# NTSB investigations: Approach

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 107 of 420 · 20,996 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB FTW99LA219](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA219.md): Grumman American AA-5A · Wayton, AR · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 12, 1999 · N9775U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions, and his failure to maintain clearance with trees during a go-around. Factors were the gusty wind condition, and the high density altitude. Factors associated with the accident were gusty winds, and a…
- [NTSB DEN99LA149](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN99LA149.md): Air Tractor AT-402A · Mead, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 11, 1999 · N402RE · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to follow proper approach to landing procedures as outlined in the Airplane Flight Manual. A factor was the 6-foot tall corn stalks.
- [NTSB DEN99LA141](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN99LA141.md): Cessna 152 · Salt Lake City, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 10, 1999 · N89186 · Substantial damage
  > An inadvertent collision with a bird.
- [NTSB MIA99LA221](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA221.md): Piper PA-28-181 · Greenville, SC · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 8, 1999 · N82974 · Substantial damage
  > The improper position of the fuel selector by the pilot-in-command resulting in the loss of engine power due to fuel starvation. Also, the inadequate altitude flown by the pilot on final approach preventing a landing on the runway following the loss of engine…
- [NTSB MIA99LA220](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA220.md): McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10F · Memphis, TN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 7, 1999 · N68058 · Substantial damage
  > The inadequate design by the airplane manufacturer for using bolts to secure the inboard trailing edge flap that are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. Also, the stress corrosion cracking failure of the four H-11 bolts that secure the left inboard…
- [NTSB FTW99FA211](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99FA211.md): Cessna 177 · Wagoner, OK · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Aug 7, 1999 · N29571 · Destroyed
  > The pilot's inadvertent stall while performing an abrupt maneuver at low altitude.
- [NTSB DEN99FA137](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN99FA137.md): Cessna T210M · Clovis, NM · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Aug 6, 1999 · N6687B · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain sufficient airspeed during final approach to landing, resulting in an inadvertent stall. A factor was the high density altitude.
- [NTSB CHI99FA278](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99FA278.md): Piper PA-28R-200 · Grayslake, IL · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Aug 6, 1999 · N56718 · Destroyed
  > the pilot not maintaining altitude and clearance. Factors were the light condition of night, the pilot's lack of recent experience in night operations, and the transmission wire.
- [NTSB MIA99LA211](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA211.md): Mooney M-20R · Stoneville, NC · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Aug 1, 1999 · N9169E · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain airspeed, and adequately compensate for torque and P-factor, resulting in the loss of directional control, collision with hangars, and substantial damage to the aircraft during the attempted go around/recovery from a landing.
- [NTSB ANC99LA100](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC99LA100.md): Hughes 369D · Petersburg, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 31, 1999 · N103FW · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to refuel the helicopter prior to fuel exhaustion. Factors associated with the accident were an inoperative low fuel warning system, and the pilot's improper autorotation.
- [NTSB CHI99FA252](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99FA252.md): Cessna 182D · Fond Du Lac, WI · Accident · Minor injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 27, 1999 · N8878X · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's inaccurate fuel consumption calculations and the subsequent fuel exhaustion. Factors associated with the accident were the crops and the soft field conditions.
- [NTSB LAX99LA259](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99LA259.md): Piper PA-28-180 · Hayward, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 26, 1999 · N5539W · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to apply carburetor heat to prevent the formation of carburetor ice while operating in IFR conditions which resulted in the loss of engine power.
- [NTSB SEA99LA129](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA129.md): Vanek Sport Copter · Scappoose, OR · Accident · 3 fatal · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 24, 1999 · N61887 · 2 aircraft · Destroyed
  > The failure of the ultralight operator to see and avoid the landing gyroplane, and the gyroplane pilot's inability to see the departing ultralight vehicle.
- [NTSB SEA99LA127](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA127.md): Beech D17S · Arco, ID · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 24, 1999 · N217SD · Substantial damage
  > Fuel starvation which resulted in a loss of power. The pilot's improper management of fuel was a factor.
- [NTSB CHI99LA249](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA249.md): Cessna 152 · Berrien Springs, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 23, 1999 · N95534 · Substantial damage
  > Failure to obtain a proper climb rate and the delayed remedial action by the certified flight instructor. Contributing factors were the uphill terrain and trees.
- [NTSB ATL99LA112](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL99LA112.md): Beech 77 · Dawson, GA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 23, 1999 · N38482 · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power due to fuel starvation that resulted from a blocked fuel line check valve.
- [NTSB CHI99LA247](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA247.md): Ryan Navion A · Keokuk, IA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 22, 1999 · N4902K · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB FTW99LA200](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA200.md): Piper PA-28-160 · Alvaredo, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 21, 1999 · N5230W · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot's failure to maintain a proper glidepath during his short-field approach.
- [NTSB LAX99LA255](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99LA255.md): Cessna 150J · Huntington Bch, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 20, 1999 · N60169 · Substantial damage
  > Fuel exhaustion due to the pilot's failure to ensure that adequate fuel was on board to complete the flight. The pilot's basic lack of knowledge of the airplane's fuel capacity was a factor.
- [NTSB CHI99LA246](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA246.md): Piper PA-24-180 · Boscobel, WI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 20, 1999 · N6316P · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's improper approach to landing. Factors included the carburetor icing, the delayed use of carburetor heat, the unsuitable terrain for landing, and the ditch.
- [NTSB SEA99LA123](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA123.md): Cessna 182P · Oakridge, OR · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 19, 1999 · N1990M · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control during a go-around. A downdraft during the approach is a factor.
- [NTSB SEA99LA121](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99LA121.md): Cessna 182A · Silverdale, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 18, 1999 · N3900D · Substantial damage
  > The pilot-in-command's misjudgment of distance/altitude (undershoot) on final, and his failure to maintain directional control during the aborted landing.
- [NTSB FTW99FA192](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99FA192.md): MBB BK-117-B2 · Fresno, TX · Accident · 3 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 17, 1999 · N110HH · Destroyed
  > the loss of control during approach due to the corrosion of the T-T strap which resulted in fatigue cracking and subsequent separation of the strap and main rotor blade from the helicopter.
- [NTSB IAD99LA054](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD99LA054.md): Cessna 150 · Granville, NY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 15, 1999 · N50079 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's not maintaining a proper glidepath during the visual approach to the runway.
- [NTSB ANC99LA092](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC99LA092.md): Hughes 269A · Juneau, AK · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 15, 1999 · N8926F · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain rotor rpm, and an inadequately planned approach. A factor associated with the accident was a tailwind.
- [NTSB DEN99LA121](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN99LA121.md): Cessna 172N · Englewood, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 14, 1999 · N5396D · Substantial damage
  > The flight instructor's failure maintain aircraft control. A factor was the inadequate supervision by the flight instructor.
- [NTSB SEA99FA112](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99FA112.md): Beech A23 · Eatonville, WA · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 10, 1999 · N8873M · Substantial damage
  > Improper fuel management which led to fuel starvation.
- [NTSB MIA99LA193](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA193.md): Let Blanik L-13 · Monroe, GA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 10, 1999 · N90842 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot-in command's improper handling and inflight decisions resulting in an undershoot of the intended landing runway. The pilot-in-command then failed to maintain airspeed, which resulted in a stall and the right wingtip impacting the ground.
- [NTSB SEA99FA116](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99FA116.md): Cessna 182D · Big Creek, ID · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jul 9, 1999 · N8761X · Destroyed
  > The pilot's failure to maintain control of the aircraft during approach. Factors included high density altitude conditions and high terrain, which obstructed view of the runway and limited maneuvering space in the traffic pattern.
- [NTSB NYC99LA170](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC99LA170.md): Pilatus B-4 · Erwinna, PA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 8, 1999 · N20RK · Substantial damage
  > The pilot-in-command's failure to maintain aircraft control.
- [NTSB CHI99LA219](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA219.md): Piper PA-32R · Fargo, ND · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 8, 1999 · N8451E · Substantial damage
  > fuel starvation due to the pilot's fuel mismanagement and the pilot's misjudgment of the landing flare.
- [NTSB FTW99LA180](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA180.md): Bellanca BL17-30A · Brownfield, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 6, 1999 · N9520E · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadvertent stall while attempting to clear powerlines. Factors were the loss of engine power due to fuel starvation and the pilot's improper use of the fuel tank selector.
- [NTSB SEA99IA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA99IA106.md): John Hubbard Glasair II S · Florence, OR · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Jul 5, 1999 · N322S · Minor damage
  > Aircraft control was not maintained. Inadequate compensation for wind conditions and gusts were factors.
- [NTSB CHI99LA225](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA225.md): Mooney M20J · Harbor Springs, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 4, 1999 · N201HG · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's inadequate compensation for the wind conditions and his failure to maintain clearance with the trees. Factors associated with the accident were the gusty winds, wind shear, and the trees.
- [NTSB NYC99LA151](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC99LA151.md): Learjet 60 · Hyannis, MA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 1999 · N219FX · Substantial damage
  > The flightcrew's inadequate coordination and their failure to utilize checklists. Also causal was the captain's improper decision to continue the approach to a runway with insufficient length. A factor in the accident was the improper maintenance.
- [NTSB FTW99LA178](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99LA178.md): Piper PA-24-260 · Houston, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 1999 · N5788 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain the proper descent rate during a forced landing, which resulted in a runway undershoot. Factors were the total loss of engine power for an undetermined reason and the dusk light conditions.
- [NTSB DEN99LA110](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN99LA110.md): Cessna 182A · Salt Lake City, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 1999 · N6165B · Substantial damage
  > A total loss of engine power (nonmechanical) for reasons undetermined. Factors were the existence of conditions conducive to carburetor icing, and unsuitable terrain on which to make a forced landing.
- [NTSB LAX99LA238](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99LA238.md): Cessna 150M · Honolulu, HI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 30, 1999 · N63614 · Substantial damage
  > The airplane's encounter with turbulent air from the rotor wash of a large military helicopter, which resulted from the instructor's decision to continue the approach while the helicopter was on the runway.
- [NTSB FTW99FA176](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99FA176.md): Cessna T210L · Petersburg, TX · Accident · 2 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 28, 1999 · N93058 · Destroyed
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain obstacle clearance.
- [NTSB MIA99LA190](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA99LA190.md): Beech A23 · Pinehurst, NC · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 27, 1999 · N1455L · Substantial damage
  > The flight crew's improper fuel management resulting in engine loss of power due to fuel starvation and damage to the airplane due to collision with trees in the subsequent forced landing.
- [NTSB LAX99LA229](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99LA229.md): Aerostar Rally RX-7 · Prescott Valley, AZ · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 26, 1999 · N6426K · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate visual lookout and subsequent failure to maintain adequate clearance with the wires.
- [NTSB ANC99LA084](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC99LA084.md): Jasper THUNDERBIRD-2C · Chugiak, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 25, 1999 · N63832 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot in command to maintain the proper rate of descend and flare, following an engine failure for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB ANC99LA081](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC99LA081.md): Champion 7GCBC · Anchorage, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 24, 1999 · N5149X · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain an adequate airspeed, and subsequent inadvertent stall.
- [NTSB LAX99FA225](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX99FA225.md): Cessna 402A · Van Nuys, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1999 · N186BA · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate fuel management that resulted in fuel exhaustion and the subsequent collision with vehicles during a forced landing on a city street.
- [NTSB DEN99LA105](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN99LA105.md): Bell BH-206B · Telluride, CO · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 20, 1999 · N39122 · Substantial damage
  > Settling with power and a loss of tail rotor effectiveness. Factors were an improperly planned approach by the pilot in command, high density altitude, and inadequate supervision by the safety pilot.
- [NTSB CHI99LA191](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA191.md): Beech B19 · Taylor, MO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 20, 1999 · N282L · 2 aircraft · Substantial damage
  > the airplane pilot's and the helicopter pilot's failure to maintain visual clearance from each other while in the traffic pattern.
- [NTSB CHI99LA189](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99LA189.md): Schempp-Hirth Cirrus · Hartford, WI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 19, 1999 · N8145 · Substantial damage
  > the reason for the occurrence was undetermined. Factors were the pilot's deploying of the drogue chute, the drogue chute malfunctioning, a dirt embankment, and encountering unsuitable terrain during landing.
- [NTSB CHI99FA190](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI99FA190.md): Cessna 182J · Satanta, KS · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 19, 1999 · N2711F · Substantial damage
  > the preflight planning/preparation and the missed approach not performed by the pilot. The obstruction clearance not maintained by the pilot was an additional cause. Contributing factors were the low ceiling and the fog.
- [NTSB FTW99FA171](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW99FA171.md): Heilig-Reading Emeraude CP 301A · Altus, AR · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 1999 · N3751 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance with a wire, during an approach to a private airstrip.
- [NTSB NYC99LA145](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC99LA145.md): Hunter Myers 145 · Wapakoneta, OH · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 16, 1999 · N42240 · Substantial damage
  > Loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500/cases.md?page=108

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 500)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500/cases?page=107

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain, except the copies of manufacturers’ service documents, which belong to their rights holders.