FTW99FA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99FA006.md): Cessna 172M · Oklahoma City, OK · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 11, 1998 · N172JF · Destroyed
  > Suicide.
- [NTSB CHI99LA005](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA005.md): Piper J3C-65 · New Holstein, WI · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 11, 1998 · N70880 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot-in-command's intentional low altitude maneuver and his ostentatious display. A factor was his allowing the airplane to enter an inadvertent stall.
- [NTSB IAD99LA007](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD99LA007.md): Piper J3C-65 · Waynesville, OH · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 1998 · N70968 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed which resulted in an inadvertent stall.
- [NTSB FTW99LA007](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA007.md): Painton Loehle Aviation 5151 · Osceola, AR · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 1998 · N81029 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control due to incapacitation as a result of hypertensive arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
- [NTSB DEN99FA009](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN99FA009.md): Piper PA-28-181 · Montrose, CO · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 1998 · N39663 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's improper inflight planning/decision. Factors were a reduction in the airplane's climb and turn capabilities, the aft c.g. limit being exceeded, and the pilot's lack of familiarity with the geographic area and his lack of experience in the airplane…
- [NTSB CHI99LA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA006.md): Schweizer 269C · Oshkosh, NE · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 1998 · N151KC · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain control of the helicopter. Factors associated with the accident were the high winds, low altitude at which the pilot was maneuvering and the uneven terrain which the helicopter contacted.
- [NTSB ATL99LA007](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99LA007.md): W.S. Bowers, Jr. RV-4 · Apopka, FL · Accident · 2 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 1998 · N741WB · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain airspeed while performing aerobatics which resulted in the lost of control and a stall/spin. A contributing factor was the low altitude at which the maneuver was performed.
- [NTSB ATL99LA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99LA006.md): Hiller FH-1100 · Fayette, MS · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 1998 · N580RH · Substantial damage
  > The fuel filter contamination which resulted in the loss of engine power. The air leak in the fuel system was a factor.
- [NTSB ATL99LA005](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99LA005.md): Cessna 188 · Patrick, SC · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 10, 1998 · N9890V · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the number 2 piston for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB CHI99LA007](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA007.md): Bellanca 8KCAB · Superior, WI · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 9, 1998 · N924TA · Destroyed
  > the pilot not maintaining clearance with the terrain, and his improper decision to enter maneuvers too close to the terrain. Factors contributing to this accident were the aerobatic maneuvers, the trees and the berm.
- [NTSB FTW99LA005](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA005.md): Air Tractor AT-502B · Ringling, OK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 8, 1998 · N502S · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain obstacle clearance. A factor was the sun glare which impaired the pilot's vision.
- [NTSB FTW99FA004](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99FA004.md): Air Tractor AT-401 · Newellton, LA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 8, 1998 · N4531M · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control during an inadvertent entry into adverse weather conditions. A related factor was the fog.
- [NTSB SEA99LA001](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA001.md): Aerospatiale SA-315B · Big Sky, MT · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 5, 1998 · N5803J · Destroyed
  > The failure of the ground handlers (chokers) to follow procedures, and separation of the tail rotor system. Contributing factors were incorrect long line hook (size), jamming of the hook release, trees and gusty wind conditions.
- [NTSB LAX99GA005](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99GA005.md): Grumman TS-2A · Banning, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Final report · Oct 5, 1998 · N416DF · Destroyed
  > The pilot misjudged his maneuvering altitude. Factors to this accident were the mountainous terrain, tailwind conditions, and turbulence in the area.
- [NTSB LAX99FA006](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99FA006.md): Robinson R-22 · Lowerlake, CA · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Oct 5, 1998 · N801EH · Destroyed
  > The flight instructor's failure to adequately supervise the conduct of the flight and the failure of the flying pilot to ensure that adequate ground clearance existed between the stinger/tail rotor and the ground during a deceleration while the aircraft was…
- [NTSB LAX99LA004](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99LA004.md): Burson Revolution Mini 500 · Moorpark, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 4, 1998 · N418MB · Destroyed
  > The improper use of the cyclic flight control by the pilot, which resulted in low g flight load condition, which resulted in rotor disk divergence (mast bumping), and the main rotor blade striking and severing the tail boom.
- [NTSB NYC99LA013](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC99LA013.md): Goodyear Aerospace GZ-20-A · Bedford, MA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 2, 1998 · N3A · No damage
  > The separation of the pull-in-line. A factor in the accident was the gusting winds.
- [NTSB ATL99LA002](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99LA002.md): Cessna 188B · Tellasse, AL · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Oct 2, 1998 · N4832R · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a utility line while conducting a swath run.
- [NTSB LAX98LA311](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX98LA311.md): Robinson R22B · Salinas, CA · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 30, 1998 · N8340D · Destroyed
  > The failure of the student pilot to maintain control of the aircraft while practicing autorotations.
- [NTSB SEA98LA188](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA98LA188.md): Cessna 150L · Freeland, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 29, 1998 · N5867C · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the number two intake valve rocker arm in fatigue, and overload of the nose landing gear assembly. Factors include a ditch encountered during the forced landing.
- [NTSB NYC98LA192](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC98LA192.md): Cessna 140 · Watertown, CT · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Sep 26, 1998 · N72929 · Destroyed
  > Was the pilot's misjudged altitude of the airplane prior to performing a stall, and which resulted in the main landing gear contacting a rock wall.
- [NTSB LAX98FA305](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX98FA305.md): O'Neil VAN'S RV-3 · Arbuckle, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Sep 26, 1998 · N244WW · Destroyed
  > The pilot's attempt to continue VFR flight in instrument conditions, which led to his spatial disorientation and in-flight loss of aircraft control, and, resulted in a pilot-induced overload failure of the airframe. The pilot's use of quinine may have been a…

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450/cases.md?year=1998&page=2

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c."eventDate") = 1998
  AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 450)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450/cases?year=1998

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