# NTSB investigations: Landing

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 351 of 1,075 · 53,703 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB CHI91LA213](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA213.md): Piper PA-12 · Stockton, IA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 7, 1991 · N7847H · Substantial damage
  > Compensation for wind conditions not performed, wrong runway selected and aircraft control not maintained by the pilot. Factors related to the accident were a tailwind/crosswind component and a rough runway.
- [NTSB LAX91LA295](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA295.md): Piper PA 22 · Duncan, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 6, 1991 · N3625A · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain a proper airspeed during the approach and an inadvertent entry into a stall/mush which resulted in a hard landing.
- [NTSB BFO91LA065](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO91LA065.md): Grumman AA-5 · Clarksville, MD · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 6, 1991 · N1615R · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper flare and failure to arrest his descent rate.
- [NTSB SEA91IA159](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91IA159.md): Galaxy GLX-7 · Provo, UT · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Jul 5, 1991 · N5353A · Minor damage
  > The pilot's diverted attention. Facotrs include on ground contact with a fence.
- [NTSB FTW91LA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW91LA117.md): Thorp T-18CW · Wimberley, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 5, 1991 · N83MK · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the airport personnel to maintain the airstrip in an operable condition and the pilots failure to maintain runway alignment on touchdown.
- [NTSB NYC91LA170](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA170.md): Cessna 152 · Rutland, VT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 4, 1991 · N69061 · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot improper recovery from a bounced landing which resulted in the collapsing of the nose gear. A factor related to the accident was the student pilot's lack of total flight experience.
- [NTSB FTW91LA116](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW91LA116.md): Cessna 172P · Lakeview, AR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 4, 1991 · N64344 · Substantial damage
  > (1) The pilot's failure to properly flare the airplane for landing and (2) his subsequent improper recovery from a bounced landing.
- [NTSB SEA91LA148](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA148.md): Cessna 152 · Richland, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 3, 1991 · N757MA · Substantial damage
  > Partial engagement of the parking brake (locking the right brake) for an undetermined reason.
- [NTSB ANC91LA082](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC91LA082.md): Cessna 185F · Farewell, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 3, 1991 · N222WH · Substantial damage
  > The pilot-in-command's failure to maintain directional control during the landing roll. Factors relating to the accident were the collapsed left main landing gear, failed left brake, and the low level of hydraulic brake fluid.
- [NTSB SEA91LA151](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA151.md): Beech C33A · Brookings, OR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 1991 · N12EM · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper flare for touchdown, and her improper recovery from a bounced landing.
- [NTSB NYC91LA163](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA163.md): Learjet LR25B-XR · Columbus, OH · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 1991 · N458J · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain visual reference with the runway during a landing, which resulted in a loss of directional control. Also causal to the accident was the pilot's failure to initiate a go-around, after he lost sight of the runway during the…
- [NTSB ATL91LA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL91LA122.md): Learjet 23 · Columbia, TN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 1991 · N500FM · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's premature decision to turn off the anti-skid during landing roll. Factors to this accident were hydroplaning conditions.
- [NTSB ATL91LA121](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL91LA121.md): Piper PA-34-200T · Lebanon, TN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 2, 1991 · N3068B · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's excessive touchdown speed, his failure to maintain a proper touchdown point, and his failure to execute a go-around when a safe landing could not be made. Factors in the accident were: the wet runway conditions at the airport and the crosswind…
- [NTSB LAX91LA284](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA284.md): Beech E-55 · Bakersfield, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 1991 · N7268R · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper use of the landing gear retraction by selecting gear up instead of flaps up during the landing roll-out. Contributing to the accident was the lack of familiarity with the airplane.
- [NTSB DEN91LA094](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN91LA094.md): Cessna 172P · Watkins, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 1991 · N89900 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the aircraft. A factor was the pilot misjudging his flare.
- [NTSB CHI91LA204](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA204.md): American AA-1 · Dexter, MI · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 1991 · N5713L · Destroyed
  > The pilot's delay in aborting the landing. A factor in the accident was his excessive speed on final approach.
- [NTSB ATL91LA037](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL91LA037.md): Beech T-34B · Cartersville, GA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 1991 · N96065 · Substantial damage
  > The dual student allowed the airplane to stall because of improper use of the throttle, which resulted in a touch down short of the proper point. A factor in the accident was the inadequate supervision by the flight instructor.
- [NTSB ANC91LA085](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC91LA085.md): Bell 206BIII · Sheep Mountain, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jul 1, 1991 · N302MH · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's lack of compensation for wind conditions and continued operation with the wind in the 'critical wind azimuth' area which led to limited tail rotor authority. Contributing to the accident was the variable and gusty wind conditions.
- [NTSB LAX91LA283](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA283.md): Boeing E75 · San Luis Obispo, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 30, 1991 · N68809 · Substantial damage
  > That the pilot failed to properly compensate of the existing quartering tailwind, improperly using the flight controls and brakes.
- [NTSB FTW91LA112](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW91LA112.md): Bell 206L-1 · S. Tim 171d · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 30, 1991 · N2772A · Substantial damage
  > The high rate of descent and delayed flare.
- [NTSB FTW91LA111](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW91LA111.md): Champion 7ECA · Clinton, AR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 30, 1991 · N7507B · Substantial damage
  > The loss of directional control due to locked wheel brake on the left landing gear.
- [NTSB DEN91LA093](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN91LA093.md): Bellanca 7GCBC · Longmont, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 30, 1991 · N90994 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to compensate for the crosswind. Factors were: a crosswind condition, and the pilot's total lack of experience.
- [NTSB FTW91LA113](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW91LA113.md): Cessna A188B · Lewisville, AR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 29, 1991 · N731KV · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the right brake line during a critical phase of operation.
- [NTSB MIA91LA173](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA91LA173.md): Cessna 172N · Punta Gorda, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 28, 1991 · N6522D · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the pilot to observe the windsock before landing resulting in failure to maintain directional control after landing with a quartering tailwind. The airplane collided with a ditch. Contributing to the accident was lack of total experience of the…
- [NTSB SEA91LA201](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA201.md): Piper PA-18-150 · Yakima, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 26, 1991 · N7369D · Substantial damage
  > The loss of control by the private pilot and failure of the instructor pilot to perform remedial action.
- [NTSB NYC91LA158](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA158.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Endicott, NY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 26, 1991 · N55149 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to attain the proper airspeed during an aborted landing, which resulted in a stall and loss of airplane control. Factors related to the accident were: the loss of directional control during landing, and the lack of recent flight…
- [NTSB NYC91LA157](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA157.md): Maule M6 · Lake Placid, NY · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 26, 1991 · N56476 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to properly compensate for the winds which resulted in a loss of control during landing. Factors related to the accident were: control interference from a passenger and gusty crosswinds.
- [NTSB BFO91LA059](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO91LA059.md): Cessna 150G · Stuart, VA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 26, 1991 · N2641J · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to observe a hidden object while landing in an open field.
- [NTSB LAX91LA278](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA278.md): Cessna 182Q · Watsonville, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 25, 1991 · N759KM · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper flare and improper recovery from a bounced landing. Factors related to the accident were: gusty winds, the pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions, and the pilot's lack of experience in this make and model of aircraft.
- [NTSB CHI91LA200](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA200.md): Bellanca 8GCBC · Olathe, KS · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 24, 1991 · N87113 · Substantial damage
  > Directional control was not maintained by the pilot. A factor related to the accident is crosswind.
- [NTSB MIA91LA177](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA91LA177.md): Piper PA-28-140 · Bay Saint Louis, MS · Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1991 · N4571R · Substantial damage
  > Loss of control in flight due to premature flare by the pilot resulting in inadvertent stall/mush, and failure of the pilot to recover from the bounced landing.
- [NTSB MIA91LA167](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA91LA167.md): Swearingen SA227-TT · Tupelo, MS · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1991 · N13JV · Substantial damage
  > The improper installation of the nose steering actuator arming valve by a mechanic which resulted in failure of the actuator and on ground loss of directional control by the pilot during landing rollout.
- [NTSB DEN91LA087](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN91LA087.md): Cessna 172M · Keenesburg, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1991 · N1241U · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's misjudging the approach, and disregard of wind conditions. Factors were: a tailwind condition and the pilot's anxiety.
- [NTSB ATL91LA118](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL91LA118.md): Maule MXT-180 · Mobile, AL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1991 · N9217T · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to properly compensate for wind conditions. A factor to this accident was the gusting winds.
- [NTSB ANC91LA079](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC91LA079.md): Piper PA-22 · Beluga, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 23, 1991 · N8635D · Substantial damage
  > Was the pilot-in-command's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane during the landing roll. Contributing to the accident was the rough, uneven terrain and crosswind.
- [NTSB NYC91LA155](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA155.md): Piper PA-28R-200 · Doylestown, PA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 22, 1991 · N4821T · Substantial damage
  > The flight instructor allowed the student to continue a simulated engine failure to a hard landing, resulting in a bounced landing and loss of directional control and a collision with the VASI.
- [NTSB LAX91LA271](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA271.md): Classic YMF · Bullhead City, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 22, 1991 · N7P · Substantial damage
  > Excessive brake application by the pilot in command. A contributing factor in the accident was the wind gusts.
- [NTSB BFO91LA057](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO91LA057.md): Cessna 182 · Baltimore, MD · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 22, 1991 · N3026Q · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper flare and improper recovery from a bounced landing.
- [NTSB SEA91LA149](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA149.md): Cessna 210 · Salt Lake City, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 21, 1991 · N7350E · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's poor inflight planning and decisions in that he failed to anticipate wake turbulence from the departing helicopter.
- [NTSB MIA91LA165](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA91LA165.md): Cessna 152 · Brooksville, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 21, 1991 · N4733B · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the student pilot to maintain directional control of the airplane during the landing roll. Contributing to the accident was his lack of total experience.
- [NTSB LAX91LA267](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA267.md): Piper PA 28-161 · Auburn, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 21, 1991 · N3573X · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's use of an excessive airspeed for the final approach, and the failure of the pilot to initiate a go around when it became apparent that the aircraft would land long on the runway. A factor in the accident was the limited total experience of the…
- [NTSB CHI91LA198](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA198.md): Cessna 180 · Grayling, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 21, 1991 · N2755C · Substantial damage
  > The pilot in command's failure to maintain directional control during landing roll.
- [NTSB CHI91LA197](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA197.md): Cessna 180 · Grand Rapids, MN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 21, 1991 · N6503A · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain a proper airspeed during landing and the improper recovery from a bounced landing. Factors related to the accident were the pilot's lack of total experience in seaplanes and the gusty wind condition.
- [NTSB SEA91LA141](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA141.md): Cessna 172-M · Salem, OR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 20, 1991 · N9830V · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's poor in-flight decision and his failure to select a proper touchdown point. Factors include a wet runway, soft terrain and high vegetation.
- [NTSB CHI91DCJ03](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91DCJ03.md): Grumman G-164-A · Edgar, NE · Accident · No injuries · Final report · Jun 20, 1991 · N8842H · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate aircraft preflight inspection.
- [NTSB SEA91LA171](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA171.md): Cessna 172N · Vancouver, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 19, 1991 · N4324R · Substantial damage
  > A hard landing by the pilot due to improper bounced landing recovery.
- [NTSB FTW91LA102](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW91LA102.md): Maule M-5-180C · Lancaster, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 1991 · N56583 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to recover from a bounced landing. A factor was the gusting winds.
- [NTSB ATL91LA115](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL91LA115.md): Cessna 152 · Murfreesboro, TN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 1991 · N25362 · Substantial damage
  > Student pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the landing roll.
- [NTSB ATL91LA114](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL91LA114.md): Cessna 182R · Dothan, AL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 18, 1991 · N851CA · Substantial damage
  > Lack of supervision by the flight instructor who allowed a dual student to make a hard landing.
- [NTSB SEA91LA135](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA135.md): Robinson R-22B · Corvallis, OR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Jun 17, 1991 · N202PR · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot's overconfidence in his personal ability and inadquate remedial action. Contributing to the accident was his decision to attempt a solo autoroation.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/550/cases.md?page=352

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 550)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/550/cases?page=351

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