# NTSB CEN18FA227: Cessna 172N, N734BS, Rotan, TX, June 15, 2018 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Field investigation · Final report - Date: June 15, 2018, 15:38 local (20:38 UTC) - Place: Rotan, TX - Coordinates: 32.911945, -100.540832 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=32.9119&lon=-100.5408&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Maneuvering](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Maneuvering: Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 2 fatal - Status: Completed, report April 13, 2020 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB office: Central Region - Parties: FAA - LBB FSDO, Textron Aviation, Lycoming - NTSB case key (mKey): 97489 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CEN18FA227 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/97489/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=97489 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN18FA227 ## Probable cause The pilot's reckless decision to conduct low-level flight over a canyon, resulting in the airplane's impact with power lines and terrain. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Info processing/decision: decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172N, 41 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md?model=2072434), [All aircraft, 3,098 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md) - [Object/animal/substance: wire](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03022032): Environmental issues › Physical environment · Effect on operation (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172N, 7 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03022032/cases.md?model=2072434), [All aircraft, 588 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03022032/cases.md) - [Object/animal/substance: wire](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03022032): Environmental issues › Physical environment · Awareness of condition (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 172N, 7 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03022032/cases.md?model=2072434), [All aircraft, 588 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03022032/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Maneuvering: Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120) (defining event); cases with it: [Cessna 172N, 14 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120/sequence.md?model=2072434), [All aircraft, 1,074 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120/sequence.md) ## Analysis The airplane had completed an aerial photography mission with a pilot and passenger aboard and was en route to the destination airport. Video and photographic evidence obtained from two devices located in the wreckage (a Garmin Aera 560 portable GPS device and a GoPro Hero 4 action camera) and an online social media post indicated that the pilot was operating the airplane at high speeds and low altitudes during the accident flight. Photographs taken from within the airplane showed the canyon, wooden poles, and suspended power lines that the airplane eventually struck. In the final image retrieved from the GoPro camera, the airplane was in a moderate left bank at a similar altitude as the surrounding canyon and power lines and was heading toward the power lines. Given the image timestamp, the recorded time of the final GPS point, and the relative distance from the final GPS location and the accident site, it is likely that the final image from the GoPro camera depicted the canyon and wires that were struck. The airplane then impacted terrain and came to rest in a canyon about 900 ft from the location where the power lines crossed the canyon. A large portion of power line cable was found wrapped around the engine's crankshaft about 15 times, indicating that the engine was operating at considerable power output when the impact occurred. Toxicological testing showed the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana, as well as the inactive metabolites of cocaine in the pilot's blood and urine specimens. No active cocaine was found in the pilot's blood specimens, so it is unlikely that the pilot was impaired by cocaine. Although the pilot likely had a low level of active THC in his system, it is unlikely that impairment from this low level of THC contributed to the circumstances of this accident. Thus, the available evidence indicated that the pilot intentionally conducted low-level flight through a canyon without recognizing that power lines crossed the canyon, which led to the airplane's impact with power lines and subsequent impact with terrain. ## Factual narrative FAA regulations (14 CFR 91.13) prohibit the operation of "an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another." Furthermore, except when necessary for takeoff or landing, the regulations (14 CFR 91.119) require pilots to maintain an altitude of at least 1,000 ft above the highest obstacle within a 2,000-foot horizontal radius of the aircraft in congested areas except during takeoff or landing. In uncongested areas, pilots must maintain an altitude of at least 500 ft above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, an aircraft cannot be operated closer than 500 ft to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure. An Instagram user provided the NTSB with screen-captured video recordings that were reportedly made by the passenger in the accident airplane and uploaded to Instagram's "My Story" feature. One of the passenger's videos, titled "Just Checking the Livestock" was taken from the right window of the airplane, panning forward to the windscreen. The airplane's estimated altitude at that time was 30 ft above the ground. The final "My Story" video was taken from the right window of the airplane. At that time, the airplane was traveling at a high ground speed, and the airplane's altitude was estimated to be less than 100 ft above the ground. The geography in the area consisted of small hills and rock formations. The airplane, serial number 17268731, was manufactured in 1977 and was powered by a Lycoming O-320-D2J engine, serial number RL-18668-39, rated to produce 160 horsepower. The airplane had fixed landing gear and accommodated four occupants, including the pilot. Maintenance records indicated that the airplane's most recent annual inspection was completed on August 31, 2017, with a tachometer reading of 7,636 hours. The recent airplane maintenance entries did not indicate if the tachometer reading correlated to the airplane's total time in service. Likewise, the recent engine maintenance entries did not indicate if the tachometer reading correlated to the actual engine hours or the number of hours that the engine had accumulated since its most recent overhaul. On June 15, 2018, at 1538 central daylight time, a Cessna 172N airplane, N734BS, was destroyed when it impacted power lines and terrain near Rotan, Texas. The pilot and passenger were fatally injured. The airplane was registered to and operated by Aero Photo as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91 aerial photography flight. Visual meteorological conditions existed at the time of the accident. No flight plan was filed. The flight originated from Midland Airpark (MDD), Midland, Texas, about 1331 and was destined for Spicewood Airport (88R), Spicewood, Texas. According to information from the operator and data from a Garmin Aera 560 portable GPS device recovered at the accident site, the airplane departed 88R about 1020 to perform aerial photography missions. After completing several missions, theairplane landed at MDD about 1250. The airplane remained at the airport for about 40 minutes and departed about 1331. The airplane flew circling-type maneuvers near Midland, Odessa, and Lubbock, Texas, consistent with the reported photography missions. After the circling maneuver near Lubbock, the airplane traveled southeast on a straight path toward 88R, but the airplane impacted non-electrified power lines that crossed a canyon and subsequently impacted terrain. The final recorded data point, at 1537, was about 3.3 nautical miles northwest of the accident site and showed the airplane's altitude at that time as 2,206 ft mean sea level (msl). According to Google Earth, the terrain elevation at that location was about 2,008 ft msl. According to the autopsy performed by South Plains Forensic Pathology in Lubbock, the pilot's cause of death was blunt injuries of the head and torso. Toxicology testing performed by the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Forensic Sciences Laboratory identified, in the pilot specimens, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the primary psychoactive compound in marijuana) and its metabolites as well as cocaine and its metabolites. Specifically, THC was found at 0.006 µg/ml in the pilot's cavity blood specimens as were two THC inactive metabolites, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. All three compounds were also found in the pilot's urine specimens. Cocaine was detected in the pilot's urine specimens as were its inactive metabolites benzoylecgonine, anhydroecgonine methyl ester, and ecgonine methyl ester. These inactive metabolites were also identified in the pilot's cavity blood specimens; cocaine was not detected in those specimens. At 1535, the recorded weather conditions at Avenger Field Airport, Sweetwater, Texas, which was about 30 nautical miles south of the accident site, were wind from 140° at 12 knots, gusting to 23 knots; 10 statute miles visibility; scattered clouds at 7,000 ft above the ground; temperature 34°C; dew point 13°C; and altimeter setting 29.91 inches of mercury. The 38-year-old pilot held a commercial pilot certificate with airplane single-engine land, airplane multiengine land, and instrument airplane ratings. The pilot also held a second-class medical certificate dated April 18, 2018, without limitations. He reported 5,578 hours of total flight experience at that time. The pilot's flight logbook was not recovered during the investigation, but he completed a company pilot information form on May 7, 2018, which indicated that he had accumulated 5,523.6 hours of total flight experience, including 2.5 hours in multiengine airplanes, 5,026.9 hours in Cessna 172 airplanes, 902.4 hours during the preceding 12 months, and 242.3 hours during the preceding 90 days. The form also indicated that the pilot's most recent flight review was conducted on February 27, 2018. In addition to the Garmin Aera 560 portable GPS device, a GoPro Hero 4 actioncamera was located at the accident site and was sent to the National Transportation Safety Board's (NTSB) Vehicle Recorder Laboratory for data extraction. The device contained 181 files consisting of 177 still images and 4 videos. Seven of the still images had timestamps consistent with the accident flight, and all those images were taken from the front right seat of the airplane. Several of those images showed the airplane operating at low altitudes near geographical features such as canyons and plateaus. The final image had a timestamp of 1540:50. For that image, the camera was pointed directly ahead of the airplane through the front windscreen, and the airplane was flying toward an area of small canyons that were depicted in previous images. The airplane was in a moderate left bank about level with the tops of small canyons that surrounded the airplane. In the distance, on top of a small canyon to the right, a wooden pole structure was visible, and the orientation of the structure indicated that the suspended power lines stretched in front of the airplane's flightpath. On the left side of the image, the suspended power lines were visible at a similar altitude as that of the airplane. The power lines that the airplane struck were suspended from wooden poles that were about 20 ft tall and were on the peaks of the ridges forming the canyon. The power lines were estimated to be about 130 ft above the floor of the canyon. The airplane came to rest inverted about 900 ft from the power lines, and the accident site was about 50° from where the power lines crossed the center of the canyon. Te power lines were not marked. The aft fuselage was broken near the baggage compartment, and the entire aft fuselage and the tail were bent over the inverted fuselage. Both wings appeared intact and still attached to the fuselage and wing struts. The ailerons and flaps remained attached to the wings. The tail surfaces were intact, and the rudder and elevator remained attached. The engine was separated from the airplane with the propeller still attached to the engine. A large portion of power line cable had wrapped around the crankshaft an estimated 15 times aft of the propeller. Access to the accident site was limited due to the topography, and the position of the wreckage was not suitable for a detailed on-scene examination, but subsequent examination of the airplane revealed no anomalies that would have precluded normal operation. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N734BS](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N734BS-2019-01-28), registration cancelled 2019-01-28, S/N 17268731, built 1977 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: CESSNA 172N (N) - Registry model: [Cessna 172N](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-172n) (registry code 2072434) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Lycoming 0-320 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/lycoming-0-320-series) (registry code 41508, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 17268731 - Year built: 1977 - Airframe hours: 7636 - Engines: LYCOMING O-320-D2J 160 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Destroyed - Flight: Aerial observation, Part 91 - Operator: Aero Photo - Registered owner: Aero Photo - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, August 31, 2017 - Departed: MDD, Midland, TX - Destination: 88R, Spicewood, TX - Equipment: Handheld GPS, Stall warning system ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 38; injuries: fatal; commercial; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 2, without waivers/limitations; seat: left; toxicology performed; flight hours: 5,524 total, 5,027 in this make and model ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 140° at 12 knots, gusting 23 - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 93 °F, dew point 55 °F - Altimeter: 29.90 inHg - Observed at: SWW, 30 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20180615007939A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20180615007939A), Jun 15, 2018: Cessna 172N, Rotan, TX, Destroyed, 2 fatal. On June 15, 2018, at approximately 1538 CDT, N734BS, a Cessna 172N struck a power line and impacted the ground near Rotan, Texas. The aircraft was being… ## Docket (12 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on March 10, 2020, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=97489. - Pilot/Operator Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB Form 6120.1 (item 1, .PDF, 571 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481122&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%2FOperator%20Aircraft%20Accident%20Report,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.1-Master.PDF - Toxicological Report (item 2, .PDF, 485 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481123&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Toxicological%20Report-Master.PDF - Examination Summary (item 3, .PDF, 5.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481124&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Examination%20Summary-Master.PDF - STC Paperwork for Engine Change (item 4, .PDF, 451 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481125&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=STC%20Paperwork%20for%20Engine%20Change-Master.PDF - Airframe Maintenance Record Excerpts (item 5, .PDF, 2.9 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481126&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Airframe%20Maintenance%20Record%20Excerpts-Master.PDF - Engine Maintenance Record Excerpts (item 6, .PDF, 1.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481127&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Engine%20Maintenance%20Record%20Excerpts-Master.PDF - Pilot History Form from Operator (item 7, .PDF, 48 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481128&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%20History%20Form%20from%20Operator-Master.PDF - GPS Location Data from Garmin Aera 560 GPS (item 8, GPX, 251 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481129&FileExtension=gpx&FileName=GPS%20Location%20Data%20from%20Garmin%20Aera%20560%20GPS-Master - GPS Data from Garmin Aera 560 (Comma Delimited) (item 9, .TXT): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481130&FileExtension=.txt&FileName=GPS%20Data%20from%20Garmin%20Aera%20560%20(Comma%20Delimited)-Master.txt - Spot GPS Data (item 10, GPX, 5 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481131&FileExtension=gpx&FileName=Spot%20GPS%20Data-Master - Statement of Party Representatives to NTSB Investigation (item 11, .PDF, 54 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481132&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Statement%20of%20Party%20Representatives%20to%20NTSB%20Investigation-Master.PDF - Electronic Devices - Specialist's Factual Report (item 12, .PDF, 298 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40481133&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Electronic%20Devices%20-%20Specialist%27s%20Factual%20Report-Master.PDF From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.