# NTSB ATL94FA012: Mooney M20L, N132MP, Hohenwald, TN, November 4, 1993 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Field investigation · Final report - Date: November 3, 1993, 21:35 local (Nov 4, 1993, 03:35 UTC) - Place: Hohenwald, TN - Coordinates: 35.550575, -87.55043 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=35.5506&lon=-87.5504&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 2 fatal - Status: Completed, report March 21, 1995 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB case key (mKey): 3276 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ATL94FA012 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/3276/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ATL94FA012 ## Probable cause THE PILOT'S IMPAIRED JUDGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE BY FLYING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS, THAT RESULTED IN HIS CONTINUATION OF VFR FLIGHT AT NIGHT IN INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS (IMC) AND HIS FAILURE TO MAINTAIN PROPER ALTITUDE (OR CLEARANCE) FROM THE TERRAIN. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - In flight encounter with weather, descent - judgment - poor, pilot in command (cause) - impairment(drugs), pilot in command (cause) - light condition - dark night (contributing factor) - weather condition - low ceiling (contributing factor) - weather condition - fog (contributing factor) - vfr flight into imc - continued, pilot in command (cause) - In flight collision with object, approach - object - tree(s) - proper altitude - not maintained, pilot in command (cause) - In flight collision with terrain/water, descent ## Analysis THE PILOT & HIS PASSENGER WERE RETURNING HOME ON A NIGHT, VFR, BUSINESS FLIGHT. WITNESSES REPORTED THAT LOW CEILINGS & FOG PREVAILED. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE AIRPLANE COLLIDED WITH TREES & TERRAIN ABOUT 2 MI SOUTH-SOUTHEAST OF THE DESTINATION (A VFR-ONLY AIRPORT). THE WRECKAGE PATH WAS ABOUT 500' IN LENGTH. THERE WAS EVIDENCE THAT INITIAL IMPACT WAS IN A LEFT DESCENDING TURN. NO PREIMPACT PART FAILURE OR MALFUNCTION OF THE AIRPLANE WAS FOUND. A TOXICOLOGY CHECK OF THE PILOT'S BLOOD SHOWED 6.114 UG/ML OF CHLORPHENIRAMINE, 0.272 UG/ML OF DIPHENHYDRAMINE, 13.5 UG/ML OF ACETAMINOPHEN, 30 MG/DL OF ACETALDEHYDE, & 10.3 UG/ML OF SALICYLATE (ASPIRIN). ALSO, 0.61 UG/ML OF HYDROCODONE WAS DETECTED IN THE PILOT'S BILE. AN AVIATION MEDICAL EXAMINER (AME) REPORTED THE PILOT HAD SUFFERED FROM ALLERGIES & DEPRESSION. THE AME WAS ALSO THE PILOT'S PERSONAL PHYSICAN & PART OWNER OF THE ACCIDENT AIRPLANE. HE HAD REPEATEDLY PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS TO THE PILOT, AS THOSE FOUND DURING THE TOXICOLOGY TESTS, THAT WERE NOT APPROVED FOR USE WHILE OPERATING AN AIRCRAFT. ## Factual narrative HISTORY OF FLIGHT On November 3, 1993, at 2135 central standard time, a Mooney M20L, N132MP, collided with trees and terrain about two miles south-southeast of the John A. Baker Field in Hohenwald, Tennessee. The private pilot and one passenger were fatally injured. The aircraft was destroyed by impact forces and fire. Night, instrument meteorological conditions existed at the time, and no flight plan was filed for the business flight to Hohenwald. The flight originated in Clarksville, Tennessee, at 2056. At 1050, on November 3, 1993, a man who identified himself as the pilot of N132MP, called the Jackson, Tennessee Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) by telephone and obtained a preflight weather briefing for a flight from Hohenwald, Tennessee, to Memphis, Tennessee. He also obtained an outlook briefing for Nashville, Tennessee. At 1128, he called Data Transformation Corporation Direct User Access Terminal System (DUATS), obtained a preflight weather briefing from Hohenwald to Memphis, and filed an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan from Hohenwald, Tennessee to Memphis (MEM). Following a flight from Hohenwald to Memphis, a man who identified himself as the pilot of N132MP, called the Jackson AFSS by telephone, and filed an IFR flight plan from Memphis to Clarksville, Tennessee (CKV). At 1617, the pilot of N132MP reported the Clarksville Airport in sight and cancelled his IFR flight plan. At 2056, he contacted Campbell Army Radar Approach Control (RAPCON) by radio, indicated that he had departed Clarksville, and was visual flight rules (VFR) southbound. At that time, N132MP was radar identified. At 2108, Campbell RAPCON terminated radar services for N132MP and advised the pilot of the radio frequency for Memphis Approach Control. No subsequent communications from N132MP were recorded prior to the accident. There was no record of a weather briefing for N132MP after the DUATS briefing at 1128 that morning. Radar data obtained from Memphis Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) indicated that N132MP continued to the south toward Hohenwald. The last radar signature for N132MP occurred at 2128, about 3,500 feet mean sea level (msl). Two local residents were outside at the time of the accident. They reported that a loud "boom" noise was heard, followed by a bright light. One of the witnesses recalled hearing the engine running prior to the accident. PERSONNEL INFORMATION Information on the pilot, Mr. William L. Hardison, is included in this report at the section titled "First Pilot Information." The pilot's logbook was partially destroyed by fire, therefore his flight time information was obtained from his latest FAA rating application, dated September 16, 1992. On September 19, 1992, Mr. Hardison failed the flight portion of his examination for an instrument rating (airplane). The examiner, Mr. Richard Battle, reported that the examination flight was terminated early due to poor performance by Mr. Hardison. Mr. Battle stated that Mr. Hardison "couldn't do anything right," that he could not hold altitude, heading, and basically could not remain oriented. He felt that Mr. Hardison was "stretching his physical abilities." Mr. Hardison seemed tired, and could not "settle down". No instrument approaches were flown, and the flight was terminated early. Mr. Battle failed him on the flight check, and recommended four hours of additional instruction. Mr. Hardison completed the recommended training with another instructor who was working for Mr. Battle, and the flight check was rescheduled with Mr. Battle. On October 1, 1992, the flight check was completed. Mr. Battle recalled that on this attempt, Mr. Hardison performed very well, with almost no trouble at all. He stated that the weather was good on the day of the re- examination, and a complete instrument flight profile was flown. Mr. Battle reported that both flight checks were performed in the Mooney, N132MP. AIRCRAFT INFORMATION Information on the aircraft is included in this report at the section titled "Aircraft Information." METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION Weather information for Maury County, Tennessee (MRC), is included in this report at the section titled "Weather Information". There was no weather reporting facility at the James A. Baker Field. In addition to the observation at Maury County, the observation for Jackson, Tennessee (MKL), for 2032 was as follows: Lowest ceiling 500 feet overcast, visibility 3 miles in fog, temperature 52 degrees F, dew point 49 degrees F, altimeter 30.12 inches Hg. MKL is located about 65 miles west of Hohenwald. A local resident was traveling on Highway 20 west in the direction of Hohenwald about 1930 on the evening of the accident. He stated that the ceilings at the time were very low, and that it was a "bad night to fly." He observed a tower located about 5 miles east of Hohenwald (a height of 380 feet above ground level), and noted that the top beacon was in fog and rain, and was blurred. He drove to the crash site following the accident, and stated that the weather had not improved during the evening. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION The aircraft impacted trees and terrain in a densely wooded area, located about 2 miles south-southeast of the John A. Baker Field. The wreckage was oriented on a path of about 090 degrees magnetic, and was approximately 500 feet in length. There was general disintegration of the aircraft throughout the wreckage path, with fire damage to several sections, including the cockpit area, the aft fuselage, empennage, and wings. The soot patterns on the wing and empennage structures were random in appearance, with no evidence of metal spray or leading edge to trailing edge soot patterns being observed. All pieces of wreckage found in the first 150 feet of the wreckage path were free of fire damage and soot. These pieces included several fragments of the wing structure and skin, an engine access door, and the number 1 propeller blade. There was a freshly cut swath in the trees along the orientation of the initial wreckage path, and a measurement of the swath matched an aircraft attitude of 23 degrees left bank, and 18 degrees nose low. The composite propeller blades were broken at the shanks, with one blade found about 45 feet to the right of the wreckage path center line, and the other blade found about 150 feet to the left of the wreckage path center line. The engine was torn from the firewall, with heavy impact damage. The propeller gearbox was separated from the propeller hub; the gearbox was crushed and fragmented. All flight controls surfaces were found within the scatter pattern of the wreckage; flight control continuity was not confirmed due to damage to the aircraft. The landing gear were separated from the airframe, and the landing gear actuator jackscrew was found in the "gear retracted" position. The flap position could not be determined due to impact damage. A wreckage distribution diagram is included as an attachment to this report. MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION A post mortem examination of the pilot was performed by Dr. Julia C. Goodin, M.D., Nashville Medical Examiners Office, Nashville, Tennessee. Toxicological testing of the pilot was performed at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Civil Aeromedical Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Positive results were observed for hydrocodone (a semisynthetic narcotic analgesic), chlorpheniramine (a potent antihistamine), dyphenhydramine (an effective antihistamine, also used for its sedative and anitemetic effects), salicylate, acetaminophen, ethanol, methanol, and acetaldehyde. During blood screening tests, fluoxetine (Prozac) was detected, but it was not confirmed and quantitated by a second analytical technique. The NTSB Office of Research and Engineering assisted in the investigation of the toxicological aspects of this accident, and their ## Aircraft - Registration: [N132MP](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N132MP-1994-05-02), registration cancelled 1994-05-02, S/N 260011 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: MOONEY M20L - Registry model: [Mooney M20L](https://openairdocs.org/model/mooney-m20l) (registry code 5870221) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 26-0011 - Airframe hours: 1004 - Engines: PORSCHE PFM 3200 NO3 212 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Destroyed - Fire: On-Ground - Flight: Business, Part 91 - Operator: Hardison, William L. - Registered owner: Perry Air, Inc. - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, July 23, 1993, 72 hours before - Departed: CKV, CLARKSVILLE, TN - Destination: 0M3 - Airport: 0M3, John A Baker Field ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 43; private; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 3, valid medical--no waivers/lim.; toxicology performed; flight hours: 738 total ## Weather - Conditions: Instrument (IMC), Night/dark - Wind: calm - Temperature: 50 °F, dew point 50 °F - Altimeter: 30.00 inHg - Observed at: MRC, 20 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 19931103042059A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/19931103042059A), Nov 3, 1993: Mooney M20L, Hohenwald, TN, Destroyed, 2 fatal. Lost control in rain and fog approaching destination. Was heavily medicated for allergies and depression. From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.