# Major NTSB investigations

NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports.

Page 1 of 14 · 654 cases

## Latest cases

- [NTSB DCA26MA352](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26MA352.md): Boeing 767 · Miami, FL · Accident · 5 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Preliminary report · Sep 6, 2026 · N1997A · Substantial damage
  > On September 6, 2026, about 1353 eastern daylight time (EDT), 21 Air flight 7598, a Boeing 767-33A, N1997A, overran runway 30 after landing at Miami International Airport (MIA), Miami, Florida and subsequently impacted two ground passenger vehicles. The two…
- [NTSB DCA26MA161](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26MA161.md): Mitsubishi CL-600 · New York, NY · Accident · 2 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Preliminary report · Mar 23, 2026 · C-GNJZ · Substantial damage
  > On March 22, 2026, at 2337 eastern daylight time, Jazz Aviation LP flight 646 (doing business as Air Canada flight 8646), an MHI (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) RJ Aviation (formerly Bombardier) CL-600-2D24 (CRJ-900) airplane, registration C-GNJZ, was…
- [NTSB WPR26MA063](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR26MA063.md): Cessna 550 · Statesville, NC · Accident · 7 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Preliminary report · Dec 18, 2025 · N257BW · Substantial damage
  > On December 18, 2025, at 1015 eastern standard time, a Cessna Citation 550, N257BW, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident near Statesville, North Carolina. The pilot and 6 passengers were fatally injured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14…
- [NTSB DCA26MA024](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA26MA024.md): Mcdonnell Douglas MD-11F · Louisville, KY · Accident · 14 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Preliminary report · Nov 4, 2025 · N259UP · Destroyed
  > On November 4, 2025, about 1714 eastern standard time (EST), United Parcel Service (UPS) flight 2976, a Boeing (McDonnell-Douglas) MD-11F airplane, N259UP, was destroyed after it impacted the ground shortly after takeoff from runway 17R at Louisville Muhammad…
- [NTSB WPR25MA128](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR25MA128.md): Mitsubishi MU-2B-40 · Copake, NY · Accident · 6 fatal · Class 3 · Major · Preliminary report · Apr 12, 2025 · N635TA · Destroyed
  > On April 12, 2025, about 1203 eastern daylight time, a Mitsubishi MU-2B-40, N635TA, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident near Copake, New York. The pilot and five passengers were fatally injured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of…
- [NTSB ERA25MA171](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA25MA171.md): Bell 206L-4 · Jersey City, NJ · Accident · 6 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Preliminary report · Apr 10, 2025 · N216MH · Destroyed
  > On April 10, 2025, about 1515 eastern daylight time, a Bell 206L-4 helicopter, N216MH, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident near Jersey City, New Jersey. The pilot and five passengers were fatally injured. The helicopter was operated as a Title…
- [NTSB CEN25MA115](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN25MA115.md): Eurocopter Deutschland EC 135 P2+ · Canton, MS · Accident · 3 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Preliminary report · Mar 10, 2025 · N835CS · Destroyed
  > On March 10, 2025, about 1237 central daylight time, an Airbus Helicopters (formerly Eurocopter Deutschland) EC135 P2+ helicopter, N835CS, operated as AirCare 3, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident near Canton, Mississippi. The commercial pilot,…
- [NTSB WPR25FA088](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR25FA088.md): Gates Learjet 35A · Scottsdale, AZ · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 2 · Field · Preliminary report · Feb 10, 2025 · N81VN · Substantial damage
  > On February 10, 2025, about 1438 mountain standard time, a Gates Learjet 35A, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Scottsdale, Arizona. The captain was fatally injured, the first officer (FO) and one passenger were seriously…
- [NTSB ANC25MA018](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC25MA018.md): Textron 208B · Nome, AK · Accident · 10 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Feb 6, 2025 · N321BA · Destroyed
  > The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the pilot’s inadequate airspeed management due to workload and degraded situation awareness and his improper inputs leading up to and during the aerodynamic…
- [NTSB ERA25MA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA25MA106.md): Learjet 55 · Philadelphia, PA · Accident · 7 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Preliminary report · Jan 31, 2025 · XA-UCI · Destroyed
  > On January 31, 2025, at 1807 eastern standard time, a Learjet 55 airplane, Mexican registration XA-UCI (call sign MTS056) was destroyed when it was involved in an accident in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The two pilots, two medical crewmembers, and two…
- [NTSB DCA25MA108](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA25MA108.md): Bombardier CL-600-2C10 · Washington, DC · Accident · 67 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Jan 30, 2025 · N709PS · 2 aircraft · Destroyed
  > The Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) placement of a helicopter route in close proximity to a runway approach path; their failure to regularly review and evaluate helicopter routes and available data, and their failure to act on recommendations to…
- [NTSB CEN24MA111](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN24MA111.md): Airbus Helicopters EC 130 · Halloran Springs, CA · Accident · 6 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Final report · Feb 10, 2024 · N130CZ · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s decision to continue the visual flight rules flight into instrument meteorological conditions, which resulted in the pilot’s spatial disorientation and loss of control. Contributing to the accident was the company’s inadequate oversight of its…
- [NTSB DCA24MA063](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA24MA063.md): Boeing 737-9 · Portland, OR · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Jan 6, 2024 · N704AL · Substantial damage
  > the in-flight separation of the left mid exit door (MED) plug due to Boeing Commercial Airplanes’ failure to provide adequate training, guidance, and oversight necessary to ensure that manufacturing personnel could consistently and correctly comply with its…
- [NTSB WPR23MA113](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR23MA113.md): Pilatus PC-12/45 · Stagecoach, NV · Accident · 5 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Final report · Feb 25, 2023 · N273SM · Substantial damage
  > The pilot’s loss of control due to spatial disorientation while operating in night instrument meteorological conditions, which resulted in an in-flight breakup. Contributing to the accident was the disengagement of the autopilot for undetermined reasons, as…
- [NTSB DCA23FA149](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA23FA149.md): Boeing 737-79P · Austin, TX · Incident · No injuries · Class 1 · Field · Final report · Feb 4, 2023 · N7827A · 2 aircraft · No damage
  > the local controller’s incorrect assumption that the Southwest Airlines (SWA) airplane would depart from the runway before the Federal Express airplane arrived on the same runway, which resulted in a loss of separation between both airplanes. Contributing to…
- [NTSB DCA23LA125](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA23LA125.md): Boeing 737-900ER · Queens, NY · Incident · No injuries · Class 1 · Limited · Final report · Jan 14, 2023 · N914DU · 2 aircraft · No damage
  > The American Airlines flight 106 (AAL106) crew’s surface navigation error due to distractions caused by their performance of concurrent operational tasks during taxi, which resulted in a loss of situational awareness. Contributing to the incident was the air…
- [NTSB CEN23MA034](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN23MA034.md): Boeing B17 · Dallas, TX · Accident · 6 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Nov 12, 2022 · N7227C · 2 aircraft · Destroyed
  > the air boss’s and air show event organizer’s lack of an adequate, prebriefed aircraft separation plan for the air show performance, relying instead on the air boss’s real-time deconfliction directives and the see-and-avoid strategy for collision avoidance,…
- [NTSB DCA22MA193](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA22MA193.md): Dehavilland DHC-3 · Freeland, WA · Accident · 10 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Sep 4, 2022 · N725TH · Destroyed
  > The in-flight unthreading of the clamp nut from the horizontal stabilizer trim actuator barrel due to a missing lock ring, which resulted in the horizontal stabilizer moving to an extreme trailing-edge-down position rendering the airplane’s pitch…
- [NTSB ERA22FA279](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA22FA279.md): Bell UH-1B · Amherstdale, WV · Accident · 6 fatal · Class 1 · Field · Final report · Jun 22, 2022 · N98F · Destroyed
  > the operator’s failure to adequately inspect the former military turbine powered helicopter, which allowed an engine issue to progress and result in a loss of engine power and a subsequent loss of control after the helicopter struck powerlines during a forced…
- [NTSB DCA22MA009](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA22MA009.md): Mcdonnell Douglas DC-9-87 (MD-87) · Brookshire, TX · Accident · Serious injuries · Class 2 · Major · Final report · Oct 19, 2021 · N987AK · Destroyed
  > The jammed condition of both elevators, which resulted from exposure to localized, dynamic high wind while the airplane was parked and prevented the airplane from rotating during the takeoff roll. Also causal was the failure of Everts Air Cargo, the pilots’…
- [NTSB DCA20MA059](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA20MA059.md): Sikorsky S76 · Calabasas, CA · Accident · 9 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Jan 26, 2020 · N72EX · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s decision to continue flight under visual flight rules into instrument meteorological conditions, which resulted in the pilot’s spatial disorientation and loss of control. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s likely self-induced pressure…
- [NTSB CEN20MA044](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20MA044.md): Piper PA 31T · Lafayette, LA · Accident · 5 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Final report · Dec 28, 2019 · N42CV · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s loss of airplane control due to spatial disorientation during the initial climb in instrument meteorological conditions.
- [NTSB ANC20MA010](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC20MA010.md): Airbus AS350B2 · Kekaha, HI · Accident · 7 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Dec 27, 2019 · N985SA · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s decision to continue flight under visual flight rules (VFR) into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), which resulted in the collision into terrain. Contributing to the accident was Safari Aviation Inc.’s lack of safety management processes…
- [NTSB DCA20MA002](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA20MA002.md): Saab 2000 · Unalaska, AK · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Oct 18, 2019 · N686PA · Substantial damage
  > The landing gear manufacturer’s incorrect wiring of the wheel speed transducer harnesses on the left main landing gear during overhaul. The incorrect wiring caused the antiskid system not to function as intended, resulting in the failure of the left outboard…
- [NTSB ERA20MA001](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA20MA001.md): Boeing B17 · Windsor Locks, CT · Accident · 7 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Final report · Oct 2, 2019 · N93012 · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s failure to properly manage the airplane’s configuration and airspeed after he shut down the No. 4 engine following its partial loss of power during the initial climb. Contributing to the accident was the pilot/maintenance director’s inadequate…
- [NTSB CEN19MA312](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN19MA312.md): Convair 440 · Monclova, OH · Accident · 2 fatal · Class 3 · Major · Final report · Sep 11, 2019 · N24DR · Destroyed
  > The flight crew’s failure to maintain the proper airspeed on final approach, which resulted in an inadvertent aerodynamic stall and impact with trees, and terrain. Contributing to the accident was the flight crew’s fatigue due to the overnight flight schedule.
- [NTSB CEN19MA190](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN19MA190.md): Textron B-300 · Addison, TX · Accident · 10 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Final report · Jun 30, 2019 · N534FF · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s failure to maintain airplane control following a reduction of thrust in the left engine during takeoff. The reason for the reduction in thrust could not be determined. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s failure to conduct the airplane…
- [NTSB WPR19MA177](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR19MA177.md): Beech 65-A90 · Mokuleia, HI · Accident · 11 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Final report · Jun 22, 2019 · N256TA · Destroyed
  > The pilot’s aggressive takeoff maneuver, which resulted in an accelerated stall and subsequent loss of control at an altitude that was too low for recovery. Contributing to the accident were (1) the operation of the airplane near its aft center of gravity…
- [NTSB CEN19MA141](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN19MA141.md): De Havilland DHC-2 · Ketchikan, AK · Accident · 6 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · May 13, 2019 · N952DB · 2 aircraft · Destroyed
  > The inherent limitations of the see-and-avoid concept, which prevented the two pilots from seeing the other airplane before the collision, and the absence of visual and aural alerts from both airplanes’ traffic display systems, while operating in a geographic…
- [NTSB DCA19MA143](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA19MA143.md): Boeing 737 · Jacksonville, FL · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 2 · Major · Final report · May 4, 2019 · N732MA · Substantial damage
  > An extreme loss of braking friction due to heavy rain and the water depth on the ungrooved runway, which resulted in viscous hydroplaning. Contributing to the accident was the operator’s inadequate guidance for evaluating runway braking conditions and…
- [NTSB DCA19MA086](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA19MA086.md): Boeing 767 · Trinity Bay, TX · Accident · 3 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Feb 23, 2019 · N1217A · Destroyed
  > The inappropriate response by the first officer as the pilot flying to an inadvertent activation of the go-around mode, which led to his spatial disorientation and nose-down control inputs that placed the airplane in a steep descent from which the crew did…
- [NTSB CEN19FA072](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN19FA072.md): Bell 407 · Zaleski, OH · Accident · 3 fatal · Class 1 · Field · Final report · Jan 29, 2019 · N191SF · Destroyed
  > The NTSB determines that the probable cause of this accident was Survival Flight's inadequate management of safety, which normalized pilots' and operations control specialists' noncompliance with risk analysis procedures and resulted in the initiation of the…
- [NTSB DCA18MA142](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA18MA142.md): Boeing 737 7H4 · Philadelphia, PA · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Apr 17, 2018 · N772SW · Substantial damage
  > A low-cycle fatigue crack in the dovetail of fan blade No. 13, which resulted in the fan blade separating in flight and impacting the engine fan case at a location that was critical to the structural integrity and performance of the fan cowl structure. This…
- [NTSB ERA18MA099](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA18MA099.md): American Eurocopter AS350B2 · New York, NY · Accident · 5 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Mar 11, 2018 · N350LH · Substantial damage
  > Liberty Helicopters Inc.'s use of a NYONair-provided passenger harness/tether system, which caught on and activated the floor-mounted engine fuel shutoff lever and resulted in the in-flight loss of engine power and the subsequent ditching. Contributing to…
- [NTSB WPR18MA087](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR18MA087.md): Eurocopter EC130 · Peach Springs, AZ · Accident · 5 fatal · Class 3 · Major · Final report · Feb 11, 2018 · N155GC · Destroyed
  > A loss of tail rotor effectiveness, the pilot’s subsequent loss of helicopter control, and collision with terrain during an approach to land in gusting, tailwind conditions in an area of potential downdrafts and turbulence.
- [NTSB ERA17MA316](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17MA316.md): Eurocopter Deutschland MBB BK 117 · Hertford, NC · Accident · 4 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Final report · Sep 8, 2017 · N146DU · Destroyed
  > A failure of the rear bearing in the No. 2 engine, which (1) created multiple and likely unexpected and confusing cockpit indications, resulting in the pilot's improper diagnosis and subsequent erroneous shutdown of the No. 1 engine, and (2) the resulting…
- [NTSB DCA17IA148](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17IA148.md): Airbus A320-211 · San Francisco, CA · Incident · No injuries · Class 1 · Incident · Final report · Jul 8, 2017 · C-FKCK · No damage
  > The flight crew's misidentification of taxiway C as the intended landing runway, which resulted from the crewmembers' lack of awareness of the parallel runway closure due to their ineffective review of notice to airmen (NOTAM) information before the flight…
- [NTSB CEN17MA183](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17MA183.md): Learjet 35A · Teterboro, NJ · Accident · 2 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · May 15, 2017 · N452DA · Destroyed
  > The pilot-in-command's (PIC) attempt to salvage an unstabilized visual approach, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall at low altitude. Contributing to the accident was the PIC's decision to allow an unapproved second-in-command to act as pilot flying, the…
- [NTSB DCA17FA076](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17FA076.md): Mcdonnell Douglas MD80 · Ypsilanti, MI · Accident · Minor injuries · Class 1 · Field · Final report · Mar 8, 2017 · N786TW · Substantial damage
  > the jammed condition of the airplane's right elevator, which resulted from exposure to localized, dynamic wind while the airplane was parked and rendered the airplane unable to rotate during takeoff. Contributing to the accident were (1) the effect of a large…
- [NTSB DCA17MA022](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17MA022.md): Mcdonnell Douglas MD 10-10F · Fort Lauderdale, FL · Accident · No injuries · Major investigation · Final report · Oct 28, 2016 · N370FE · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the left main landing gear (MLG) due to fatigue cracking that initiated at a corrosion pit. The pit formed in the absence of a required protective cadmium coating the cause of which could not be determined from available evidence. Contributing…
- [NTSB DCA17FA021](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17FA021.md): Boeing 767 · Chicago, IL · Accident · Serious injuries · Class 1 · Field · Final report · Oct 28, 2016 · N345AN · Substantial damage
  > The failure of the high-pressure turbine (HPT) stage 2 disk, which severed the main engine fuel feed line and breached the right main wing fuel tank, releasing fuel that resulted in a fire on the right side of the airplane during the takeoff roll. The HPT…
- [NTSB ANC17MA001](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC17MA001.md): Cessna 208B · Togiak, AK · Accident · 3 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Oct 2, 2016 · N208SD · Destroyed
  > The flight crew's decision to continue the visual flight rules flight into deteriorating visibility and their failure to perform an immediate escape maneuver after entry into instrument meteorological conditions, which resulted in controlled flight into…
- [NTSB DCA16MA204](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA16MA204.md): Kubicek BB85 · Lockhart, TX · Accident · 16 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Jul 30, 2016 · N2469L · Destroyed
  > The pilot's pattern of poor decision-making that led to the initial launch, continued flight in fog and above clouds, and descent near or through clouds that decreased the pilot's ability to see and avoid obstacles. Contributing to the accident were (1) the…
- [NTSB CEN16MA036](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN16MA036.md): British Aerospace HS 125 700A · Akron, OH · Accident · 9 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Nov 10, 2015 · N237WR · Destroyed
  > The flight crew's mismanagement of the approach and multiple deviations from company standard operating procedures, which placed the airplane in an unsafe situation and led to an unstabilized approach, a descent below minimum descent altitude without visual…
- [NTSB WPR15MA243](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR15MA243.md): Cessna 172M · San Diego, CA · Accident · 5 fatal · Major investigation · Final report · Aug 16, 2015 · N1285U · 2 aircraft · Destroyed
  > The local controller's (LC) failure to properly identify the aircraft in the pattern and to ensure control instructions provided to the intended Cessna on downwind were being performed before turning Eagle1 into its path for landing. Contributing to the LC's…
- [NTSB ERA15MA259](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA15MA259.md): Cessna 150M · Moncks Corner, SC · Accident · 2 fatal · Class 2 · Major · Final report · Jul 7, 2015 · N3601V · 2 aircraft · Destroyed
  > The approach controller's failure to provide an appropriate resolution to the conflict between the F-16 and the Cessna. Contributing to the accident were the inherent limitations of the see-and-avoid concept, resulting in both pilots' inability to take…
- [NTSB CEN15MA290](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN15MA290.md): Airbus Helicopters AS350B3E · Frisco, CO · Accident · 1 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Jul 3, 2015 · N390LG · Destroyed
  > Airbus Helicopters' dual-hydraulic AS350 B3e helicopter's (1) preflight hydraulic check, which depleted hydraulic pressure in the tail rotor hydraulic circuit, and (2) lack of salient alerting to the pilot that hydraulic pressure was not restored before…
- [NTSB ANC15MA041](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC15MA041.md): Dehavilland DHC-3 · Ketchikan, AK · Accident · 9 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Jun 25, 2015 · N270PA · Substantial damage
  > (1) the pilot's decision to continue visual flight into an area of instrument meteorological conditions, which resulted in his geographic disorientation and controlled flight into terrain; and (2) Promech's company culture, which tacitly endorsed flying in…
- [NTSB DCA15FA085](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA15FA085.md): Mcdonnell Douglas MD 88 · New York, NY · Accident · No injuries · Class 1 · Field · Final report · Mar 5, 2015 · N909DL · Substantial damage
  > the captain's inability to maintain directional control of the airplane due to his application of excessive reverse thrust, which degraded the effectiveness of the rudder in controlling the airplane's heading. Contributing to the accident were the captain's…
- [NTSB DCA15MA029](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA15MA029.md): Embraer EMB-500 · Gaithersburg, MD · Accident · 6 fatal · Class 1 · Major · Final report · Dec 8, 2014 · N100EQ · Destroyed
  > the pilot's conduct of an approach in structural icing conditions without turning on the airplane's wing and horizontal stabilizer deice system, leading to ice accumulation on those surfaces, and without using the appropriate landing performance speeds for…

Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb.md?major=1&page=2

## The whole list in SQL

Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS:

```sql
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE (c.board_report_url IS NOT NULL OR c."investigationClass" = 'Class 1' OR c."caseType" = 'Major - Launch')
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC
```

This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb?major=1

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