# NTSB CEN18LA062: Cessna 525A, N525KT, Michigan City, IN, December 27, 2017

- Type: NTSB accident investigation
- Classification: Accident · Minor injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report
- Date: December 27, 2017, 06:50 local (12:50 UTC)
- Place: Michigan City, IN
- Coordinates: 41.695278, -86.825553 (estimated)
- Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=41.6953&lon=-86.8256&mi=10
- Phase of flight: [Landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/550) (OpenAirDocs' grouping)
- Defining event: [Landing-landing roll: Runway excursion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/300)
- Highest injury: Minor injuries
- Injuries: 2 minor
- Status: Completed
- Report: Approved by Office Director
- Investigation class: Class 3
- NTSB office: Central Region
- Parties: Federal Aviation Administration; DPA FSDO, Textron Aviation
- NTSB case key (mKey): 96540
- NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CEN18LA062
- NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/96540/pdf
- NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=96540
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN18LA062

## Probable cause

The flight crew's improper decision to land on a snow-covered runway that had insufficient runway distance for the airplane to land with the contamination, which resulted in a runway overrun and impact with obstacles.

## Findings

NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause.

- [Info processing/decision: decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Flight crew (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 525A, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md?model=2076615), [All aircraft, 3,098 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md)
- [Aircraft capability: landing distance](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061030): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Capability exceeded (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 525A, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061030/cases.md?model=2076615), [All aircraft, 68 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01061030/cases.md)
- [Runway/land/takeoff/taxi surface: snow/slush/ice covered surface](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03023015): Environmental issues › Physical environment · Decision related to condition (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 525A, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03023015/cases.md?model=2076615), [All aircraft, 219 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03023015/cases.md)
- [Runway/land/takeoff/taxi surface: snow/slush/ice covered surface](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03023015): Environmental issues › Physical environment · Effect on operation (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 525A, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03023015/cases.md?model=2076615), [All aircraft, 219 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03023015/cases.md)
- [Performance/control parameters: surface speed/braking](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062045): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 525A, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062045/cases.md?model=2076615), [All aircraft, 238 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062045/cases.md)

## Sequence of events

The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened.

- [Landing-landing roll: Other weather encounter](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/400); cases with it: [Cessna 525A, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/400/sequence.md?model=2076615), [All aircraft, 1,127 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/400/sequence.md)
- [Landing: Attempted remediation/recovery](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/060); cases with it: [Cessna 525A, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/060/sequence.md?model=2076615), [All aircraft, 1,422 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/060/sequence.md)
- [Landing-landing roll: Loss of control on ground](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/230); cases with it: [Cessna 525A, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/230/sequence.md?model=2076615), [All aircraft, 4,585 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/230/sequence.md)
- [Landing-landing roll: Runway excursion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/300) (defining event); cases with it: [Cessna 525A, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/300/sequence.md?model=2076615), [All aircraft, 3,643 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/300/sequence.md)

## Analysis

The pilot reported that, during the approach following a positioning flight, he saw that the runway had a light dusting of snow on it and that the airplane touched down on speed in the first 1,000 ft of the 4,100-ft-long runway. The copilot, who was the pilot flying, applied heavy braking, but there appeared to be no braking effectiveness, and the airplane did not slow down as expected. The pilot added that, when the airplane reached about two-thirds of the way down the runway, he knew that it was going to overrun the runway due to the loss of only half of its airspeed. He thought that if he aborted the landing, there was a small chance the airplane could become airborne within the remaining runway. The copilot added engine power to abort the landing, and the nose landing gear lifted off, but insufficient runway was remaining to take off. The copilot reduced the engine power to idle, and the airplane overran the runway and went through the airport fence and a guardrail, across a highway, and into a field. Postaccident examination revealed no flat spots or evidence of skidding on the landing gear tires. The flaps were found in the “ground flaps” position, which is not allowed for takeoff. No evidence of any pre-accident mechanical malfunctions or failures were found with the airplane that would have precluded normal operation. Based on an airplane weight of 11,000 lbs, the airplane’s stopping distance would have been about 4,400 ft. The flight crew’s improper decision to land on a snow-covered runway that was too short to accommodate the landing in such conditions led to a runway overrun and impact with obstacles.

## Factual narrative

On December 27, 2017, at 0650 central standard time, a Cessna 525A airplane, N525KT, impacted an airport fence, highway barrier, and terrain during a landing overrun on runway 20 (4,100 ft by 75 ft, asphalt/dry snow) following an area navigation (RNAV) runway 20 approach at Michigan City Municipal Airport-Phillips Field (MGC), Michigan City, Indiana. The airplane sustained substantial damage. The pilot and copilot received minor injuries. The airplane was registered to Van E Aviation LLC and operated by Integrated Flight Resources Inc under 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 as a positioning flight and was operating on an activated instrument flight rules flight plan. The flight originated from DuPage Airport (DPA), West Chicago, Illinois, at 0622 and was destined to MGC for a Part 135 on-demand passenger flight. The pilot stated the co-pilot was the flying pilot for the flight. About halfway to MGC, they noticed instrument meteorological conditions below them. They flew the MGC RNAV approach runway 20 and broke out of the clouds with "adequate time to see the runway lights." The pilot said the runway appeared to have a "light dusting of snow." He said the airplane touched down on speed within the first 1,000 ft of the runway. The co-pilot "immediately" deployed ground flaps, and the airplane began slowing down. There appeared to be no braking effectiveness when co-pilot braked "heavily." He said the airplane was not slowing down as he was accustomed. About 2/3rds down, he knew that the airplane was going to overrun the runway, and the airplane had not lost half its airspeed. He said there was a small chance to become airborne within the remaining runway distance if an aborted landing was performed. The pilot said that engine power was added for the aborted landing, and for a moment it appeared that the airplane was going to become airborne as the nose wheel landing gear lifted off, but there was not enough runway remaining. Engine power was reduced to idle as the airplane overran the runway and went through the airport fence, a guard rail, across US Highway 20, and into a field. A witness, who was driving westbound in the right lane of US Highway 20, stated he saw the airplane traveling toward the north, go through the fence and guard rail, and missed his car by no more than 5 ft. The airplane came to rest, facing north, in a corn field about 300 yards from the departure end of the runway 20. The left wing was separated near wing station (WS) 57.00 and the right wing leading edge sustained damage near WS 171.00. The vertical stabilizer sustained damage near water line 195.00. A post-accident examination revealed that there were no flat spots or evidence of skidding on the landing gear tires. The flaps were in the GROUND FLAPS POSITION. There were no mechanical anomalies that would have precluded normal aircraft operation. According to the airport manager, the soonest that airport personnel could perform a post-accident runway inspection wasabout two hours after the accident and it revealed about ¼ inch of snow on the runway. The Cessna 525A Aircraft Flight Manual shows an airplane at the gross landing weight (12,500 lbs) and weather conditions, the airplane needed about 2,540 ft to stop on a dry runway. The 525A Section VII Advisory Information indicates that the stopping distance with 1 inch of snow was 7,100 ft and with 2 inches of snow was 6,300 ft. According to the Federal Aviation Administration inspector from the DuPage Flight Standards District Office, the approximate stopping distance on a wet runway based upon an aircraft weight of 11,000 lbs was 4,400 ft. An alternate airport required under Part 91.169(a)(2), IFR flight plan: Information required, was not filed by the flight crew.

## Aircraft

- Registration: [N525KT](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N525KT-2019-09-06), registration cancelled 2019-09-06, S/N 525A-0058, built 2002 (OpenAirDocs)
- Reported make and model: CESSNA 525A
- Registry model: [Cessna 525A](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-525a) (registry code 2076615) (OpenAirDocs)
- Registry engine: [Williams FJ-44 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/williams-fj-44-series) (registry code 66000, turbo-fan) (OpenAirDocs)
- Category: Airplane
- Serial number: 525A-0058
- Year built: 2002
- Airframe hours: 2681
- Engines: Williams FJ44-2C turbo fan; Williams FJ44-2C turbo fan
- Damage: Substantial damage
- Flight: Positioning, Part 91
- Operator: Integrated Flight Resources Inc
- Registered owner: Van E Aviation LLC
- Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal
- Departed: DPA, West Chicago, IL
- Destination: MGC, Michigan City, IN
- Flight plan: IFR
- Airport: MGC, Michigan City Municipal Airpor, runway 20, 4,100 × 75 ft, asphalt

## Flight crew

As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names.

- Pilot; age 28; injuries: minor; commercial, flight instructor, airline transport; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, with waivers/limitations; last flight review September 11, 2017; seat: right; flight hours: 3,200 total, 300 in this make and model
- Co-pilot; age 27; injuries: minor; commercial, flight instructor; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, without waivers/limitations; last flight review June 1, 2017; seat: left; flight hours: 2,020 total, 81 in this make and model

## Weather

- Conditions: Visual (VMC), Dawn
- Wind: 290° at 5 knots
- Visibility: 4 statute miles
- Lowest ceiling: 1,900 ft broken
- Temperature: 9 °F, dew point 3 °F
- Altimeter: 30.64 inHg
- Observed at: MGC

## FAA reports on this event (1)

The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs).

- [Accident 20171227024329A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20171227024329A), Dec 27, 2017: Cessna 525A, Michigan City, IN, Substantial damage. On December 27, 2017, the crew of N525KT, a Cessna 525A aircraft, departed dupage airport (kdpa), Illinois, for Michigan City municipal airport (kmgc),…

## Docket (17 files)

The files NTSB released with the investigation on October 9, 2020, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=96540.

- Pilot/operator aircraft accident report, NTSB form 6120.1 (item 1, PDF, 14 pages, 9.7 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9865381&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=NTSB%20form%20complete%20MASTER_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Record of interview - pethan (item 2, PDF, 24 pages, 100 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9885964&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CEN18LA062_Pethan_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Record of interview - marazas (item 3, PDF, 23 pages, 98 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9885905&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CEN18LA062_Marazas_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Cockpit voice recorder - specialist's summary report (item 4, PDF, 4 pages, 34 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9957281&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=factual-Rel.pdf
- Police incident summary (item 5, PDF, 1 page, 126 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9869769&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=MC%20Police%20Incident%20Summary_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Record of correspondence - airport manager (item 6, PDF, 1 page): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9874403&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=RECORD%20OF%20CORRESPONDENCE%20Airport%20Manager-Rel.pdf
- Record of correspondence - FAA (item 7, PDF, 1 page, 47 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9875926&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=RECORD%20OF%20CORRESPONDENCE%20FAA-Rel.pdf
- Radar plot (item 8, KMZ, 11 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9876487&FileExtension=kmz&FileName=N525KT_GE-Path-Rel.kmz
- ATC transcript (item 9, PDF, 6 pages, 68 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9876633&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=N525KT%20transcript-Rel.pdf
- Airport surveillance camera locations (item 10, PDF, 1 page, 6.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9813889&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Mich%20Airport%20Wide-Rel.pdf
- Surveillance video 1 of 4 (item 11, MP4, 22.7 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9793013&FileExtension=mp4&FileName=Sur%20Vid%20Land%20South-Rel.mp4
- Airplane flight manual excerpt (item 12, PDF, 2 pages, 1.3 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9793286&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=525%20Manual-Rel.pdf
- Surveillance video 2 of 4 (item 13, MP4, 23.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9793328&FileExtension=mp4&FileName=Sur%20Video%20South%201-Rel.mp4
- Surveillance video 3 of 4 (item 14, MP4, 22.6 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9793964&FileExtension=mp4&FileName=Sur%20Video%20Land%20North-Rel.mp4
- Surveillance video 4 of 4 (item 15, MP4, 24.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9794046&FileExtension=mp4&FileName=Sur%20Video%20East-Rel.mp4
- Record of examination (item 16, PDF, 1 page, 83 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9875862&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=RECORD%20OF%20EXAMINATION%20MASTER-Rel.pdf
- Sun and moon data (item 17, PDF, 2 pages, 223 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9757000&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Sun%20and%20Moon%20Data-Rel.pdf

From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model.

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