# NTSB ANC24LA010: Cessna 172, N172CN, Kapolei, HI, December 12, 2023 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · No injuries · Class 4 · Limited · Final report - Date: December 11, 2023, 14:00 local (Dec 12, 2023, 00:00 UTC) - Place: Kapolei, HI - Coordinates: 21.3103, -158.0713 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=21.3103&lon=-158.0713&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/550) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Landing-flare/touchdown: Hard landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092) - Highest injury: No injuries - Injuries: 2 uninjured - Status: Completed - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 4 - Basic report with no Prelim publish - NTSB office: Alaska Regional Office - Parties: FAA FSDO Honolulu - NTSB case key (mKey): 193574 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ANC24LA010 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/193574/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=193574 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ANC24LA010 ## Probable cause The first pilot’s failure to maintain a stabilized approach, in gusty crosswind conditions, in an environment favoring wake turbulence. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Use of equip/info: aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Textron 172S, 10 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md?model=2072449), [All aircraft, 9,295 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md) - [Wind: crosswind](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03034040): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Contributed to outcome; cases with it: [Textron 172S, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03034040/cases.md?model=2072449), [All aircraft, 1,008 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03034040/cases.md) - [Performance/control parameters: descent/approach/glide path](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062040): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained (probable cause); cases with it: [Textron 172S, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062040/cases.md?model=2072449), [All aircraft, 809 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062040/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Landing-flare/touchdown: Hard landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092) (defining event); cases with it: [Textron 172S, 6 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092/sequence.md?model=2072449), [All aircraft, 2,102 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092/sequence.md) ## Analysis The first pilot, seated in the left seat, and the second pilot, seated in the right seat, both flight instructors, reported that the purpose of the flight was to accumulate additional flight time and practice various flight maneuvers. The first pilot reported that while she was performing a simulated, power-off, 180° landing to Runway 4L, adjacent to a large military airplane operating in the traffic pattern of a parallel runway, the accident airplane began a rapid descent while on short final. To arrest the rapid descent, the first pilot said she initiated a go-around by applying full engine power, but the rapid descend continued, and the airplane touched down hard before becoming airborne again. Airport wind conditions at the time of the accident were reported to be, 120°, at 10 knots, with peak gusts to 17 knots, which translates to a quartering, right tailwind. The second pilot reported that, prior to the accident sequence, as the approach to Runway 4L continued, the first pilot decided to lower the nose to gain airspeed and enter ground effect. The second pilot stated that, as the airplane passed through 75 to 50 ft above the runway, the airplane encountered an unusual sink rate, and he reacted by pulling back on the yoke as he yelled “flare” just before the airplane touched down hard. The second pilot reported that the airplane subsequently touched down hard, bounced back into the air, and the first pilot then initiated a go-around. After establishing a climb on the go-around, the first pilot transferred control to the second pilot, who subsequently performed a precautionary full-stop landing to check for damage. During the landing roll, the nose wheel deflated, and the airplane came to a stop on the runway, disabled. A post-flight inspection revealed that the airplane sustained substantial damage to the firewall and fuselage. The pilots reported that there were no pre-accident mechanical failures or malfunctions with the airplane that would have precluded normal operation. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N172CN](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N172CN), registered now, S/N 172S12458, built 2020 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Cessna 172 - Registry model: [Textron 172S](https://openairdocs.org/model/textron-172s) (registry code 2072449) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Lycoming IO-360-L2A](https://openairdocs.org/engine/lycoming-io-360-l2a) (registry code 41597, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 172S12458 - Year built: 2020 - Airframe hours: 2627.1 - Engines: Lycoming IO-360-L2A 180 hp reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Registered owner: Galvin Flight Services Hawaii LLC - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: 100 hour, November 19, 2023, 90.1 hours before - Departed: PHNL, Honolulu, HI - Destination: Same as departure - Airport: PHJR, Kalaeloa Airport - John Rodgers Field, runway 4L, 4,500 × 200 ft, asphalt - Equipment: Auto-pilot, Electronic flight bag or handheld device, Electronic multifunction display, Electronic primary flight display, Onboard weather, Stall warning system, ADS-B, Angle of attack indicator ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 20; injuries: none; flight instructor, commercial, private; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, with waivers/limitations; last flight review September 25, 2023; seat: left; restraint: 3-point; flight hours: 1,022 total, 885 in this make and model, 949 as pilot in command, 425 in the last 90 days, 89 in the last 30 days, 0 in the last 24 hours - Pilot; age 19; injuries: none; commercial, flight instructor; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land, single-engine sea; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, without waivers/limitations; last flight review April 26, 2023; seat: right; restraint: 3-point; flight hours: 542 total, 466 in this make and model, 470 as pilot in command, 72 in the last 90 days, 0 in the last 30 days, 0 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 120° at 10 knots, gusting 17 - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 84 °F, dew point 72 °F - Altimeter: 29.99 inHg - Observed at: PHJR - METAR: PHJR, 2023-12-11 23:53, PHJR 112353Z 12010G17KT 10SM CLR 29/22 A2999 RMK AO2 SLP163 T02890222 10300 20256 56027 ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20231211019899A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20231211019899A), Dec 11, 2023: Textron Aviation Inc 172S, Kapolei, HI, Substantial damage. The pilots reported that after a series of touch and go practices, a power-off 180 was demonstrated with a left traffic pattern on runway 4L at jrf airport.… ## Docket (3 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on June 28, 2024, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=193574. 4.8 MB in all. - Pilot/operator aircraft accident report, NTSB form 6120.1 (item 1, PDF, 11 pages, 2.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16548046&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=6120_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Both pilot's written statements (item 2, PDF, 14 pages, 2.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16802438&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Pilot%20Statements%20Redacted-Rel.pdf - Photos (item 3, PDF, 4 pages, 469 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16548628&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ANC24LA010%20Photos-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.