# NTSB CEN20LA073: Hiller UH 12E, N7173S, Dinosaur, CO, February 1, 2020 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report - Date: February 1, 2020, 14:00 local (21:00 UTC) - Place: Dinosaur, CO - Coordinates: 40.462223, -108.919998 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=40.4622&lon=-108.9200&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Maneuvering](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Maneuvering-low-alt flying: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341) - Highest injury: No injuries - Injuries: 3 uninjured - Status: Completed - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 3 - NTSB office: Central Region - Parties: Flight Standards District Office, Roll-Royce corp - NTSB case key (mKey): 100896 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CEN20LA073 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/100896/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=100896 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20LA073 ## Probable cause Failure of a S4 compressor blade due to a fatigue crack that likely initiated at a corrosion pit. Contributing to the accident was maintenance personnel’s failure to detect the corrosion pits during maintenance. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Engine (turbine/turboprop): compressor section](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01057230): Aircraft › Aircraft power plant · Fatigue/wear/corrosion (probable cause); cases with it: [Hiller UH-12E, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01057230/cases.md?model=4360122), [All aircraft, 53 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01057230/cases.md) - [Engine (turbine/turboprop): compressor section](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01057230): Aircraft › Aircraft power plant · Inadequate inspection (probable cause); cases with it: [Hiller UH-12E, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01057230/cases.md?model=4360122), [All aircraft, 53 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01057230/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Maneuvering-low-alt flying: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341) (defining event); cases with it: [Hiller UH-12E, 5 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md?model=4360122), [All aircraft, 3,820 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md) - [Autorotation: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341); cases with it: [Hiller UH-12E, 5 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md?model=4360122), [All aircraft, 3,820 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md) ## Analysis The commercial pilot and two passengers were searching for lost cattle during an air taxi flight. While at low altitude, the pilot heard a grinding noise and noticed a loss of engine power. The pilot made a forced landing, which resulted in substantial damage to the tail rotor. The engine examination revealed compressor damage consistent with a S4 blade separation during operation. The debris released from the S4 failure caused severe downstream damage, resulting in a loss of compressor function and a total engine power loss. Metallurgical examination of the S4 wheel found corrosion on the forward rim face and at both the suction and pressure sides of the blade stubs. Scanning electron microscopy examination of areas of S4 blade stub fracture surfaces not obliterated by secondary damage found cracks initiating in corrosion-damaged areas on the suction side of the blade crown and evidence that the cracks progressed in fatigue across the blade thickness until failure in overload. Review of the operator’s aircraft service records found that the compressor was installed in 2012 with unknown time since new and zero time since overhaul. The records indicated that the compressor module was overhauled in 2006. Exposure to a corrosive environment is required to initiate corrosion. The operator reported that the compressor was not operated in a corrosive atmosphere since the 2006 overhaul. No compressor module service records before 2006 were available. The Rolls-Royce 250-C20B Overhaul Manual requires that the S4 compressor wheel satisfy overhaul inspection criteria during overhaul. The Rolls-Royce 250-C20B Operation and Maintenance Manual requires a periodic detailed compressor inspection whenever engines are operated in corrosive environments. The manual includes a CAUTION regarding this requirement. ## Factual narrative On February 1, 2020, about 1400 mountain standard time, a Hiller UH-12E helicopter, N7173S, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Dinosaur, Colorado. The pilot and two passengers were not injured. The helicopter was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 135 air taxi flight. According to the pilot, the purpose of the flight was to search for lost cattle. While in level flight about 700 ft above ground level, the pilot heard a grinding noise for about three seconds, followed immediately by a loss of power. The pilot conducted an autorotation to a forced landing, during which the tail boom was substantially damaged. Examination of the engine at the recovery location revealed that the gas producer rotor was seized. Inspection at the compressor inlet found no guide vane or airfoil impact (foreign object) damage but damage was observed further downstream. The compressor bleed valve was removed, and metal debris was found in the bleed manifold passage. The compressor module (P/N 6890550, S/N CAC 36300) was removed from the engine and shipped to the manufacturer for further examination. Compressor teardown evaluation revealed that all S4 and S5 compressor blade airfoils were separated near the root. The first and second compressor stages were undamaged. The trailing edges of the S3 blades and all axial compressor components downstream of S3 were battered. The damage was consistent with a S4 blade failure during operation with liberated debris resulting in the downstream damage. Metallurgical examination of the S4 compressor wheel found considerable corrosion pitting on the forward rim face and at both suction and pressure sides of the blade stubs. Although most of the blade fracture surfaces were entirely obscured by secondary damage (smearing), characteristic thumbnail-shaped regions of fatigue were observed on three stub fracture surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of these areas found that although fine fracture features of the thumbnail-shaped regions were partially smeared, there were intact areas on the blade stubs. The intact areas displayed fracture features near the suction side crown location that were consistent with fatigue progression aft from the leading-edge area in one blade and fatigue cracks emanating from the suction side of the blade at the crown in two blades. Two of the fatigue regions were approximately centered around areas of intergranular damage identified as corrosion pits. SEM examination of one of the corrosion pits revealed smooth intergranular surface morphology, consistent with corrosion, and semi-quantitative energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis found elevated oxygen content, also consistent with corrosion. The features indicated that multiple cracks progressed in fatigue across the blade thickness away from corrosion-damaged areas. The material microstructure, hardness and composition were consistent with the drawing requirement.Rolls-Royce 250-C20B Operation and Maintenance Manual Table 602 (Scheduled Inspections) includes a periodic detailed inspection requirement for compressors installed on engines operating in corrosive environments. The operator reported that the compressor had not been operated in corrosive conditions since overhaul. Review of the helicopter service records found that the compressor was installed on the accident helicopter in May 2012 with 0 operating time since overhaul (TSO) and had accumulated 505 flight hours since installation. The logbook contained an 8130-3 (serviceable) tag indicating that the compressor was overhauled in 2006. A compressor impeller life limited part record card was also found. The records provided no time since new (TSN) or operating history for the compressor module prior to 2006 and no information about the storage during the period of unuse between 2006 and 2012. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N7173S](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N7173S), registered now, S/N 2351, built 1965 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Hiller UH 12E (Undesignat) - Registry model: [Hiller UH-12E](https://openairdocs.org/model/hiller-uh-12e) (registry code 4360122) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Allison 250-C20 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/allison-250-c20-series) (registry code 03020, turbo-prop) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Helicopter - Serial number: 2351 - Year built: 1965 - Airframe hours: 13795 - Engines: Allison Rolls-Royce 250 420 horsepower turbo shaft - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Part 135 - Operator: Dynamic Aviation Helicopter Service - Registered owner: Craig Helicopters Inc - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: 100 hour, March 12, 2019, 59 hours before - Departed: Priv, Naples, UT - Destination: Priv, Yampa River, CO - Flight plan: Company VFR ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 67; injuries: none; commercial; airplane ratings: single-engine land; medical: class 2, with waivers/limitations; last flight review October 10, 2019; seat: left; restraint: 3-point; flight hours: 15,600 total, 15,300 in this make and model, 15,600 as pilot in command, 14 in the last 90 days, 1 in the last 30 days, 1 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: calm - Visibility: 7 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 28 °F, dew point 21 °F - Altimeter: 30.44 inHg - Observed at: KVEL, 26 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20200201002999A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20200201002999A), Feb 1, 2020: Hiller UH-12E, Dinosaur, CO, Substantial damage. Pilot and two passengers departed from the pilot?s home heading to one of the passenger?s ranch. Enroute and at about 700 ft AGL, the pilot heard a loud… ## Other investigations on N7173S (1) From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. - [NTSB SEA91TL#02](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/SEA91TL%2302), Sep 18, 1991: Hiller-Soloy UH-12E (N7173S), Vernal, UT, destroyed ## Docket (5 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on February 9, 2022, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=100896. 28.4 MB in all. - Pilot/operator aircraft accident report, NTSB form 6120.1 (item 1, PDF, 9 pages, 1.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12184276&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=6120%2B_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Maintenance records (item 2, PDF, 12 pages, 19.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12193674&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Aircraft%20records%20-%20CEN20LA073%20-%20Dinosaur,%20CO_Redacted%20-%20reduced-Rel.pdf - Compressor airworthiness approval tag (item 3, PDF, 1 page, 4.8 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12184750&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Compressor%20overhaul%20record_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Engine examination report (item 4, PDF, 8 pages, 450 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12184512&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Engine%20Examination%20Report_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Compressor examination report (item 5, PDF, 13 pages, 2.9 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12184844&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Compressor%20Examination%20Report_Redacted-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.