# NTSB investigations: Landing

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 354 of 1,075 · 53,703 cases

## Cases, newest first

- [NTSB ATL91LA082](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL91LA082.md): Cessna 172P · Hatteras, NC · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 7, 1991 · N62340 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper landing flare, subsequent inadvertent porpoise, and his failure to execute a bounced landing recovery.
- [NTSB SEA91LA078](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA078.md): Robinson R22 Beta · Kent, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 6, 1991 · N24176 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate remedial action to correct the imminent dynamic rollover. Factors to the accident were: the pilot's poorly planned approach and lack of totoal flight experience.
- [NTSB NYC91LA116](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA116.md): Piper 180 · Andes, NY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 6, 1991 · N9006J · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain directional control during a landing with unfavorable winds.
- [NTSB NYC91LA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA106.md): Cessna 172P · Burlington, CT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 6, 1991 · N64182 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain directional control during the landing. Factors related to the accident were: improper use of the flight controls by the pilot, his lack of recent experience and total time, and the crosswind.
- [NTSB LAX91LA167](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA167.md): Cessna 414A · Avenal, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 6, 1991 · N242AR · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain directional control after striking a dirt berm during the landing roll. Contributing to the accident was the failure of the pilot to ensure that the airport was adequate for his intended operations.
- [NTSB SEA91LA080](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA080.md): Cessna 172A · Hood River, OR · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 5, 1991 · N9852T · Substantial damage
  > An inadequately planned approach which resulted in a hard landing. Factors to the accident were rough water landing conditions, poor supervision by the CFI, and the overload condition to the float assembly.
- [NTSB MIA91IA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA91IA117.md): Embraer EMB-110P1 · Ochopee, FL · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Apr 5, 1991 · N102TN · Minor damage
  > Failure of the student to use the checklist, inadequate supervision by the pic/cfi, and inadequate supervision by the FAA principle operations inspector.
- [NTSB CHI91LA130](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA130.md): Beech 58 · Wichita, KS · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 5, 1991 · N58SE · Substantial damage
  > Remedial action was delayed by the instructor pilot. A factor related to the accident was an excessive rate of descent.
- [NTSB ANC91LA048](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC91LA048.md): Piper PA-12 · Anchorage, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 5, 1991 · N123TL · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's lack of currency with the type of landing gear involved.
- [NTSB NYC91LA101](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA101.md): Beech 56TC · New Haven, CT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 4, 1991 · N7QG · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the pilot to maintain directional control after the nose wheel steering system failed.
- [NTSB LAX91LA146](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA146.md): Robinson R22HP · Camarillo, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 3, 1991 · N9068T · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the pilot to maintain directional control of the helicopter and apply proper remedial action. Contributing to the accident was the improper selection of the touchdown point and the disregarding of company procedures.
- [NTSB FTW91LA059](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW91LA059.md): Cessna 150 · Decatur, TX · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 3, 1991 · N2204J · Substantial damage
  > The instructor's inadequate supervision and the student's failure to relinguish controls.
- [NTSB ATL91LA076](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL91LA076.md): David Lowe ULTRA-PUP · Waycross, GA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 3, 1991 · N71427 · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the airplane battery, which prohibited the complete extension of the landing gear, resulting in a landing with the nose gear retracted. A factor in the accident was the soft terrain at the selected landing area.
- [NTSB ANC91LA045](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC91LA045.md): Stinson 108 · Fort Greely, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Apr 2, 1991 · N464C · Substantial damage
  > Unsuitable terrain selected by the pilot for a precautionary landing.
- [NTSB SEA91LA082](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA082.md): Cessna 172M · Ogden, UT · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 31, 1991 · N6852H · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's poorly planned approached for landing. Factors to the accident were: an excessive airspeed, and the inadequacy of the pilot's recovery from a bounced landing.
- [NTSB SEA91LA077](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA077.md): Bell BH-47G2A · Waitsburg, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 31, 1991 · N38926 · Substantial damage
  > The improper installation of the main rotor mast nut and lock washer by maintenance personnel which resulted in the separation of the main rotor system.
- [NTSB LAX91LA153](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA153.md): Piper J3 · Arbuckle, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 31, 1991 · N42257 · Substantial damage
  > That the pilot used excessive brakes during the landing roll-out.
- [NTSB LAX91LA152](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA152.md): Hughes 269C · Honolulu, HI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 30, 1991 · N8656F · Destroyed
  > The instructor's improperly planned approach. A factor was the pilot's failure to observe performance data for the helicopter.
- [NTSB DEN91LA057](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN91LA057.md): Piper PA-22-150 · Fort Collins, CO · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 30, 1991 · N8543D · Substantial damage
  > The loss of directional control by the pilot in command.
- [NTSB CHI91LA122](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA122.md): Piper PA-28-180 · Burwell, NE · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 30, 1991 · N2071R · Substantial damage
  > Directional control not maintained by the pilot. Factors related to the accident were a gusty crosswind and lack of recent experience by the pilot.
- [NTSB ANC91LA041](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC91LA041.md): Bell 47 · Thompson Pass, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 30, 1991 · N73279 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control and improper flare during landing.
- [NTSB MIA91LA111](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA91LA111.md): Piper PA-28R-180 · New Port Richey, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 29, 1991 · N7454J · Substantial damage
  > In-flight encounter with wind gusts while flaring to land and failure of the pilot to maintain directional control and failure to perform a goaround.
- [NTSB ANC91LA040](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC91LA040.md): Piper PA-32-300 · Kasigluk, AK · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 28, 1991 · N76RL · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane on landing. Contributing to the accident was the snowbank.
- [NTSB SEA91LA070](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA070.md): Champion 7ECA · Everett, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 27, 1991 · N371RF · Substantial damage
  > The pilot did not maintain control of the airplane during the landing roll. Factors tot he accient were the pilot inadequately planned the approach, and uncontrolled ground-loop, and the pilot's lack of total experience in this type of aircraft.
- [NTSB CHI91LA117](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA117.md): Cessna 172 · Yankton, SD · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 27, 1991 · N1743V · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the pilot to maintain directional control of the aircraft during landing. The adverse wind condition and the pilot's lack of total experience were related factors.
- [NTSB BFO91LA036](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/BFO91LA036.md): Hughes 369HS · Columbia, MD · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 27, 1991 · N5FC · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate visual lookout, which resulted in his failure to see-and-avoid the obstruction (fence post).
- [NTSB ANC91IA046](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC91IA046.md): Nihon YS-11A-600 · Anchorage, AK · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Mar 27, 1991 · N173RV · Minor damage
  > A jammed nose gear due to incorrect installation of the shear pin. Contributing to the accident was the insufficiently defined maintenance procedure.
- [NTSB FTW91LA057](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW91LA057.md): Cessna 195B · Mc Kinney, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 24, 1991 · N841DP · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's landing short of the threshold and loss of directional control.
- [NTSB DEN91LA054](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN91LA054.md): Beech H35 · Greeley, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 24, 1991 · N5463D · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadvertent activation of the landing gear switch causing the landing gear to collapse while the aircraft was still on the landing roll.
- [NTSB CHI91LA123](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA123.md): Piper PA-20 · Grand Marais, MN · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 24, 1991 · N7010K · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the pilot to maintain directional control. The crosswind and snow covered runway were related factors.
- [NTSB CHI91LA113](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA113.md): Robinson R-22 · Augusta, KS · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 24, 1991 · N2503A · Substantial damage
  > An improper autorotation was performed by the dual student and remedial action was delayed by the CFI. Factors related to the accident were: inadequate airspeed and rotor RPM.
- [NTSB MIA91LA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA91LA106.md): Cessna 172N · Clewiston, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 23, 1991 · N739BW · Substantial damage
  > Misjudged wind direction resulting in incorrect runway selection and failure by the PIC to initiate a go-around after landing with a tailwind. Contributing to the accident was the lack of the pilot's total experience.
- [NTSB LAX91LA142](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA142.md): Cessna 421 · El Monte, CA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 23, 1991 · N4071L · Substantial damage
  > The pilot retracting the landing gear during the landing roll.
- [NTSB CHI91LA119](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA119.md): Cessna 182P · Loup City, NE · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 21, 1991 · N91376 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's improper landing/touchdown. A related factor was the pilot's lack of total flight experience.
- [NTSB CHI91LA114](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA114.md): Piper PA-38-112 · Burlington, IA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 21, 1991 · N26009 · Substantial damage
  > Delayed initiation of remedial action by the flight instructor. Factors related to the accident are gusty crosswinds, inadequate compensation for wind conditions and not maintaining airspeed by the student pilot, and complacency by the instructor.
- [NTSB MIA91LA104](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA91LA104.md): Piper PA-38-112 · La Belle, FL · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 20, 1991 · N25459 · Substantial damage
  > Failure of the student pilot to maintain directional control during the landing roll. Contributing to the accident was the fact that the pilot diverted his attention when he pulled the parking brake handle to apply the brakes.
- [NTSB FTW91LA052](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW91LA052.md): Monocoupe D145 · Lafayette, LA · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 19, 1991 · N17687 · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane.
- [NTSB NYC91LA091](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA091.md): Cessna 172M · Leroy, NY · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 18, 1991 · N20360 · Substantial damage
  > The hard landing made by the pilot. Factors relating to the accident were the decision of the pilot to land on the runway despite the runway lighting system being partially inoperative, and the lack of experience of the pilot at night.
- [NTSB DEN91LA052](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DEN91LA052.md): Cessna 177RG · Colorado Spring, CO · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 18, 1991 · N1950Q · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the aircraft. The gusty/quartering crosswind was a related factor.
- [NTSB ANC91IA037](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC91IA037.md): Beech C-45H · Shageluk, AK · Incident · No injuries · Incident investigation · Final report · Mar 18, 1991 · N400WA · Minor damage
  > The accident was the pic's failure to properly determine the required width of runway needed by their airplane and inadequate snow removal. Contributing to the accident was the snow berm and the copilot's misjudgment of runway width.
- [NTSB CHI91LA110](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA110.md): Boeing A75 · North Platte, NE · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 17, 1991 · N4968V · Substantial damage
  > Directional control was not maintained by the pilot resulting in a swerve and ground loop. A factor related to the accident was lack of total experience in type of aircraft by the pilot.
- [NTSB LAX91LA131](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/LAX91LA131.md): Cessna 152 · Eloy, AZ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 15, 1991 · N5496B · Substantial damage
  > The student pilot's improper recovery from a bounced landing and the inadvertent entry into a porpoise condition.
- [NTSB FTW91LA051](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/FTW91LA051.md): Beech A36 · Lubbock, TX · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 15, 1991 · N36DB · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's inadequate compensation for the crosswind. A factor was the crosswind.
- [NTSB CHI91LA118](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI91LA118.md): Luscombe 8E · Flushing, MI · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 14, 1991 · N1406K · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to attain proper runway alignment and not maintaining directional control which resulted in a ground loop. Factors relating to this accident were the gusty crosswind conditions which existed at the time.
- [NTSB MIA91LA097](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/MIA91LA097.md): Cessna 182Q · Hattiesburg, MS · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 13, 1991 · N735MK · Substantial damage
  > On ground encounter with a wind gust and failure of the pilot to maintain directional control of the airplane during the landing roll, resulting in the collision with a ravine
- [NTSB NYC91LA088](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA088.md): Piper PA28-400 · Fall River, MA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 12, 1991 · N8452P · Substantial damage
  > An improper flare and touchdown point which resulted in an overrun of the runway during the landing roll.
- [NTSB NYC91LA087](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA087.md): Cessna 152 · Caldwell, NJ · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 12, 1991 · N69095 · Substantial damage
  > Improper flare by the pilot. Darkness was a related factor.
- [NTSB SEA91LA065](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA065.md): Cessna 172P · Seattle, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 9, 1991 · N64599 · Substantial damage
  > A hard landing due to the pilot's midjudgement of his touchdown.
- [NTSB SEA91LA063](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91LA063.md): Cessna 120 · Skykomish, WA · Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 9, 1991 · N3163N · Substantial damage
  > The pilot's failure to take appropriate remedial action after landing too FAR down the runway.
- [NTSB NYC91LA085](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC91LA085.md): Cessna 172P · Miamisburg, OH · Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report · Mar 9, 1991 · N64937 · Substantial damage
  > The instructor pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane during landing in a strong crosswind.

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/550/cases.md?page=355

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
  crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
  current_codes AS (
    SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
      row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
    WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
      AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
  ),
  phases AS (
    SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
    FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
    FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
    WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
  ),
  case_phases AS (
    SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
    FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
    LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
    WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
  )
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 550)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/550/cases?page=354

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