# NTSB CEN10LA054: Piper PA-28-181, N3148Q, Mineola, TX, November 19, 2009 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: November 19, 2009, 04:30 local (10:30 UTC) - Place: Mineola, TX - Coordinates: 32.660423, -95.47956 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=32.6604&lon=-95.4796&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Approach](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Approach: Fuel exhaustion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192) - Highest injury: Serious injuries - Injuries: 1 serious - Status: Completed, report March 23, 2010 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB office: Central Region - Parties: Lycoming Engines, FAA FSDO, Piper Aircraft Company - NTSB case key (mKey): 75061 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CEN10LA054 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/75061/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=75061 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN10LA054 ## Probable cause A loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion and the pilot's inadequate preflight planning. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Fluids: fuel](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010): Aircraft › Fluids/misc hardware · Fluid management (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-181, 20 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md?model=7102807), [All aircraft, 1,695 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md) - [Planning/preparation: fuel planning](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-181, 12 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030/cases.md?model=7102807), [All aircraft, 719 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Approach: Fuel exhaustion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192) (defining event); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-181, 12 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192/sequence.md?model=7102807), [All aircraft, 804 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192/sequence.md) - [Approach: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-181, 26 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md?model=7102807), [All aircraft, 3,820 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md) - [Approach: Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-181, 11 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120/sequence.md?model=7102807), [All aircraft, 1,074 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120/sequence.md) ## Analysis During the first leg of a night cross-country flight the pilot stopped (about 441 nautical miles from his departure airport) and filled the airplane with 46.27 gallons of fuel (fuel capacity, 48 gallons usable). The pilot then proceeded to his destination airport. While en route the pilot told air traffic control that he was "cutting this a little short" and needed to divert to a nearby airport (located about 485 nm from his previous refueling stop). During the descent to the airport, the pilot was unable to activate the landing lights at the airport (published out-of-service), so he changed his intended landing airport to another airport, located about 4 miles north. During the approach to that airport, the airplane collided with trees and impacted terrain just short of the runway. An on-site examination of the airplane revealed only a few ounces of fuel was in the left and right wing fuel tanks, and the engine gasolator was empty. A follow-up inspection of the airplane's engine and propeller indicated that the engine was not rotating at the time of impact with the terrain. The engine and airframe examination found no apparent abnormalities that would have prevented normal operation. ## Factual narrative On November 19, 2009, approximately 0430 Central Standard Time, a single-engine airplane, a Piper PA-28-181, N3148Q, was substantially damaged during an approach to the Wood County Airport (JDD) Mineola/Quitman, Texas. The private rated pilot, sole occupant, received serious injuries during the accident. The airplane was registered and operated by L and P of Winona, Inc., of Winona, Minnesota. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed and a flight plan was not filed for the Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part (CFR) 91 night cross-country flight. The pilot reported via NTSB Form 6120.1, that he planned to fly from the Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport (FXE), Fort Lauderdale, Florida to the Addison Airport (ADS), Dallas, Texas with a fuel stop at the Carl Folsum Airport (14J), Elba, Alabama, and "with one more fuel stop needed". The pilot departed FXE about 1930 on the approximately 441 nautical mile cross-country flight to 14J, and landed about 2330. A fuel receipt at 14J indicated that the airplane was filled with 46.27 gallons of 100LL aviation fuel. After refueling the pilot departed 14J around 2350 and while en route, contacted air traffic control (ATC) for flight following to Mesquite, (Texas) (approximately 536 nautical miles from 14J). About 0340, the pilot contacted ATC and said he was, "cutting this a little short" and needed to divert to 3F9, Mineola (Mineola-Wisener airport). The pilot continued on his 6120.1 statement, that during the descent to the airport, he could not activate the pilot controlled lighting at 3F9, so he changed his landing site to the JDD airport, located about 4 nm north of 3F9. He added that while on final approach to the runway 18, he was low and collided with trees short of the runway. The Federal Aviation Inspector (FAA), who arrived on scene, reported that the airplane had impacted trees before colliding with terrain. The inspector reported that the left wing was folded back with the wing spar, broken at the wing root. Additionally, the fuselage had extensive damage, and only a few ounces of fuel were drained from the left and right wing fuel tanks, and the engine gasolator was empty. The inspector estimated that the airplane was loaded with 650 pounds of cargo. The wreckage was transported to a secure facility near Lancaster, Texas, for further examination. On 17 December, 2009 the NTSB IIC, the FAA, and technical representatives from Piper aircraft and Lycoming engines inspected the wreckage. The PA-28-181 airplane was equipped with two wing fuel tanks, for a total of 50 gallons (48 gallons usable). An inspection of the airplane's two-bladed fixed pitch propeller, revealed that one blade was bent to the non-cambered side, and the other blade appeared relatively straight; neither blade exhibited any chord wise scratching or leading edge nicks/gouges. The propeller crankshaft flange was bent so that the starter ring gear impacted the engine case and starter housing. The ring gear and starter housingwere absent any rotational scoring and the alternator belt was in-place, on the alternator and ring gear pulleys. The propeller was then removed; engine continuity was established to the back of the engine and cylinder valve train. A sparkplug from each cylinder was removed; the sparkplugs had whitish colored deposits on them. A thumb compression was then conducted on each cylinder, ignition spark was observed on each cylinder magneto lead. Examination of the engine and airframe revealed no apparent abnormalities that would have prevented normal operation. A review of NOTAMs (notices to airmen) and the Airport Facilities/Directory for JDD and 3F9, indicate that the rotating beacon and runway lights at 3F9 were out of service, and obstruction lighting on two towers near the airports were also out of service. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N3148Q](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N3148Q-2012-09-06), registration cancelled 2012-09-06, S/N 28-7790438 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: PIPER PA-28-181 - Registry model: [Piper PA-28-181](https://openairdocs.org/model/piper-pa-28-181) (registry code 7102807) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 28-7790438 - Airframe hours: 3663 - Engines: Lycoming O-360 180 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Operator: L And P Of Winona Inc - Registered owner: L And P Of Winona Inc - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, November 15, 2008, 64 hours before - Departed: 14J, Carl Folsom, AL - Destination: ADS, Addison Aiport, TX - Airport: KJDD, Wood County Airport ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 36; injuries: serious; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 3, without waivers/limitations; last flight review July 2, 2009; seat: left; flight hours: 1,200 total, 1,100 in this make and model, 1,160 as pilot in command, 41 in the last 90 days, 16 in the last 30 days, 9 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Night - Wind: 160° at 5 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 46 °F, dew point 39 °F - Altimeter: 30.04 inHg - Observed at: KJDD ## Docket (8 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on January 14, 2010, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=75061. 4.8 MB in all. - Pilot/Operator Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB Form 6120.1 (item 1, .PDF, 1.3 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40323439&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%2FOperator%20Aircraft%20Accident%20Report,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.1-Redacted.PDF - Weather Reports and Records (item 2, .PDF, 42 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40323440&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Weather%20Reports%20and%20Records-Master.PDF - Other Pertinent Forms and Reports (item 3, .PDF, 46 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40323476&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Other%20Pertinent%20Forms%20and%20Reports-Master.PDF - Other Pertinent Forms and Reports (item 4, .PDF, 205 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40323477&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Other%20Pertinent%20Forms%20and%20Reports-Master.PDF - Statement of Party Representatives to NTSB Investigation (item 5, .PDF, 85 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40323445&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Statement%20of%20Party%20Representatives%20to%20NTSB%20Investigation-Redacted.PDF - Release of Aircraft Wreckage, NTSB Form 6120.15 (item 6, .PDF, 111 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40324026&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Release%20of%20Aircraft%20Wreckage,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.15-Redacted.PDF - Photo: N3148Q site photo (item 7, .PDF, 2.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40323448&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%3A%20N3148Q%20site%20photo-Master.PDF - Photo: Engine/Ring gear contact (item 8, .PDF, 597 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40323449&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%3A%20Engine%2FRing%20gear%20contact-Master.PDF From the NTSB's public API. 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