# NTSB investigations, Outside the U.S. NTSB aviation accident and incident investigations since 1962: the probable cause, findings, aircraft, crew, weather and docket of each, linked to the FAA registry and the FAA’s own reports. Page 77 of 183 · 9,105 cases ## Cases, newest first - [NTSB ERA17WA206](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA206.md): Cessna 182 · Poesoegroenoe, Suriname · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · May 18, 2017 · PZ-VAC · Minor damage > On May 18, 2017, at 1840 coordinated universal time, a Cessna 182P, registered as PZ-VAC, experienced an uncontained engine failure, and sustained minor damage during a subsequent forced landing in Poespegroenoe, Suriname. The pilot and two passengers were… - [NTSB ERA17WA198](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA198.md): Cessna 206 · Cerro Azul, Ecuador · Accident · 2 fatal · Foreign investigation · May 18, 2017 · HC-CEG · Destroyed > On May 18, 2017, at an unknown time, a Cessna 206H, Ecuadorian registration HC-CEG, was destroyed when it impacted terrain in Cerro Azul, Ecuador. The foreign certificated pilot and one passenger were fatally injured. The flight departed Jose Joaquin de… - [NTSB ERA17WA200](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA200.md): Piper PA34 · San Lorenzon, Peru · Accident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · May 17, 2017 · OB-1564 · Substantial damage > The government of Peru has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a PIPER PA34 airplane that occurred on May 17, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of Peru's investigation under the provisions of ICAO… - [NTSB CEN17WA187](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA187.md): Learjet 25 · Toluca, Mexico · Accident · 2 fatal · Foreign investigation · May 17, 2017 · XA-VMC · Destroyed > On May 17, 2017, at 2025 hours universal coordinated time, a Lear 25B airplane, Mexican registration XA-VMC, impacted terrain near Toluca, Mexico. The pilot-in-command and co-pilot were fatally injured. The airplane was destroyed by impact forces and a… - [NTSB CEN17WA215](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA215.md): Ayres S2R · Candillargues, France, France · Accident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · May 16, 2017 · F-GIEN · Substantial damage > On May 16, 2017, about 0530 hours universal coordinated time, an Ayres S2R airplane, French registration F-GIEN, was substantially damaged during a forced landing following a loss of engine power near Candillargues, France. The pilot was not injured. The… - [NTSB ERA17FA181](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17FA181.md): Mitsubishi MU2B · Eleuthera, Bahamas · Accident · 4 fatal · Field investigation · Final report · May 15, 2017 · N220N · Destroyed > The pilot's intentional flight into an area of known icing and convective thunderstorm activity, which resulted in a loss of control of the airplane. - [NTSB DCA17WA118](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA118.md): Boeing 737 · Munich, Germany · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · May 14, 2017 · TS-ION · No damage > The Germany Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU) has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a BOEING 737 airplane that occurred on May 14, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of… - [NTSB CEN17WA221](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA221.md): Silence Twister · Abingdon, United Kingdom · Accident · Serious injuries · Foreign investigation · May 14, 2017 · G-JINX · Substantial damage > On May 14, 2017, at 1330 universal coordinated time (UTC), a Silence model Twister single-engine airplane, United Kingdom registration G-JINX, serial number LAA 329-15102, was substantially damaged during a forced landing following a loss of engine power… - [NTSB CEN17WA189](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA189.md): Monocoupe 90AF · Plattsville, Canada · Accident · 1 fatal · Foreign investigation · May 13, 2017 · C-FJGA · Substantial damage > On May 13, 2017, a Monocoupe 90F-100 airplane, C-FJGA, impacted short of the threshold at Lubitz Flying Field (CLB2), Plattsville, Ontario. The pilot was fatally injured.This investigation is under the jurisdiction and control of the government of Canada. Any… - [NTSB GAA17WA582](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/GAA17WA582.md): Piper PA 46-350P · Nyíregyháza, Hungary · Accident · No injuries · Class 5 · Foreign · May 12, 2017 · N3975C · Substantial damage - [NTSB CEN17WA256](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA256.md): Lancair IV · Grenaa, Denmark · Accident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · May 12, 2017 · SE-XRU · Substantial damage > On May 12, 2017, about 0635 coordinated universal time, a Lancair IV P airplane, Swiss registration SE-XRU, was substantially damaged when it impacted terrain near Grenaa, Denmark. The airplane was registered to and operated by a private individual as a… - [NTSB ERA17WA183](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA183.md): Enstrom Helicopter 480B · Fundres, Italy · Accident · 1 fatal · Foreign investigation · May 10, 2017 · N480W · Destroyed > On May 10, 2017, about 1143 universal coordinated time,an Enstrom 480B, N480W, was destroyed during an infight break-up near Fundres, Italy. The flight departed from Bolzano, Italy, and was destined for Linz, Italy. The pilot was fatally injured. This… - [NTSB CEN17RA191](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17RA191.md): Bell 429 · Presov, Slovakia · Accident · 2 fatal · Foreign investigation · May 10, 2017 · OM-BYM · Substantial damage > On May 10, 2017, about 1430 local time, a Bell 429 helicopter, Slovakia registration OM-BYM, impacted terrain shortly after takeoff near Presov, Slovakia. There were four people on board; two people received fatal injuries and two people received serious… - [NTSB CEN17WA195](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA195.md): Cessna P210N · San Vicente Tancoayalab, Mexico · Accident · Serious injuries · Foreign investigation · May 9, 2017 · N116DC · Destroyed > On May 9, 2017, about 1430 universal coordinated time, a Cessna P210N airplane, N116DC, impacted trees and terrain during an emergency descent near San Vicente Tancoayalab, Mexico, following lightning strikes during cruise. The pilot was seriously injured and… - [NTSB ERA17WA173](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA173.md): Robinson R44 · Beloretsk, Russia · Accident · 3 fatal · Foreign investigation · May 4, 2017 · RA-04156 · Substantial damage > On May 4, 2017, about 1020 coordinated universal time, a Robinson R44 helicopter, Russian registration RA-04156, was substantially damaged when it impacted mountainous terrain during a fire monitoring mission after departing from Beloretsk, Bashkortostan,… - [NTSB CEN17WA172](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA172.md): Piper PA31 · Schefferville, Canada · Accident · 2 fatal · Foreign investigation · Apr 30, 2017 · C-FQQB · Substantial damage > On April 30, 2017, a Piper PA-31 airplane, C-FQQB, impacted terrain near Schefferville, Quebec. The two pilots were fatality injured. The accident investigation is under the jurisdiction and control of the Canadian government. This report is for information… - [NTSB ENG17WA021](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ENG17WA021.md): Boeing Boeing 787-9 · London, United Kingdom · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 29, 2017 · G-ZBKF · No damage > The United Kingdom's Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a Boeing 787-9, which occurred on April 29, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the AAIB investigation under the… - [NTSB CEN17WA175](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA175.md): Socata-Groupe Aerospatiale TB 20 · Malaga, Spain · Accident · 3 fatal · Foreign investigation · Apr 29, 2017 · D-ECJP · Substantial damage > On April 29, 2017, at 1632 UTC, a Socata TB-20, D-ECJP, impacted terrain near Canillas de Aceituno in Malaga, Spain. The aircraft was destroyed, and the pilot and two passengers were fatally injured. The flight departed Mutxamel Airfield (LEMU) in Alicante,… - [NTSB ERA17WA179](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA179.md): Piper PA30 · Sao Paulo, Brazil · Accident · 2 fatal · Foreign investigation · Apr 28, 2017 · PT-CHT · Substantial damage > On April 28, 2017, about 1930 coordinated universal time, a Piper PA30, Brazilian registration PT-CHT, was substantially damaged when it impacted terrain during an instructional flight near Sao Paulo, Brazil. The pilot and copilot were fatally injured. The… - [NTSB DCA17WA106](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA106.md): Boeing 737 · Keflavik, Iceland · Accident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 28, 2017 · YL-PSH · Minor damage > The AAIB of Iceland has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a Boeing 737 airplane that occurred on April 28, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the AAIB of Iceland's investigation under the provisions of ICAO Annex… - [NTSB DCA17WA113](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA113.md): Boeing 737 · Palma de Mallorca, Spain · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 20, 2017 · EC-JBK · 2 aircraft · No damage > The Comision de Investigacion de Accidenties E Incidentes de Aviacion Civil of Spain has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a CESSNA 510 airplane that occurred on April 20, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the… - [NTSB DCA17WA107](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA107.md): Airbus A320 · New Delhi, India · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 17, 2017 · VT-IDB · No damage > The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) of India has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a AIRBUS A320 airplane that occurred on April 17, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of India's… - [NTSB DCA17WA097](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA097.md): Boeing 777 · Amsterdam, Netherlands · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 17, 2017 · VT-JEW · Minor damage > The government of Netherlands has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a BOEING 777 airplane that occurred on April 17, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of Netherlands's investigation under the… - [NTSB CEN17RA158](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17RA158.md): Piper PA31T · Cascais, Portugal · Accident · 5 fatal · Foreign investigation · Apr 17, 2017 · HB-LTI · Destroyed > On April 17, 2017, about 1104 hours universal coordinated time, a Piper PA-31T, serial number 31T-8020091, Swiss registration HB-LTI, was destroyed during impact and a postimpact fire following a loss of control during initial climb from runway 17 at the… - [NTSB ENG17WA020](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ENG17WA020.md): BAE JETSTREAM3100 · Monteria, Colombia · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 15, 2017 · HK4820 · No damage > On April 15, 2017, a Colombian-registered BAE Jetstream J32, HK4820, operated by Aerolinea de Antioquia ADA experienced a loss of power from the No. 2 engine, a Honeywell TPE331 turbopropeller. The engine was shutdown in flight and the airplane diverted to… - [NTSB ERA17WA159](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA159.md): Cessna 172 · Cassilandia, Brazil · Accident · 2 fatal · Foreign investigation · Apr 14, 2017 · PR-LPW · Substantial damage > On April 14, 2017, about 2045 coordinated universal time, a privately owned and operated Cessna 172N, Brazilian registration PR-LPW, was substantially damaged after it struck a tree about 400 meters from the threshold of runway 13 at the Aeroporto de… - [NTSB CEN17WA161](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA161.md): Champion 8KCAB · Cancun, Mexico · Accident · 1 fatal · Foreign investigation · Apr 14, 2017 · N65SE · Destroyed > The accident investigation is under the jurisdiction and control of the Mexican government. This report is for informational purposes only and contains only information released by or obtained from the Mexican government. Further information pertaining to… - [NTSB WPR17WA123](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR17WA123.md): Cessna 208 · Anem Mountain, Oksibil, Indonesia · Accident · 1 fatal · Foreign investigation · Apr 12, 2017 · PK-FSO · Destroyed > On April 12, 2017, about 0340 universal coordinated time, a Cessna 208C, PK-FSO, operated by PT. Spirit Avia Sentosa as an unscheduled cargo flight under the pertinent civil regulations of the government of Indonesia, collided with mountainous terrain 7… - [NTSB DCA17WA098](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA098.md): Boeing 737 · Dublin, Ireland · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 11, 2017 · EI-DAS · Minor damage > The Air Accident Investigation Unit (AAIU) of Ireland has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a BOEING 737 airplane that occurred on April 11, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of Ireland's… - [NTSB CEN17WA159](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA159.md): Gulfstream Aerospace GIV X (G450) · Salzburg, Austria · Accident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 11, 2017 · N667HS · Substantial damage > On April 11, 2017, about 0830 hours universal coordinated time, a Gulfstream Aerospace GIV-X (G450) airplane, United States registration N667HS, was substantially damaged when the nose landing gear collapsed after landing at the Salzburg Airport (LOWS),… - [NTSB CEN17WA160](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA160.md): Cessna U206 · Seine-Maritime, France · Accident · Minor injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 9, 2017 · F-HNCM · Substantial damage > On April 9, 2017, about 1430 universal coordinated time (UTC), a Cessna U206-F airplane, F-HNCM, flipped on it back during a forced landing near Seine-Maritime, France, following a loss of engine power. The pilot and four passengers received minor injuries… - [NTSB DCA17WA105](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA105.md): Boeing 737 · Sibu Warawak, Malaysia · Accident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 8, 2017 · 9M-MXX · Substantial damage > The Malaysian Department of Civil Aviation (DCA) has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a Boeing 737, which occurred on April 8, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the DCA investigation under the provisions of ICAO… - [NTSB DCA17WA095](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA095.md): Boeing 747 · Kong Kong, China · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Apr 7, 2017 · VH-OJU · No damage > The Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a Boeing 747, which occurred on April 7, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S Accredited Representative to assist under the provisions of ICAO Annex 13, as the State of… - [NTSB ERA17WA147](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA147.md): Piper PA-42 · Sorocaba, Brazil · Accident · 2 fatal · Foreign investigation · Mar 31, 2017 · PP-EPB · Destroyed > On March 31, 2017, about 1745 coordinated universal time (1445 local time), a Piper PA-42, Brazilian registration PP-EPB, operated by a private individual, was destroyed after it impacted the ground while on approach to Barra Do Garcas Airport (SBBW),… - [NTSB ERA17WA146](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA146.md): Grumman G164 · Pista La Julia, Ecuador · Accident · 1 fatal · Foreign investigation · Mar 30, 2017 · HC-BPI · Destroyed > On March 30, 2017, about 1645 universal coordinated time, a Grumman 164A, Ecuadorian registration HC-BPI, was destroyed when it impacted electrical wires and terrain near Pista La Julia, Ecuador. The foreign certificated pilot was fatally injured. The flight… - [NTSB DCA17WA127](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA127.md): Boeing 747 · Glasgow, United Kingdom · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 30, 2017 · LX-VCF · No damage > The United Kingdom AAIB has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a Boeing 747 airplane that occurred on March 30, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the AAIB's investigation under the provisions of ICAO Annex 13 as… - [NTSB DCA17WA084](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA084.md): Airbus A380 · Changi, Singapore · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 30, 2017 · A6-EUB · 2 aircraft · Minor damage > The Transport Safety Investigation Bureau (TSIB) Ministry of Transport Singapore has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a AIRBUS A380 airplane that occurred on March 30, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the… - [NTSB CEN17WA143](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA143.md): Aerospatiale AS355 · Snowdonia, United Kingdom · Accident · 5 fatal · Foreign investigation · Mar 29, 2017 · G-OHCP · Destroyed > On March 29, 2017, about 1500 coordinated universal time, an Aerospatiale AS355 F1 helicopter, G-OHCP, collided with Rhinog Fawr mountain in Snowdonia, Wales, United Kingdom. The pilot and four passengers were fatally injured.The accident investigation is… - [NTSB ERA17WA142](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA142.md): Quest Kodiak · Moretecocha, Ecuador · Accident · Serious injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 28, 2017 · HC-CPR · Substantial damage > On March 28, 2017, at 1600 Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), a Quest Kodiak 100, Ecuadorian registration HC-CRF, operated by Alas De Socorro, received substantial damage following a collision with trees and terrain during takeoff at Moretecocha Airstrip,… - [NTSB DCA17RA082](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17RA082.md): Boeing 737 · Jauja, Peru · Accident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 28, 2017 · OB-2036-P · Substantial damage > The government of Peru has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a BOEING 737 that occurred on March 28, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of Peru's investigation under the provisions of ICAO Annex 13… - [NTSB WPR17WA083](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/WPR17WA083.md): Robinson R22 · Reefton, New Zealand · Accident · 1 fatal · Foreign investigation · Mar 27, 2017 · ZK-IHA · Substantial damage > On March 27, 2017, about 0345 Universal Time, a Robinson R22, New Zealand registration ZK-IHA, impacted forested terrain about 5.5 miles north of Reefton, West Coast. The pilot, the sole occupant was fatally injured, and the helicopter was substantially… - [NTSB DCA17WA080](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA080.md): Boeing 737 · Ardabil, Iran · Accident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 27, 2017 · EP-TBJ · Substantial damage > The government of Iran has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a BOEING 737-400 airplane that occurred on March 27, 2017. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Board of the Civil Aviation Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran is conducting an… - [NTSB CEN17WA142](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA142.md): Rutan Longez · Cloncoskoran, Ireland · Accident · 1 fatal · Foreign investigation · Mar 27, 2017 · EI-CPI · Destroyed > On March 27, 2017, at 1514 coordinated universal time, a Rutan Long-Ez, Irish registration EI-CPI, collided with terrain in Cloncoskoran, Waterford, Ireland, following a loss of engine power. The pilot was fatally injured and the airplane was destroyed. The… - [NTSB ENG17WA019](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ENG17WA019.md): Saab 340 · Dubbo, Australia · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 23, 2017 · VH-RXS · No damage > On March 23, 2017, a Saab 340B, registered in Australia as VH-RXS, had an in-flight shutdown of the right engine, a General Electric CT7-9B. During the climb, the crew detected abnormal turbine temperatures and vibrations from the right engine. The crew shut… - [NTSB ENG17RA040](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ENG17RA040.md): ATR ATR72 · Guarulhos, Brazil · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 21, 2017 · PP-PTQ · Minor damage > The Centro de Investigação e Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos (CENIPA) of Brazil has notified the NTSB of an incident involving an Aerospatiale and Alenia ATR-72-212A, which occurred on March 21, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited… - [NTSB ENG17WA018](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ENG17WA018.md): ATR ATR42 · Coari Municipality, Brazil, Brazil · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 20, 2017 · PR-TTH · Minor damage > On March 20, 2017, an ATR42, powered by a pair of Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100/105 turboprops engines and Hamilton Standard propellers, departure the runway after landing at the Coari Municipality, State of Amazonas, Brazil Airport (SBUY). The Brazil CENIPA… - [NTSB DCA17WA137](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/DCA17WA137.md): Boeing 767 · Amsterdam, Netherlands · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 19, 2017 · G-POWD · No damage > The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) of the United Kingdom has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a Boeing 767, which occurred on March 19, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the AAIB investigation under… - [NTSB ERA17WA132](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA17WA132.md): Bell 206 · Araucária Municipality, Brazil · Accident · Serious injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 17, 2017 · PT-YHH · Substantial damage > The government of Brazil has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a BELL 206 helicopter that occurred on March 17, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of Brazil's investigation under the provisions of… - [NTSB ENG17WA016](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ENG17WA016.md): Saab 340 · Sydney, Australia · Incident · No injuries · Foreign investigation · Mar 17, 2017 · VH-NRX > The Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a Saab 340B which occurred on March 17, 2017. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the ATSB investigation under the provisions of ICAO… - [NTSB CEN17WA137](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN17WA137.md): Cessna 152 · St-Bruno, Quebec, Canada · Accident · 1 fatal · Foreign investigation · Mar 17, 2017 · C-FGOI · 2 aircraft · Destroyed Next page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb.md?state=OF&page=78 ## The whole list in SQL Runs in DuckDB 1.2 or later on the release's Parquet files over HTTPS: ```sql SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1 WHERE c."eventCountry" <> 'USA' ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESC ``` This list as a web page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb?page=77&state=OF --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.