# NTSB CEN18LA151: Cessna 152, N89904, Cullman, AL, April 25, 2018 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Minor injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: April 25, 2018, 17:14 local (22:14 UTC) - Place: Cullman, AL - Coordinates: 34.152778, -86.634719 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=34.1528&lon=-86.6347&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Enroute-cruise: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341) - Highest injury: Minor injuries - Injuries: 1 minor - Status: Completed, report May 29, 2019 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB office: Central Region - Parties: Flight Standards District Office - NTSB case key (mKey): 97130 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CEN18LA151 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/97130/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=97130 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN18LA151 ## Probable cause The pilot’s inadvertent engine shutdown due to excessive leaning of the engine and his subsequent inability to restart the engine. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Action: incorrect action performance](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041015): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna 152, 22 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041015/cases.md?model=2071835), [All aircraft, 1,386 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041015/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Enroute-cruise: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341) (defining event); cases with it: [Cessna 152, 30 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md?model=2071835), [All aircraft, 3,820 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md) - [Emergency descent: Off-field or emergency landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440); cases with it: [Cessna 152, 35 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md?model=2071835), [All aircraft, 3,365 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md) - [Landing: Hard landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092); cases with it: [Cessna 152, 48 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092/sequence.md?model=2071835), [All aircraft, 2,102 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/092/sequence.md) - [Landing: Nose over/nose down](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/096); cases with it: [Cessna 152, 37 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/096/sequence.md?model=2071835), [All aircraft, 2,287 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/096/sequence.md) ## Analysis After reaching a cruise altitude about 2,500 ft above ground level, the private pilot pulled the engine mixture control toward the lean position too far, and the engine lost total power. The pilot pushed the engine mixture control to the full rich position and attempted unsuccessfully to restart the engine. After one restart attempt, he chose to execute a forced landing, during which the airplane nosed over and sustained damage to the right wing. Postaccident examination and an engine test run revealed no evidence of preimpact mechanical malfunctions or failures that would have precluded normal operation. The pilot did not activate carburetor heat during the flight or after the engine lost power. At the time of the power loss, nearby weather was conducive to the formation of serious carburetor ice at descent power; however, because of the airplane’s altitude and the limited amount of time available, the investigation could not determine whether carburetor icing contributed to his inability to restart the engine. It is likely that the pilot leaned the mixture too much, which resulted in the engine losing total power. ## Factual narrative On April 25, 2018, at 1714 central daylight time, a Cessna 152 airplane, N89904, was substantially damaged during a forced landing after departing from Cullman Regional Airport (CMD), Cullman, Alabama. The pilot sustained minor injuries. The airplane was registered to and operated by Guest Aviation LLC under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 as a personal flight. Day visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the flight, which departed about 1709 and was destined for Northeast Alabama Regional Airport (GAD), Gadsden, Alabama. According to the pilot, he departed CMD and climbed to about 2,500 ft above ground level. As he pulled the mixture control toward a lean position for cruise flight, the engine lost power. He pushed the mixture control to a full rich position and attempted unsuccessfully to restart the engine. The pilot stated that the propeller continued to rotate after the engine lost power. Without an easily accessible engine restart checklist to reference, he relied on memory during the engine restart attempt. The pilot stated he "went through the emergency check, which included the avionics, master switch, fuel selector valve, mixture, and the primer…. although the engine was attempting to restart, it never regained full power". The pilot did not activate carburetor heat during the flight and thought the throttle lever probably remained at a cruise power setting after the engine lost power. After one restart attempt, he turned his attention to maintaining a proper glide speed and searched for a forced landing area. After identifying a suitable area, he executed a forced landing into a field, during which the airplane nosed over and damaged the right wing. Examination of the airplane at the accident site revealed the carburetor heat control was in the off position. The engine was started and ran normally at various power settings. No anomalies were noted with the engine or fuel system. The recorded temperature and dew point data from a nearby weather station were plotted on a carburetor icing chart. The charted data showed that the weather was conducive to moderate icing at cruise power and serious icing at descent power about the time of the engine power loss. According to the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: When conditions are conducive to carburetor icing during flight, periodic checks should be made to detect its presence. If detected, full carburetor heat should be applied immediately, and it should be left in the ON position until you are certain that all the ice has been removed. If ice is present, applying partial heat or leaving heat on for an insufficient time might aggravate the situation. In extreme cases of carburetor icing, even after the ice has been removed, full carburetor heat should be used to prevent further ice formation. A carburetor temperature gauge, if installed, is very useful in determining when to use carburetor heat. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N89904](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N89904-2023-11-06), registration cancelled 2023-11-06, S/N 15282911 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: CESSNA 152 (NO SERIES) - Registry model: [Cessna 152](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-152) (registry code 2071835) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Lycoming 0-235 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/lycoming-0-235-series) (registry code 41505, 4 cycle) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 15282911 - Year built: 1978 - Airframe hours: 10878 - Engines: LYCOMING O-235 SERIES 135 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Operator: Guest Aviation LLC - Registered owner: Guest Aviation LLC - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, November 3, 2017, 52 hours before - Departed: CMD, CULLMAN, AL - Destination: GAD, GADSDEN, AL - Flight plan: VFR - Equipment: Stall warning system ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 20; injuries: minor; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 3, without waivers/limitations; last flight review March 22, 2018; seat: left; restraint: 3-point; flight hours: 135 total, 72 in this make and model, 90 as pilot in command, 36 in the last 90 days, 15 in the last 30 days, 1 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 330° at 6 knots, gusting 15 - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 72 °F, dew point 48 °F - Altimeter: 29.97 inHg - Observed at: K3A1, 13 nm away ## Docket (3 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on January 30, 2019, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=97130. 921 KB in all. - Pilot/Operator Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB Form 6120.1 (item 1, .PDF, 692 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40469879&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%2FOperator%20Aircraft%20Accident%20Report,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.1-Master.PDF - Correspondence with Pilot (item 2, .PDF, 65 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40469880&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Correspondence%20with%20Pilot-Master.PDF - Carburetor Icing Chart with Accident Weather Data (item 3, .PDF, 164 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40469881&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Carburetor%20Icing%20Chart%20with%20Accident%20Weather%20Data-Master.PDF From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.