# NTSB ANC03LA029: Cessna 208, N205BA, Kotzebue, AK, March 2, 2003 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: March 2, 2003, 15:04 local (19:04 UTC) - Place: Kotzebue, AK - Coordinates: 66.884719, -162.598617 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=66.8847&lon=-162.5986&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Approach](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Minor injuries - Injuries: 1 minor - Status: Completed, report July 23, 2003 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB office: Alaska Regional Office - Parties: FAA-AL-FAI FSDO 01 - NTSB case key (mKey): 56559 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ANC03LA029 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/56559/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC03LA029 ## Probable cause The pilot's continued VFR flight into instrument meteorological conditions, and his failure to maintain altitude/clearance above the ground, resulting in a collision with snow and ice covered terrain during the final approach phase of a VFR landing. Factors in the accident were whiteout conditions and snow-covered terrain. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - In flight encounter with weather, approach - vfr pattern - final approach - weather condition - whiteout (contributing factor) - vfr flight into imc - continued, pilot in command (cause) - In flight collision with terrain/water, approach - vfr pattern - final approach - terrain condition - snow covered (contributing factor) - altitude/clearance - not maintained, pilot in command (cause) ## Analysis Prior to departing on an air taxi flight, the airline transport certificated pilot obtained a weather briefing and filed a VFR flight plan for a trip from his home base, to several remote villages, and return. The area forecast contained an AIRMET for IFR conditions and mountain obscuration due to clouds and light snow. The terminal forecast contained expected conditions that included visibilities ranging from 3 to 3/4 mile in blowing snow, a vertical visibility of 500 feet, and wind speeds from 14 to 22 knots. During the filing of the flight plan, an FAA flight service station specialist advised that VFR flight was not recommended. The pilot acknowledged the weather information and departed. When the pilot took off on the return flight from an airport 128 miles east of his home base, the pilot reported that the visibility at his base was greater than 6 miles. As he neared his home base, the visibility had decreased and other pilots in the area were requesting special VFR clearances into the Class E surface area. The pilot requested a special VFR clearance at 1441, but had to hold outside the surface area for other VFR and IFR traffic. At 1453, a METAR at the airport included a wind 080 of 26 knots, and a visibility of 1 mile in blowing snow. While holding about 7 miles north of the airport, the pilot provided a pilot report that included deteriorating weather conditions east of the airport. Once the pilot was cleared to enter the surface area at 1458, he was provided with an airport advisory that included wind conditions of 25 knots, gusting to 33 knots. While the pilot was maneuvering for the approach, a special aviation weather observation at 1501 included a wind condition of 26 knots, and a visibility of 3/4 mile in blowing snow. The pilot said he established a GPS waypoint 4 miles from the runway and descended to 1,000 feet. He continued inbound and descended to 300 feet. At 1 mile from the airport, the pilot said he looked up from the instrument panel but could not see the airport. He also stated that he was in a whiteout condition. The airplane collided with the snow-covered sea ice, about 1 mile from the approach end of the runway threshold at 1504. ## Factual narrative On March 2, 2003, about 1504 Alaska standard time, a Cessna 208 airplane, N205BA, sustained substantial damage when it collided with ice and snow-covered terrain during the final approach phase of a visual flight rules (VFR) landing, about 1 mile from the approach end of runway 08 at the Ralph Wien Memorial Airport, Kotzebue, Alaska. The airplane was being operated by Bering Air, Nome, Alaska, as a VFR cross-country positioning flight under Title 14, CFR Part 91, when the accident occurred. The airline transport certificated pilot, the sole occupant, received minor injuries. Instrument meteorological conditions prevailed at the airport, and the airplane was operating under a special VFR clearance. The flight originated at the Shungnak Airport, Shungnak, Alaska, at 1358, and a VFR flight plan was filed. The director of operations for the operator reported the airplane was returning to Kotzebue from Shungnak without passengers at the conclusion of an on-demand air taxi flight. Shungnak is located about 128 miles east of Kotzebue. During a telephone conversation with the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigator-in-charge (IIC) on March 3, 2003, the pilot reported that when he departed from Shungnak, the visibility at Kotzebue was greater than 6 miles. As he neared Kotzebue, the visibility had decreased and several airplanes in the area were requesting special VFR clearances into the Class E surface area. He requested a special VFR clearance but had to hold outside the area for other VFR and IFR traffic. Once he was cleared to enter the surface area, the pilot said he established a GPS waypoint 4 miles from the runway and descended to 1,000 feet. He continued inbound and descended to 300 feet. At 1 mile from the airport, the pilot said he looked up from the instrument panel but could not see the airport. He also stated that he was in a whiteout condition. The airplane collided with the snow-covered sea ice, short of the runway threshold. A review of a transcript of the air/ground radio communications tapes maintained by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) at the Kotzebue Flight Service Station (FSS) facility revealed that about 1120, the pilot obtained area weather information and filed a VFR flight plan for a 4.5 hour flight departing from Kotzebue, stopping at several remote villages and returning. The pilot inquired from the FSS specialist about anticipated weather conditions by stating, in part: "...what time do they figure that low weather is suppose to hit us?" The specialist replied: "...in the terminal [forecast] it says one o'clock, but I think it's going to be later than that. Deering, [Alaska, about 50 miles south of Kotzebue] and Buckland, [Alaska, about 65 miles southeast of Kotzebue] have some lower ceilings, but their winds aren't really that strong yet, so might be a little holding off a little longer than what they had." The pilot replied, in part: "Okay, we'll kind of keep track of it..." The FSS specialist informed the pilot that: "Caravan 5BA roger, and due to the airmets, I do have to tell you VFR flight [is] not recommended." The specialist then provided a pilot weather report from the area of Ambler, Alaska, that indicated the ceiling was 3,000 feet overcast, the visibility was unrestricted, the wind at 1,500 feet was 090 degrees at 30 knots, but calm at the surface. Ambler is located 112 miles east-northeast of Kotzebue. The FSS specialist then provided a Kotzebue airport advisory that included an altimeter setting of 29.54 inHg. The pilot acknowledged the weather information and departed from Kotzebue about 1123. At 1441, the pilot contacted the Kotzebue FSS via radio and stated, in part: "and Kotzebue, Caravan 205BA, I got your weather and stuff, and I'll hold outside your Class Echo surface area until arrival of the IFR inbound, and then I'd like to get a special, maintaining separation with the outbound Charlie Foxtrot." The pilot then indicated he was holding 10 miles to the northeast. At 1445, the pilot told the FSS specialist he was holding at Pipe Spit (located about 7.5 miles northeast of the Kotzebue airport). At 1449, the pilot contacted the Kotzebue FSS and stated, in part: "...5 Bravo Alphas losing visibility over there at Pipe Spit, I'm going over to the mouth of the Noatak [river] area." The mouth of the Noatak is about 7.5 miles north of the Kotzebue airport. At 1452, the pilot provided a pilot report of the weather conditions to the FSS specialist by stating: "Yeah, it's pretty grim out to the east right now (unintelligible) northwest towards Noatak, Kivalina is still real good, but I'm getting where I can't see Lockhart Point from the mouth of the Noatak." Lockhart Point is about 5 miles north of the Kotzebue airport. At 1453, an Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) at Kotzebue was reporting, in part: Wind, 080 degrees (true) at 26 knots; visibility, 1 statute mile, runway 08 visibility variable from 5,500 to greater than 6,000 feet in light snow and blowing snow; clouds and sky condition, few at 1,300 feet, 2,000 feet broken, 2,700 feet overcast; temperature, 30 degrees F; dew point, 29 degrees F; altimeter, 29.51 inHg; remarks, peak wind 080 degrees at 33 knots at 1427, snow began at 1434. At 1458, the Kotzebue FSS specialist issued a clearance to the pilot by stating, in part: " ATC clears Caravan 205BA to enter the Kotzebue surface area. Maintain special VFR conditions at or below 1,500 feet.... Report landing complete...Airport advisory, wind 080 [degrees] at 25 [knots], gusting to 33 [knots], favoring runway 08; altimeter 29.51." The pilot acknowledged the clearance. At 1501, a special aviation weather observation stated, in part: Wind, 080 degrees (true) at 26 knots; visibility, 3/4 statute mile, runway 08 visibility variable from 3,500 to greater than 6,000 feet in light snow and blowing snow; clouds and sky condition, 1,100 feet broken, 2,000 feet overcast; temperature, 30 degrees F; dew point, 29 degrees F; altimeter, 29.50 inHg. At 1504, FSS personnel picked up an emergency locator transmitter (ELT) signal and attempted to contact the pilot. The pilot acknowledged that he had crashed. FSS personnel notified search and rescue personnel and kept in radio contact with the pilot. At 1514, the pilot commented: "...I'm alright, bumped my head and bleeding a little bit, but other than that I must not a had the altimeter set quite right. I still got it showing couple hundred feet here so I must a misheard you or mis misaligned it or something." A transcript of the air to ground communications between the airplane and the Kotzebue FSS facility is included in the public docket of this accident. At 1507, a special weather observation stated, in part: Wind, 080 degrees (true) at 27 knots; visibility, 1/2 statute mile, runway 08 visibility variable from 2,800 to 4,500 feet in snow and blowing snow; clouds and sky condition, 700 feet broken, 1,800 feet overcast; temperature, 30 degrees F; dew point, 29 degrees F; altimeter, 29.50 inHg. At 1511, visibility for runway 08 was reported to be 2,400 to 3,500 feet in snow and blowing snow. An area forecast issued at 0545 for the northern Seward Peninsula, and the lower Kobuk Valley, valid until 2400, stated, in part: "...AIRMETS are valid until 1200. AIRMET for IFR conditions and mountain obscuration, northern Seward Peninsula, mountains occasionally obscured in clouds and light snow, no change. Clouds and weather for northern Seward Peninsula, valid until 1800, 2,000 feet scattered, 1,500 feet broken, tops at 12,000 feet, layers above to 28,000 feet. Occasionally, 2,000 feet overcast; visibility, 3 to 5 statute miles in light snow. Elsewhere, 5,000 feet scattered, 10,000 feet, broken, layers above to 28,000 feet. Outlook, valid from 1800 to 1200 on March 3, 2003; IFR with ceilings due to snow and blowing snow and wind. Turbulence, nothing significant. Ici ## Aircraft - Registration: [N205BA](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N205BA-2016-03-28), registration cancelled 2016-03-28, S/N 208B0890, built 2001 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Cessna 208 - Registry model: [Cessna 208B](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-208b) (registry code 2073701) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-6 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/pratt-whitney-canada-pt6a-6-series) (registry code 52150, turbo-prop) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 208B0890 - Airframe hours: 2082 - Engines: Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-14A 675 horsepower turbo prop - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Positioning, Part 91 - Registered owner: Bering Air Inc. - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: AAIP, January 31, 2003, 82 hours before - Departed: SHG, SHUNGNAK, AK - Destination: PAOT, KOTZEBUE, AK - Flight plan: VFR - Airport: PAOT, Ralph Wein Memorial Airport, runway 08, 5,900 × 150 ft, asphalt ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 53; injuries: minor; commercial, airline transport; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, valid medical--w/ waivers/lim; seat: left; flight hours: 25,600 total, 4,200 in this make and model, 24,900 as pilot in command, 180 in the last 90 days, 60 in the last 30 days, 5 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Instrument (IMC), Day - Wind: 62° at 26 knots - Visibility: 0.75 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: 1,100 ft broken - Temperature: 30 °F, dew point 28 °F - Altimeter: 29.50 inHg - Observed at: PAOT, 1 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20030302002949A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20030302002949A), Mar 2, 2003: Cessna 208B, Kotzebue, AK, Substantial damage. (.19) On March 2, 2003, about 1504 Alaska standard time, a Cessna 208 airplane, N205BA, sustained substantial damage when it collided with ice-covered terrain… From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.