# NTSB investigations: Landing

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 250 of 1,075 · 53,704 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB LAX01LA135](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA135.md): Cessna 172M · N. Las Vegas, NV · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 1, 2001 · N9572H · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate compensation for the existing crosswind condition, and his failure to maintain runway alignment.
- [NTSB MIA01FA108](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA01FA108.md): Piper PA-60-601P · Marco Island, FL · Accident · 1 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · Mar 31, 2001 · N900CE · Destroyed
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain control of the aircraft during a rejected landing and the collision with the terrain and mangrove trees. A finding in the investigation was the presence of quinine in the blood and urine during postmortem toxicological…
- [NTSB LAX01LA132](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA132.md): Cessna 170B · Lincoln, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 31, 2001 · N4315B · Substantial damage
  > The certified flight instructor's inadequate supervision of his dual student who used excessive braking on landing resulting in the airplane's nose over.
- [NTSB DEN01LA081](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA081.md): Cessna 172P · Rangely, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 31, 2001 · N54663 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's improper use of aileron and his failure to maintain directional control during landing. A contributing factor was the direct gusty crosswind.
- [NTSB SEA01LA068](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA01LA068.md): Piper PA-28 · Scapoose, OR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 30, 2001 · N33657 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain a speed above minimum in-flight stall speed (Vs). Factors include gusty winds at the time of the attempted landing.
- [NTSB FTW01LA092](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW01LA092.md): Bradley Midget Mustang · Orange, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 30, 2001 · N11DB · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's inadequate compensation for the crosswind conditions during the landing roll which resulted in a loss of control. A contributing factor was the crosswind condition.
- [NTSB LAX01LA130](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA130.md): Piper PA18-150 · Holbrook, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 29, 2001 · N9299D · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the rudder lower hinge attach point resulting in a loss of rudder control and steerable tailwheel control. A factor was the crosswind condition.
- [NTSB DEN01LA079](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA079.md): Bellanca 8GCBC · Las Vegas, NM · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 29, 2001 · N88352 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain directional control during landing roll. Factors were weather evaluation by the pilot and rough terrain off the side of the runway.
- [NTSB IAD01LA044](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/IAD01LA044.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Hammonton, NJ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 28, 2001 · N1046H · Substantial damage
  > pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the landing roll-out. A factor was the crosswind.
- [NTSB ANC01LA052](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA052.md): Cessna 180 · Iliamna, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 28, 2001 · N91303 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's selection of an unsuitable landing area. A factor associated with the accident was uneven terrain.
- [NTSB MIA01LA105](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA01LA105.md): Grumman G-164B · Dyer, TN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 27, 2001 · N6552K · Substantial damage
  > The improper installation of the main landing gear tire (pinched tube) by company maintenance personnel resulting in a total loss of air pressure in-flight, loss of directional control on landing roll, and subsequent nose down.
- [NTSB DEN01LA076](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA076.md): Beech 95-B55B (T42A) · Watkins, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 27, 2001 · N38KS · Destroyed
  > An inadvertent landing gear retracted landing by the CFI during an instructional flight conducting a touch-and-go landing.
- [NTSB FTW01LA086](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW01LA086.md): Cartercopters Cartercopter · Olney, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 25, 2001 · N121CC · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain rotor rpm, which resuted in the main rotor contacting the tail during landing.
- [NTSB LAX01LA128](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA128.md): Cessna 305A · Winslow, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 23, 2001 · N5188G · Substantial damage
  > The student's inadvertent restriction of the rudder pedal's movement during landing rollout precipitated the loss of directional control and ground loop. A finding was that remedial action by the CFI was not possible due to the student’s control interference.
- [NTSB FTW01LA089](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW01LA089.md): Aviat A-1B Husky · Odessa, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 23, 2001 · N304C · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain directional control during landing, which resulted in a ground loop.
- [NTSB LAX01FA127](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01FA127.md): Agusta A109A · Hanapepe, Kauai, HI · Accident · No injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Mar 22, 2001 · N293G · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's misjudged flare during an autorotation, which resulted in a hard landing. A contributing factor was the check airman's failure to demonstrate a stuck pedal maneuver prior to assigning the procedure to the pilot.
- [NTSB LAX01LA143](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA143.md): Beech C35 · Fullerton, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 21, 2001 · N7MK · Substantial damage
  > The premature retraction of the landing gear and the failure of the CFI to properly supervise the flight.
- [NTSB LAX01LA125](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA125.md): Robinson R22B · Long Beach, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 21, 2001 · N8492A · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the CFI to adequately monitor the flight, which resulted in a low airspeed autorotation and hard landing.
- [NTSB MIA01LA101](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA01LA101.md): Robinson R22 · Okeechobee, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 16, 2001 · N666BH · Substantial damage
  > an in-flight collision with the ground during a simulated engine failure, and autorotation, which resulted in the tailboom separating. A contributing factor in this accident was the pilot allowed the rotor rpm to decay which resulted in inadequate rotor rpm…
- [NTSB CHI01LA105](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI01LA105.md): Piper PA-18-150 · Sidney, NE · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 16, 2001 · N3947Z · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the landing. A factor relating to this accident was the berm.
- [NTSB FTW01LA080](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW01LA080.md): Cessna 210D · Lawton, OK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 15, 2001 · N210HS · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control during the landing flare/touchdown. A contributing factor was the crosswind.
- [NTSB LAX01LA115](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA115.md): Cessna 172N · Show Low, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 14, 2001 · N738PP · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control resulting in an encounter with terrain and a nose over.
- [NTSB SEA01LA061](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA01LA061.md): Eurocopter AS-350 B2 Ecureuil · Mazama, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 11, 2001 · N189EH · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control. Snow covered terrain, high and variable wind conditions, and failure of attaining the proper touchdown point were factors.
- [NTSB NYC01LA087](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC01LA087.md): Robinson R-22 · Islip, NY · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 10, 2001 · N9077F · Substantial damage
  > The certified flight instructor’s inadequate supervision and delayed remedial action, which resulted in a roll-over. Factors in this accident were the crosswind condition and soft landing area.
- [NTSB LAX01LA114](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA114.md): Air Tractor AT-802 A · Maricopa, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 10, 2001 · N6059L · Substantial damage
  > Inadequate selection of landing facilities and improper placement of vehicles near the runway. An additional factor was the use of a runway which resulted in a downwind landing.
- [NTSB NYC01FA084](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC01FA084.md): Hawker Siddeley HS-125-3A · Bridgeport, CT · Accident · No injuries · Field investigation · Final report · Mar 9, 2001 · N48DD · Substantial damage
  > The pilot-in-commands inadequate preflight planning resulting in an approach to a runway with insufficient length. A factor related to the accident was the slush covered runway which resulted in a hydroplaning condition.
- [NTSB SEA01LA062](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA01LA062.md): Cessna 182M · Enterprise, OR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 8, 2001 · N71354 · Substantial damage
  > Inadvertent collision with a deer while landing. A contributing factor was night conditions.
- [NTSB LAX01LA111](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01LA111.md): Cessna 140 · San Jose, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 8, 2001 · N77J · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain directional control during landing.
- [NTSB NYC01LA083](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC01LA083.md): Cessna 172S · Keene, NH · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 7, 2001 · N574SP · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the landing roll. A factor included the patchy snow on the runway.
- [NTSB DEN01LA069](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA069.md): Boeing Stearman E75 · Heber, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 7, 2001 · N75848 · Substantial damage
  > Uncommanded locking of the right brake, resulting in loss of control and nose over during landing.
- [NTSB DEN01LA068](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA068.md): Piper J3C-65 · Morgan, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 7, 2001 · N42523 · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain directional control during landing roll which resulted in a collision with a snow bank on the edge of the runway.
- [NTSB LAX01IA109](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01IA109.md): Boeing 737-3H4 · Phoenix, AZ · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Mar 5, 2001 · N335SW · Minor damage
  > the pilot's misjudgment of distance, which resulted in a runway overrun. A factor in the incident was the failure of the flightcrew to conduct a briefing for the approach to runway eight.
- [NTSB MIA01LA092](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA01LA092.md): Bellanca BL-17-30A · Sylacauga, AL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 4, 2001 · N8844V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control during landing rollout, and the subsequent runway excursion and collision with trees.
- [NTSB MIA01LA094](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA01LA094.md): Cessna 172L · Fort Lauderdale, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 3, 2001 · N3802Q · Substantial damage
  > The total failure of the yoke weld assembly due to corrosion resulting in the inability of the flight crew to maintain elevator control of the airplane. Additionally, inadequate annual inspection of the airplane by other maintenance personnel for failure to…
- [NTSB MIA01LA090](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA01LA090.md): Cessna 182Q · Melbourne, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 3, 2001 · N4949N · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot-in-command to maintain directional control of the airplane during the landing roll of the touch-and-go landing resulting in the on ground collision with a ditch and subsequent separation of the nose gear wheel and fork assembly and…
- [NTSB MIA01IA091](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA01IA091.md): Cessna 402C · Fort Lauderdale, FL · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Mar 3, 2001 · N108GP · Minor damage
  > Incomplete compliance with a non-mandatory Cessna Service Information Letter by an unknown person resulting in pulling through of the attach bolt of the upper and lower link assemblies and subsequent rotation of the right wheel assembly. Additionally,…
- [NTSB DEN01LA063](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA063.md): Cessna 152 · Grand Junction, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 3, 2001 · N24950 · Substantial damage
  > the student pilot's failure to recover from a bounced landing, which resulted in porpoising and subsequently a nose over.
- [NTSB DEN01LA062](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA062.md): Piper PA-34-220T · Durango, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 3, 2001 · N8356X · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain directional control. A contributing factor was the blown tire.
- [NTSB DEN01LA061](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA061.md): Cessna 152 · Logan, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 3, 2001 · N152RC · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane during landing.
- [NTSB DEN01LA060](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA060.md): Bell 407 · Jackson, WY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 2, 2001 · N9HE · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain adequate lateral and vertical clearance during landing. Factors were the clouds and snow-covered high terrain.
- [NTSB MIA01LA088](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA01LA088.md): Temco GC-1B · Sanford, NC · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 1, 2001 · N3310K · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain directional control of the airplane after the second touchdown following a bounced landing resulting in collapse of all landing gears.
- [NTSB CHI01LA097](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI01LA097.md): Cessna 152 · Mankato, MN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Feb 28, 2001 · N5236H · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the landing. Factors relating to the accident were the student pilot's lack of total experience, the icy runway, the strong crosswind, the wind gusts, and the snowbank.
- [NTSB SEA01LA054](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA01LA054.md): Robinson R22 · Seattle, WA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Feb 27, 2001 · N8362Q · Substantial damage
  > Both pilots' exceedance of the proper descent rate during the autorotative descent. Factors included the helicopter's low altitude at maneuver initiation, the failure of both pilots to maintain the proper airspeed during the descent, and both pilots' delay in…
- [NTSB CHI01LA096](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI01LA096.md): Piper PA-30 · Appleton, WI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Feb 27, 2001 · N8196Y · Substantial damage
  > The misjudged glidepath and the intentional engine shutdown by the pilot. Factors were the false indication of the landing gear down light and the approach light.
- [NTSB CHI01LA094](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI01LA094.md): Cessna 500 · Sault Ste Marie, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Feb 26, 2001 · N234UM · Substantial damage
  > The pilot exceeding the available runway distance during landing and the pilot's delay in executing a go-around. Factors relating to the accident were, the pilots improper in-flight planning/decision, the pilot disregarding the NOTAMS for the airport, the…
- [NTSB MIA01LA086](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA01LA086.md): Cessna 152 · Naples, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Feb 25, 2001 · N942AC · Substantial damage
  > The student's failure to maintain control of the aircraft during landing due to his improper landing flare height and improper recovery from a bounced landing, resulting in a nose landing gear collapse, and excursion off the runway.
- [NTSB FTW01LA070](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW01LA070.md): Bartels Rans S-7 · Lafayette, LA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Feb 25, 2001 · N777SB · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's improper flare which resulted in a hard landing.
- [NTSB ANC01LA038](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC01LA038.md): Forney F-1A · Whittier, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Feb 24, 2001 · N3032G · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate preflight planning/preparation, and his selection of unsuitable terrain for landing. A factor in the accident was snow-covered terrain.
- [NTSB LAX01TA092](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX01TA092.md): McDonnell Douglas 600N · San Diego, CA · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Feb 21, 2001 · N606BP · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot's improper use of the rotorcraft flight controls, and the instructor pilot's inadequate supervision of the maneuver.
- [NTSB DEN01LA054](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN01LA054.md): Piper PA-32-300 · Angel Fire, NM · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Feb 18, 2001 · N3051U · Substantial damage
  > the pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane during landing. Contributing factors were the crosswind, the pilot exceeding the published maximum demonstrated crosswind component, and the snow bank.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/550/cases.md?page=251

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 550)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/550/cases?page=250

---
OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain, except the copies of manufacturers’ service documents, which belong to their rights holders.