# NTSB investigations: Approach

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 24 of 420 · 20,992 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB ERA20CA095](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20CA095.md): Cessna 208 · Baltimore, MD · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Feb 7, 2020 · N988FX · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the approach lights during an instrument approach.
- [NTSB WPR20FA086](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR20FA086.md): Cessna 140 · Sonora, CA · Accident · 2 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Feb 6, 2020 · N9474A · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from trees during approach for landing.
- [NTSB WPR20CA089](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR20CA089.md): Cessna 208 · Eureka, CA · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Feb 6, 2020 · N24MG · Destroyed
  > The pilot's delayed response to initiate a go-around during a night visual approach over water after the airplane entered instrument meteorological conditions, which resulted in a loss of forward visibility and subsequent impact with the water.
- [NTSB CEN20FA075](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20FA075.md): Cessna 182 · Chatham, LA · Accident · 3 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Feb 6, 2020 · N60381 · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s encounter with icing in-flight, which resulted in a loss of control and impact with terrain.
- [NTSB CEN20FA072](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20FA072.md): Piper PA28 · Florence, CO · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Feb 2, 2020 · N5969W · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s decision to continue the takeoff with reduced airplane performance due to high density altitude
- [NTSB ANC20CA016](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC20CA016.md): Cessna 150 · Big Lake, AK · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Data collection · Final report · Jan 30, 2020 · N19524 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to apply full carburetor heat while operating in conditions conducive to carburetor icing, which resulted in a total loss of engine power, a forced landing, and impact with a tree.
- [NTSB CEN20FA070](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20FA070.md): Piper PA60 · Springfield, IL · Accident · 3 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Jan 28, 2020 · N6071R · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s failure to follow the instrument landing system (ILS) course guidance during the instrument approach.
- [NTSB CEN20CA067](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20CA067.md): Glasair 1 · Greenville, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jan 26, 2020 · N238SH · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain a proper descent rate, which resulted in a hard landing, and his subsequent loss of airplane control during an attempted go-around.
- [NTSB CEN20CA062](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20CA062.md): Beech 76 · St. Charles, MO · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jan 16, 2020 · N6630D · Substantial damage
  > The pilot receiving instruction’s misunderstanding of the flight instructor’s instruction and the pilot's and the instructor’s insufficient use of rudder while adding power to the operating engine, which resulted in the airplane rolling left and the wing…
- [NTSB WPR20FA065](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR20FA065.md): Cessna T310 · Roy, UT · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Jan 15, 2020 · N5805M · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s inadequate preflight fuel planning and fuel management, which resulted in a total loss of power to the left engine due to fuel exhaustion. Also causal was the pilot's failure to follow the one-engine inoperative checklist and maintain the…
- [NTSB ANC20LA013](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC20LA013.md): Piper PA31 · Fairbanks, AK · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Jan 12, 2020 · N4112K · Substantial damage
  > The improper installation of a hydraulic line at the right main landing gear (MLG) unlock actuator, which resulted in a total loss of system hydraulic pressure and failure of the landing gear to extend. Contributing to the accident was the failure of the…
- [NTSB ERA20CA072](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20CA072.md): Beech 23 · Norfolk, VA · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Jan 7, 2020 · N24690 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot receiving instruction's failure to maintain airplane control during landing with a crosswind, which resulted in a bounced landing, and the flight instructor's delayed remedial action, which resulted in a loss of control during the go-around.
- [NTSB ERA20LA069](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20LA069.md): Glassair I · Mount Sterling, KY · Accident · Serious injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Jan 6, 2020 · N118CV · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s mismanagement of the fuel selector, which resulted in fuel starvation and a total loss of engine power.
- [NTSB CEN20LA055](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20LA055.md): Aero Commander 100 · Mullin, TX · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Jan 4, 2020 · N5573M · Substantial damage
  > A total loss of engine power for reasons that could not be determined based on the available information.
- [NTSB WPR20CA055](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR20CA055.md): Cessna 175 · Elk, CA · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Dec 31, 2019 · N7095M · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to arrest the descent rate during an aborted simulated engine-out approach, which resulted in impact with vegetation and a subsequent cartwheel.
- [NTSB CEN20CA048](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20CA048.md): Vans RV 10 · Granbury, TX · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Dec 30, 2019 · N519RV · Substantial damage
  > The airplane’s impact with a bird while on approach.
- [NTSB ERA20LA082](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20LA082.md): Mooney M20J · Farmingdale, NY · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Dec 28, 2019 · N52840 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s improper preflight inspection, which resulted in fuel exhaustion and a total loss of engine power.
- [NTSB ERA20FA056](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20FA056.md): Bell 407 · Headland, AL · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Dec 25, 2019 · N663SF · Substantial damage
  > Pilot incapacitation by a sudden cardiac event related to severe coronary artery disease, which resulted in a loss of helicopter control.
- [NTSB ERA20CA111](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20CA111.md): Piper PA28 · Hanson, MA · Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Data collection · Final report · Dec 23, 2019 · N5792U · Substantial damage
  > The flight instructor's delayed remedial action, which resulted in his decision to perform an off field landing and the airplane's subsequent impact with terrain.
- [NTSB ENG20WA019](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ENG20WA019.md): Embraer ERJ190 · New Chitose Airport (RJCC), Japan · Incident · No injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · Dec 23, 2019 · B-3203 · No damage
- [NTSB WPR20FA049](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR20FA049.md): Cessna 182 · Goodyear, AZ · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Dec 22, 2019 · N3371U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from power lines due to his impairment from cannabis.
- [NTSB GAA20WA104](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA20WA104.md): Cirrus SR22 · Salzburg, Austria, Austria · Accident · 2 fatal · Foreign investigation · Dec 21, 2019 · D-EPRB · Destroyed
  > The government of Austria has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a CIRRUS SR22 airplane that occurred on December 21, 2019. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of Austria's investigation under the…
- [NTSB CEN20FA038](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20FA038.md): Piper PA28 · Evansville, IN · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Dec 21, 2019 · N601FL · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain control of the airplane.
- [NTSB CEN20LA043](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20LA043.md): Cessna 172 · Harrison, OH · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Dec 19, 2019 · N5406R · Substantial damage
  > A total loss of engine power during approach to land due to carburetor icing during a simulated engine failure, which resulted in impact with trees.
- [NTSB DCA20CA040](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA20CA040.md): Embraer EMB145 · Philadelphia, PA · Accident · Serious injuries · Class 4 · Data collection · Final report · Dec 15, 2019 · N648AE · No damage
  > An inadvertent encounter with convective turbulence.
- [NTSB WPR20LA038](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR20LA038.md): Piper PA-34-200T · Phoenix, AZ · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Dec 11, 2019 · N2822F · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s mismanagement of the fuel onboard, which resulted in a loss of engine power due to fuel starvation. Contributing to the fuel starvation was the erroneous indications on the fuel gauges.
- [NTSB DCA20WA041](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA20WA041.md): Boeing 747 · Auckland, New Zealand · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Dec 11, 2019 · 9V-SFO · Minor damage
  > The Transport Safety Investigation Bureau (TSIB) of Singapore has informed the NTSB of an incident involving a Boeing 747-400, which occurred on December 10, 2019. The NTSB has appointed a U.S Accredited Representative to assist the TSIB investigation under…
- [NTSB GAA20WA108](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA20WA108.md): De Havilland DHC6 · Pau Pyrenesse, France · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Dec 6, 2019 · F-GHRK · Minor damage
  > The government of France has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a DE HAVILLAND DHC6 airplane that occurred on December 06, 2019. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of France's investigation under the…
- [NTSB DCA20WA152](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA20WA152.md): Boeing 737 · Paris, France · Incident · Class 5 · Foreign · Dec 6, 2019 · 7T-VJM · No damage
- [NTSB ERA20TA046](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20TA046.md): Piper PA28 · Vero Beach, FL · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Final report · Dec 2, 2019 · N558PU · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper fuel management, which resulted in fuel starvation and a total loss of engine power.
- [NTSB WPR20LA035](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR20LA035.md): Zenith Stol CH701 · Byron, CA · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Nov 29, 2019 · N701WJ · Substantial damage
  > The pilot/builder's improper construction of the cowling, which resulted in inadequate venting of the engine, its overheating, and a partial loss of engine power.
- [NTSB CEN20LA046](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20LA046.md): Cessna 150 · Shreveport, LA · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Nov 24, 2019 · N22931 · Substantial damage
  > The loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB GAA20CA092](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA20CA092.md): Czech Aircraft Works Spol Sro Sportscruiser · Lamar, CO · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Nov 23, 2019 · N595SC · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's distraction due to an open canopy during final approach, which resulted in a loss of altitude and ground impact short of the runway.
- [NTSB CEN20CA026](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20CA026.md): Bellanca 1730 · Clear Lake, MN · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Nov 23, 2019 · N28037 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's focus inside the cockpit during the base turn and final approach, which led to a high sink rate developing and a subsequent hard landing short of the runway.
- [NTSB GAA20CA090](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA20CA090.md): Luscombe 8 · Brogue, PA · Accident · Minor injuries · Data collection · Final report · Nov 19, 2019 · N71707 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to see and avoid wires during approach to landing.
- [NTSB GAA20WA100](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA20WA100.md): Beech V35 · Cascavel, Brazil · Accident · 4 fatal · Class 4 · Foreign · Nov 17, 2019 · PT-JQZ · Substantial damage
- [NTSB ERA20WA041](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20WA041.md): Cessna 550 · Marau, Brazil · Accident · 3 fatal · Foreign investigation · Nov 14, 2019 · PT-LTJ · Destroyed
  > The government of Brazil has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a Cessna 550 airplane that occurred on November 14, 2019. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of Brazil's investigation under the provisions…
- [NTSB ERA20LA033](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20LA033.md): Mooney M20J · St. Augustine, FL · Accident · Serious injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Nov 10, 2019 · N5765H · Substantial damage
  > A total loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.
- [NTSB WPR20FA019](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR20FA019.md): Cirrus SR22 · Upland, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Nov 7, 2019 · N220MT · Destroyed
  > The pilot's exceedance of the airplane’s critical angle of attack while maneuvering for landing, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall and loss of control.
- [NTSB GAA20CA057](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA20CA057.md): Cub Crafters CC11 · Palmyra, PA · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Nov 2, 2019 · N718CC · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper landing flare, which resulted in a bounced landing, and his subsequent failure to maintain lateral control during a go-around, which resulted in impact with a tree.
- [NTSB GAA20WA083](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA20WA083.md): Cessna F150 · Santa Severa Nord, Italy · Accident · 1 fatal · Foreign investigation · Nov 1, 2019 · I-FFSQ · Destroyed
  > The government of Italy has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a CESSNA F150 airplane that occurred on November 01, 2019. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of Italy's investigation under the provisions of…
- [NTSB ERA20FA026](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20FA026.md): Piper PA32R · Paducah, KY · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Nov 1, 2019 · N181AG · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s failure to fully seat the fuel selector in the proper tank position during the descent for landing, which resulted in fuel starvation and a total loss of engine power.
- [NTSB ERA20WA032](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20WA032.md): ICP Ventura · Gecitkale, Türkiye · Accident · 2 fatal · Foreign investigation · Oct 29, 2019 · I-D446 · Substantial damage
  > The government of Turkey has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a ICP Ventura ultralight that occurred on October 29, 2019. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of Turkey's investigation under the provisions…
- [NTSB ERA20FA020](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20FA020.md): Cessna 414 · Colonia, NJ · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Oct 29, 2019 · N959MJ · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain airspeed during a circling instrument approach procedure, which resulted in an exceedance of the airplane’s critical angle of attack and an aerodynamic stall and spin.
- [NTSB GAA20CA051](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA20CA051.md): Pereyra Aventura · Tavares, FL · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Oct 26, 2019 · N170AV · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper landing flare, which resulted in a bounced landing on water, and his failure to maintain airplane control during a go-around, which resulted in the airplane nosing over.
- [NTSB ERA20FA014](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20FA014.md): Piper PA32 · Raleigh, NC · Accident · 2 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Oct 20, 2019 · N534Z · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain a safe glidepath during final approach to the runway, which resulted in a collision with trees and terrain. Contributing was the pilot’s lack of recent instrument flight experience.
- [NTSB ERA20LA018](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20LA018.md): Beech N35 · Madisonville, TN · Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report · Oct 18, 2019 · N564T · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's unstable approach and delayed decision to go-around. Contributing to the accident was the unporting of the fuel supply following a forward slip maneuver during the approach, which resulted in the loss of engine power during the go-around.
- [NTSB GAA20CA013](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA20CA013.md): Socata TBM700 · Breckenridge, TX · Accident · No injuries · Data collection · Final report · Oct 14, 2019 · N850NK · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain bank control and adequate altitude during the approach, which resulted in his failure to maintain the runway heading and a subsequent collision with trees and terrain.
- [NTSB ERA20FA009](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20FA009.md): Vans RV4 · Cameron, NC · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Oct 14, 2019 · N4332J · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's exceedance of the airplane’s critical angle of attack during the landing approach, which resulted in a loss of control and a subsequent aerodynamic stall/spin. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's decision to fly the airplane in a…
- [NTSB WPR20FA005](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR20FA005.md): Bede BD5 · Camarillo, CA · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report · Oct 8, 2019 · N501BD · Substantial damage
  > The No. 4 connecting rod’s bearing shift and separation of the No. 4 connecting rod, which resulted in a total loss of engine power and subsequent forced landing.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500/cases.md?page=25

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 500)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500/cases?page=24

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.