# NTSB CEN20LA306: Air Tractor AT502, N502KJ, Grant, NE, July 25, 2020

- Type: NTSB accident investigation
- Classification: Accident · Fatal · Class 3 · Limited · Final report
- Date: July 25, 2020, 11:36 local (17:36 UTC)
- Place: Grant, NE · Corn field
- Coordinates: 40.747222, -101.70999
- Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=40.7472&lon=-101.7100&mi=10
- Phase of flight: [Maneuvering](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450) (OpenAirDocs' grouping)
- Defining event: [Maneuvering-low-alt flying: Loss of control in flight](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240)
- Highest injury: Fatal
- Injuries: 1 fatal
- Status: Completed
- Report: Approved by Office Director
- Investigation class: Class 3
- NTSB office: Central Region
- Parties: Federal Aviation Administration, Lincoln FSDO, Aurora Cooperative Elevator Company, Air Tractor
- NTSB case key (mKey): 101668
- NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CEN20LA306
- NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/101668/pdf
- NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=101668
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN20LA306

## Probable cause

The pilot’s exceedance of the airplane’s critical angle of attack while maneuvering during an agricultural flight, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall and a loss of control at too low of an altitude to recover. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s excessive climb technique between spray passes.

## Findings

NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause.

- [Performance/control parameters: angle of attack](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062042): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained (probable cause); cases with it: [Air Tractor AT-502B, 6 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062042/cases.md?model=0390307), [All aircraft, 990 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062042/cases.md)
- [Use of equip/info: aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Air Tractor AT-502B, 22 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md?model=0390307), [All aircraft, 9,295 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md)
- [Info processing/decision: decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Air Tractor AT-502B, 15 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md?model=0390307), [All aircraft, 3,098 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md)

## Sequence of events

The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened.

- [Maneuvering-low-alt flying: Loss of control in flight](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240) (defining event); cases with it: [Air Tractor AT-502B, 18 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240/sequence.md?model=0390307), [All aircraft, 5,002 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240/sequence.md)
- [Maneuvering-low-alt flying: Aerodynamic stall/spin](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/241); cases with it: [Air Tractor AT-502B, 7 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/241/sequence.md?model=0390307), [All aircraft, 1,529 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/241/sequence.md)
- [Maneuvering-low-alt flying: Collision with terr/obj (non-CFIT) ](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470); cases with it: [Air Tractor AT-502B, 46 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470/sequence.md?model=0390307), [All aircraft, 10,189 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470/sequence.md)

## Analysis

The pilot was conducting an agricultural flight. Recorded GPS track data showed that as the flight progressed, the airplane made a climbing left turn after each spray pass, the frequency of spray passes increased, the elapsed time between spray passes decreased, and the maximum altitude achieved between spray passes increased. During the final 5 minutes of the flight, the airplane's groundspeed was 160-165 mph during each spray pass and 104-120 mph while in the turn between spray passes; the airplane routinely climbed 450-520 ft after each spray pass. Another agricultural pilot, who was spraying a nearby field at the time of the accident, reported that he maintained radio contact with the accident pilot throughout most of the accident flight and saw the accident airplane consistently climb 450-500 ft after each spray pass. He stated that the climbs between spray passes were higher than required for an aerial-application flight and reported seeing the airplane exit the field in a climb following a spray pass before it rolled right-wing-down into a 90°-100° bank with a 10°-12° nose-up pitch attitude. The airplane then pitched down, consistent with a lazy eight flight maneuver. This pilot lost sight of the accident airplane when he turned his airplane after a spray pass. The airplane's final recorded groundspeed and estimated altitude above ground level were 152 mph and 136 ft, respectively. There were no witnesses to the airplane’s final descent and impact with the ground. The operator’s chief pilot had previously counseled the accident pilot about his “aggressive” flying techniques, including his use of a hammerhead flight maneuver for turns between spray passes. The airplane flight manual (AFM) states that an abrupt pull-up at the end of a spray pass should be avoided to maintain adequate airspeed during the turn between spray passes. The AFM states that a maximum altitude loss of 220 ft is expected during a recovery from a wings-level aerodynamic stall at a gross weight of 8,000 lbs; however, an aerodynamic stall during an uncoordinated turn will result in a sharp decrease in airplane pitch and a significant loss of altitude. The airplane wreckage was found upright in a cornfield with significant impact damage to the forward fuselage and the leading edge of both wings. There were no discernable ground impacts or debris path preceding the wreckage. Postaccident examination revealed no evidence of a preexisting mechanical malfunction or failure that would have precluded normal operation of the airplane. The lack of a wreckage debris path and an estimated 45° nose-down flightpath angle at impact are consistent with an unsuccessful attempted recovery from an aerodynamic stall at a low altitude. The pilot’s postmortem toxicological testing detected ethanol in all tested specimen types. However, the differences between the ethanol levels in the various specimens were greater than is typically seen after ethanol consumption alone and suggest that atleast some of the detected ethanol was likely from sources other than ingestion. While it is likely that at least some of the ethanol detected in the pilot’s specimens was from postmortem production, the possibility that the pilot may also have consumed ethanol is not excluded by the toxicology results. However, there is no clear operational evidence that the pilot was impaired. Given the high-risk nature of spraying operations and a pilot known to fly aggressively, positing impairment is not necessary to plausibly explain the accident circumstances. Thus, whether ethanol effects contributed to the accident cannot be determined.

## Factual narrative

The Air Tractor AT-502B airplane flight manual (AFM) states that spray passes should be flown at 130-140 mph to ensure proper spray penetration into the crop, and an abrupt pull-up at the end of a spray pass should be avoided to maintain adequate airspeed during the turn between spray passes. The AFM states that a maximum altitude loss of 220 ft is expected during a recovery from a wings-level aerodynamic stall at a gross weight of 8,000 lbs; however, an aerodynamic stall during an uncoordinated turn will result in a sharp decrease in airplane pitch and a significant loss of altitude. The AFM prohibits all aerobatic maneuvers, including spins. On July 25, 2020, about 1136 mountain daylight time, an Air Tractor AT-502B airplane, N502KJ, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Grant, Nebraska. The pilot was fatally injured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 137 agricultural flight. According to data downloaded from the airplane’s Satloc GPS guidance system, at 1108, the flight departed Grant Municipal Airport (GGF), Grant, Nebraska, and proceeded south toward the field to be sprayed. After arriving over the field, the pilot completed several orbits of the field before he began spraying using a series of east/west flightpaths, as shown in figure 1. As the flight progressed, the airplane made a climbing left turn after each spray pass, the frequency of spray passes increased, the elapsed time between spray passes decreased, and the maximum altitude achieved between spray passes increased, as shown in figure 2. During the final 5 minutes of the flight, the airplane's groundspeed was 160-165 mph during each spray pass and 104-120 mph while in the turn between spray passes; the airplane routinely climbed 450-520 ft after each spray pass. At 1136:48, the final track point recorded the airplane in a climb on a west heading near the end of a spray pass at the northern edge of the field being sprayed. The final track point was about 1/4 mile northeast of the accident site. The airplane's final recorded groundspeed and estimated altitude above ground level were 152 mph and 136 ft, respectively. The Satloc GPS guidance system has a 6-second delay between data acquisition and when data are saved to non-volatile memory and, as such, the final moments of the flight were not recorded. Another agricultural pilot, who was spraying a nearby field at the time of the accident, reported that he maintained radio contact with the accident pilot throughout most of his flight and that he saw the accident airplane consistently climb 450-500 ft after each spray pass. He stated that the climbs between spray passes were higher than required for an aerial-application flight. The last time he saw the accident airplane, it was flying to the west in a climb before it rolled right-wing-down into a 90°-100° bank with a 10°-12° nose-up pitch attitude. The accident airplane was turning toward north when it pitched downthrough the horizon, consistent with a lazy eight flight maneuver. The pilot lost sight of the accident airplane when he turned his airplane after a spray pass. The pilot was unable to reestablish radio contact with the accident pilot and continued to spray his assigned field. The pilot subsequently saw the airplane wreckage in the cornfield directly west of the field that the accident pilot had sprayed, as shown in figure 3. Figure 1. GPS Ground Track Data Figure 2. Altitude, Groundspeed, and Ground Track Angle Data Figure 3. Aerial Photo Taken of Accident Site (Source: Aurora Cooperative Elevator Company) An autopsy of the pilot was performed by Western Pathology Consultants, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, which identified the cause of death as blunt force trauma with the manner of death an accident. No significant natural disease was identified during the autopsy. Toxicological testing, completed by the FAA Forensic Sciences Laboratory, detected ethanol at 0.058 g/dL in cavity blood, 0.128 g/dL in muscle tissue, and 0.036 g/dL in brain tissue. N-propanol and methanol were detected at low levels in cavity blood. N-butanol was detected at low levels in cavity blood and muscle tissue. Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is the intoxicating substance of beer, wine, and liquor, and, if consumed, can impair judgment, psychomotor performance, cognition, and vigilance. FAA regulation imposes strict limits on flying after consuming ethanol, including prohibiting pilots from flying with a blood ethanol level of 0.04 g/dL or greater. However, consumption is not the only possible source of ethanol in postmortem specimens. Ethanol can also be produced by microbes in a person’s body after death. Postmortem ethanol production can affect multiple specimens from the same individual to different degrees, which can result in the specimens having significantly different ethanol levels from one another. N-propanol and n-butanol are alcohols that can be produced by microbes in a person’s body after death. Methanol is wood alcohol; it occurs naturally in the body at very low levels, is present in some foods and drinks, and is a solvent in a variety of industrial products. At low levels, n-propanol, n-butanol, and methanol are not impairing. The operator’s chief pilot reported that he previously observed the pilot use “aggressive” flying techniques during an evaluation flight and told the pilot that a hammerhead maneuver between spray passes was not acceptable during agricultural flights. The chief pilot told the pilot that turns between spray passes should consist of three separate phases (field departure, procedure turn, and field reentry) and should not be combined into a single maneuver. At the recommendation of the chief pilot, the pilot agreed to review a National Agricultural Aviation Association endorsed training video, Turn Smart, that discussed and demonstrated the proper turning techniques to be used during agricultural flights. The accident site was in a cornfieldabout 8.7 miles south-southeast of GGF. An onsite examination was conducted by a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspector and an Air Tractor accident investigator. Based on the damage to the cornstalks immediately surrounding the wreckage, the airplane impacted terrain in an estimated 45° nose-down flightpath angle. There were no discernable ground impacts or debris path preceding the wreckage. The airplane wreckage was found upright with significant impact damage to the forward fuselage and the leading edge of both wings. The fuselage was oriented on an east-northeast heading. Flight control continuity could not be established due to damage; however, all observed separations were consistent with impact-related damage. The rudder control cables were continuous from the rudder pedals to the rudder control horns. The aileron drooping system was continuous from the flap torque tube to the aileron bellcrank support assembly. The flap actuator measured 2.875 inches and was consistent with the flaps extended about 20° at impact. The aft fuselage and empennage exhibited minor impact-related damage. Both landing gear legs separated from the fuselage during impact. Both wing fuel tanks ruptured during impact and the odor of Jet-A fuel was present at the accident site. The engine and the propeller were found buried about 3 ft below ground level. The propeller exhibited various impact-related blade damage including a separated blade, blade twist, and tip curl that was consistent with engine operation at impact.

## Aircraft

- Registration: [N502KJ](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N502KJ-2021-04-05), registration cancelled 2021-04-05, S/N 502B-2821, built 2012 (OpenAirDocs)
- Reported make and model: Air Tractor AT502 (B)
- Registry model: [Air Tractor AT-502B](https://openairdocs.org/model/air-tractor-at-502b) (registry code 0390307) (OpenAirDocs)
- Registry engine: [Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34AG](https://openairdocs.org/engine/pratt-whitney-canada-pt6a-34ag) (registry code 52251, turbo-prop) (OpenAirDocs)
- Category: Airplane
- Serial number: 502B-2821
- Year built: 2012
- Airframe hours: 2412.9
- Engines: Pratt & Whitney PT6A-34AG 750 horsepower turbo prop
- Damage: Substantial damage
- Flight: Aerial application, Part 137
- Operator: Aurora Cooperative Elevator Company
- Registered owner: Wilmington Trust Co Trustee
- Airworthiness certificate: Special, Restricted (Special)
- Last inspection: 100 hour, July 22, 2020, 23.1 hours before
- Departed: GGF, Grant, NE
- Destination: GGF, Grant, NE
- Flight plan: Company VFR
- Equipment: Stall warning system, Satellite tracking device

## Flight crew

As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names.

- Pilot; age 31; injuries: fatal; commercial; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 2, with waivers/limitations; last flight review January 21, 2020; seat: single; restraint: 5-point; toxicology performed; flight hours: 3,376 total

## Weather

- Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day
- Wind: calm
- Visibility: 10 statute miles
- Lowest ceiling: none
- Temperature: 86 °F, dew point 66 °F
- Altimeter: 29.99 inHg
- Observed at: IML, 14.75 nm away
- METAR: METAR KIML 251753Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM CLR 30/19 A2999 RMK AO2 SLP116 T03000189 10311 20194 53002=

## FAA reports on this event (1)

The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs).

- [Accident 20200725016259A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20200725016259A), Jul 25, 2020: Air Tractor Inc AT-502B, Grant, NE, Substantial damage, 1 fatal. On July 25, 2020, at approximately 1148 MDT, N502KJ, Air tractor model AT-502B s/n 502B-2821 conducting aerial application operations crashed into a cornfield…

## Docket (17 files)

The files NTSB released with the investigation on May 3, 2023, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=101668. 13.3 MB in all.

- FAA interview summary (benjamin hoffman) (item 1, PDF, 3 pages, 33 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15339910&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=01%20-%20FAA%20Interview%20Summary%20(Benjamin%20Hoffman)_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Witness statement (benjamin hoffman) (item 2, PDF, 1 page, 860 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15341189&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=02%20-%20Witness%20Statement%20(Benjamin%20Hoffman)_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Satloc GPS data plots (item 3, PDF, 3 pages, 291 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340907&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=03%20-%20Satloc%20GPS%20Data%20Plots-Rel.pdf
- Satloc GPS data for accident fight (item 4, CSV, 166 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340816&FileExtension=csv&FileName=04%20-%20Satloc%20GPS%20Data%20for%20Accident%20Fight-Rel.csv
- Pilot logbook (excerpts) (item 5, PDF, 13 pages, 2.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15339920&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=05%20-%20Pilot%20Logbook%20(Excerpts)_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Chief pilot statement (brent stewart) (item 6, PDF, 2 pages, 139 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15341169&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=06%20-%20Chief%20Pilot%20Statement%20(Brent%20Stewart)_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Airframe logbook (excerpts) (item 7, PDF, 5 pages, 999 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340917&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=07%20-%20Airframe%20Logbook%20(Excerpts)_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Engine logbook (excerpts) (item 8, PDF, 3 pages, 585 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340826&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=08%20-%20Engine%20Logbook%20(Excerpts)_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Propeller logbook (excerpts) (item 9, PDF, 4 pages, 499 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340637&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=09%20-%20Propeller%20Logbook%20(Excerpts)_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Air tractor AT-502B airplane flight manual (excerpts) (item 10, PDF, 8 pages, 525 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340680&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=10%20-%20Air%20Tractor%20AT-502B%20Airplane%20Flight%20Manual%20(Excerpts)-Rel.pdf
- Weather summary (item 11, PDF, 2 pages, 100 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340239&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=11%20-%20Weather%20Summary-Rel.pdf
- Wreckage examination report provided by air tractor (item 12, PDF, 9 pages, 2.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15344126&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=12%20-%20Wreckage%20Examination%20Report%20Provided%20by%20Air%20Tractor%20(Final)_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- NTSB medical officer factual report (item 13, PDF, 5 pages, 152 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340927&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=13%20-%20NTSB%20Medical%20Officer%20Factual%20Report-Rel.pdf
- Toxicological report (item 14, PDF, 1 page, 169 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340249&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=14%20-%20Toxicology%20Report%20(Pilot)_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Release of aircraft wreckage, NTSB form 6120.15 (item 15, PDF, 1 page, 89 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340511&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=15%20-%20NTSB%20Wreckage%20Release_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Statements of party representatives to NTSB investigation (item 16, PDF, 2 pages, 1.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340937&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=16%20-%20NTSB%20Party%20Representative%20Forms_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Photos (item 17, PDF, 7 pages, 7 photos, 3.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=15340690&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=17%20-%20Photos-Rel.pdf

From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model.

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