# NTSB CEN21FA198: Piper PA-46-310P, N461DK, Danville, AR, April 23, 2021

- Type: NTSB accident investigation
- Classification: Accident · Fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report
- Date: April 23, 2021, 17:01 local (22:01 UTC)
- Place: Danville, AR
- Coordinates: 34.96735, -93.62222
- Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=34.9674&lon=-93.6222&mi=10
- Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping)
- Defining event: [Enroute-climb to cruise: Structural icing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/210)
- Highest injury: Fatal
- Injuries: 4 fatal
- Status: Completed
- Report: Approved by Office Director
- Investigation class: Class 3
- NTSB office: Central Region
- Parties: Piper, FAA
- NTSB case key (mKey): 102973
- NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CEN21FA198
- NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/102973/pdf
- NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=102973
- Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN21FA198

## Probable cause

The pilot’s improper decision to continue flight in an area of moderate-to-heavy icing conditions, which resulted in exceedance of the airplane’s anti-icing system capabilities, a degradation of aircraft performance, and subsequent aerodynamic stall.

## Findings

NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause.

- [Performance/control parameters: angle of attack](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062042): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Capability exceeded (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-46-310P, 2 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062042/cases.md?model=7104605), [All aircraft, 990 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062042/cases.md)
- [Ceiling/visibility/precip](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03035000): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Effect on equipment (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-46-310P, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03035000/cases.md?model=7104605), [All aircraft, 65 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03035000/cases.md)
- [Info processing/decision: decision making/judgment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-46-310P, 8 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md?model=7104605), [All aircraft, 3,098 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041520/cases.md)
- [Knowledge: knowledge of meteorologic cond](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02032020): Personnel issues › Experience/knowledge · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-46-310P, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02032020/cases.md?model=7104605), [All aircraft, 30 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02032020/cases.md)
- [Knowledge: aeronautical knowledge](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02032035): Personnel issues › Experience/knowledge · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-46-310P, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02032035/cases.md?model=7104605), [All aircraft, 7 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02032035/cases.md)

## Sequence of events

The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened.

- [Enroute-climb to cruise: Structural icing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/210) (defining event); cases with it: [Piper PA-46-310P, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/210/sequence.md?model=7104605), [All aircraft, 102 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/210/sequence.md)
- [Enroute-climb to cruise: Loss of control in flight](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240); cases with it: [Piper PA-46-310P, 14 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240/sequence.md?model=7104605), [All aircraft, 5,002 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240/sequence.md)

## Analysis

The pilot was conducting an instrument flight rules cross-country flight and climbing to a planned altitude of 23,000 ft mean sea level (msl). According to air traffic control data, as the airplane climbed through 18,600 ft msl, its groundspeed was 171 knots, and a gradual reduction in groundspeed began. After reaching an altitude of about 20,200 ft msl, the airplane began a descent on a southeast heading. Just before the descent began, the airplane’s groundspeed had decreased to 145 knots. About 2 minutes after the descent began, the airplane turned right to a northeast heading on which it continued for about 30 seconds. The flightpath then became erratic before the data ended. The pilot made no distress calls and did not respond to repeated calls from the controller. The main wreckage of the airplane was located in densely forested terrain at an elevation of about 930 ft about 1,000 ft south of the last radar return. The outboard portion of the right wing, right aileron, right horizontal stabilizer, and right elevator were not located with the main wreckage and, despite ground and aerial searches with a small unmanned aircraft system, were not found. Examination of the wreckage indicated that the missing wing and tail sections separated in flight due to overload. Examination of the recovered airframe and engine did not reveal evidence of any pre-existing mechanical malfunctions or anomalies that would have precluded normal operation. Weather forecasts indicated that the accident site was in an area where moderate icing conditions up to 25,000 ft msl, embedded thunderstorms, and 2-inch hail were forecasted. Review of preflight weather information received by the pilot indicated that he was aware of the conditions forecast on the route of flight before initiating the flight. Meteorological data revealed that the airplane likely entered icing conditions that ranged from light to heavy as it climbed through 14,000 ft msl about 23 minutes after takeoff and remained in icing conditions for the remaining 16-minute duration of the flight. Freezing drizzle conditions were likely present along the flightpath. Although the airplane was equipped for flight in icing conditions, the pilot’s operating handbook contained a warning about flight into severe icing conditions, which stated that flight in freezing drizzle could result in ice build-up on protected surfaces exceeding the capability of the ice protection system. The airplane’s gradual loss of groundspeed as it climbed was consistent with ice accumulating on the airplane. It is likely that during the 16 minutes the airplane was operating in icing conditions, the capability of the ice protection system was exceeded, which resulted in a degradation of aircraft performance and subsequent aerodynamic stall. During the ensuing uncontrolled descent, the structural capability of the airplane was exceeded, which resulted in an inflight break up. A review of the pilot’s records revealed multiple certificateapplication failures for reasons that included inadequate knowledge of cross-country flight planning, aircraft performance, and stalls. Review of the pilot’s airman knowledge written tests found areas answered incorrectly over multiple exams included meteorology, aircraft performance, aeronautical decision making, and stalls. The ethanol identified in the pilot’s cavity blood was most likely the result of postmortem production. Therefore, effects from ethanol did not play any role in this accident. The cargo was documented as it was removed from the airplane and remained secure until after it was weighed. Based upon the weight of the cargo, passengers, airplane, and fuel from the filed flight plan, at the time of departure, the airplane would have been about 361 lbs over maximum gross weight. According to the FAA Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, an overloaded airplane “may exhibit unexpected and unusually poor flight characteristics,” which include reduced maneuverability and an increased stall speed.

## Factual narrative

The cargo was documented as it was removed from the airplane and remained secure until after it was weighed. Based upon the weight of the cargo, passengers, airplane, and fuel from the filed flight plan, at the time of departure from MKO, the airplane would have been about 361 lbs over maximum gross weight. The seating locations of two of the passengers could not be determined, which precluded determination of the airplane’s center of gravity. According to the FAA Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, an overloaded airplane “may exhibit unexpected and unusually poor flight characteristics,” which include reduced maneuverability and an increased stall speed. The airplane was equipped and certified for flight into known icing conditions. As a part of this certification, several limitations and warnings existed. One such warning, contained in the limitations section of the pilot’s operating handbook stated: Severe icing may result from environmental conditions outside of those for which the airplane is certified. Flight in freezing rain, freezing drizzle, or mixed icing conditions (supercooled liquid water and ice crystals) may result in ice build-up on protected surfaces exceeding the capability of the ice protection system, or may result in ice forming aft of the protected surfaces. This ice may not be shed using the ice protection systems, and may seriously degrade the performance and controllability of the airplane. On April 23, 2021, about 1701 central daylight time (CDT), a Piper PA-46-310P airplane, N461DK, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident near Danville, Arkansas. The pilot and three passengers sustained fatal injuries. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91 personal flight. The airplane had departed Muskogee-Davis Regional Airport (MKO), Muskogee, Oklahoma, about 1622 destined for Williston Municipal Airport (X60), Williston, Florida, on an instrument flight rules flight plan. On the flight plan, the pilot indicated a planned cruise altitude of 23,000 ft mean sea level (msl). According to archived air traffic control (ATC) information, about 1633, ATC advised the pilot about moderate precipitation along the route of flight. About 1651, the pilot reported climbing through 16,000 ft msl. A review of flight track data revealed that as the airplane climbed through 18,600 ft msl, its ground speed was 171 knots, and a gradual reduction in ground speed began. About 1658, after reaching 20,200 ft msl, the airplane began to descend on a southeast heading. Just before it began to descend, the airplane’s ground speed had decreased to 145 knots. No further radio communications were received from the pilot, and he did not respond to repeated calls from the controller. About 2 minutes after the descent began, the airplane began a right turn to the northeast and continued on that heading for about 30 seconds. The flight path then became erratic before the data ended. The last radar returnwas about 1,000 ft south of the accident site. Toxicology testing of the pilot performed by the FAA’s Forensic Sciences Laboratory identified ethanol in cavity blood (0.058 gm/dl) but no ethanol in vitreous. N-propanol was also detected in cavity blood. The current icing product (CIP) for 1700 CDT indicated a 40 to 60% probability of icing at 14,000, 16,000 and 18,000 ft msl above the accident site. The 1700 CIP also indicated that the icing near the accident site would be in the “light” category above 14,000 ft msl with pockets of “moderate to heavy” category along the flight track leading to the accident location. In addition, the 1700 CIP indicated an unknown probability of supercooled large droplets (SLD) above 12,000 ft msl at the accident site. The forecast icing product (FIP) 1-hour forecast valid for 1700 CDT indicated a 30 to 50% probability of icing at 14,000 to 18,000 ft msl over the accident area. The FIP also indicated that the icing intensity near the accident site would range from “moderate” to “heavy” categories. ATC radar data indicated that the airplane climbed through 14,000 ft about 1645 CDT. The closest forecast point to the accident site was Fort Smith, Arkansas (FSM). The FSM forecast issued at 1457 CDT and valid for use between 1500 CDT and 2200 CDT indicated wind at 12,000 ft msl from 250° at 23 knots with a temperature of -2°C, wind at 18,000 ft msl from 260° at 37 knots with a temperature of -16°C, and wind at 24,000 ft msl from 240° at 54 knots with a temperature of -26°C. The accident pilot received weather information from Leidos Flight Service about 1554 and had additional discussions with Leidos Flight Service through about 1620. Additionally, a search of archived ForeFlight information indicated that the accident pilot did request and receive weather information from ForeFlight at 1525. During the Leidos contact, the weather briefer mentioned the AIRMETs in affect for the accident flight and the text Leidos weather information contained all the valid weather forecast at the time of departure. In addition, the weather briefing information requested by and provided to the accident pilot at 1525 contained all the standard imagery valid at the departure time, to include the AIRMETs and SIGMETs valid along the route of flight. The vertical cross section forecast provided by ForeFlight indicated the flight would traverse an area of forecast moderate icing conditions. A review of the pilot’s Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airman certification file revealed multiple notices of disapproval issued when the pilot failed various practical tests for flight certificates or ratings. The first notice was issued March 20, 2015, in conjunction with the pilot’s application for a private pilot certificate. The notice stated that upon reapplication the pilot would be reexamined in practical test standards areas of operation “VII. Navigation” and “VIII. Slow flight and stalls.” The second disapproval notice was issued onDecember 1, 2018, in conjunction with the pilot’s application for a flight instructor certificate. The designated pilot examiner wrote that the pilot was unsatisfactory in three technical subject areas: principals of flight, turning tendency, preflight preparation; determination of weight and balance condition, use of performance charts, tables, and other data in determining performance in various phases of flight; and preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight. Two disapproval notices were issued in conjunction with the pilot’s application for the addition of an instrument rating to his flight instructor certificate. On the first failure, dated October 20, 2019, the two unsatisfactory areas were preflight preparation – cross country flight planning and navigation systems – intercepting and tracking navigational systems and distance measuring equipment (DME) arcs. On the second failure, dated July 10, 2020, the two unsatisfactory areas were precision and non-precision instrument approach procedures. The pilot’s airman knowledge test reports were reviewed, and the subject matter knowledge codes were researched. Although not all inclusive, areas answered incorrectly over multiple exams included meteorology, aircraft performance to include weight and balance, aeronautical decision making, stall characteristics/factors/recovery/precautions, and angle of attack characteristics. A search was immediately initiated, and the airplane was located the next morning. The airplane was found in an area of densely forested terrain at an elevation of about 930 ft. During the on-scene portion of the investigation, the outboard portion of the right wing, right aileron, right horizontal stabilizer, and right elevator were not located in the vicinity of the main wreckage. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) conducted numerous search missions using a small unmanned aircraft system; however, no additional wreckage was located. Examination of the wreckage indicated that the missing wing and tail sections had separated in flight in a manner consistent with overload. The recovered airframe and engine were examined, and no evidence of pre-existing mechanical malfunctions or anomalies were noted that would have precluded normal operation.

## Aircraft

- Registration: [N461DK](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N461DK), registered now, S/N 46-8508102, built 1985 (OpenAirDocs)
- Reported make and model: PIPER PA-46-310P
- Registry model: [Piper PA-46-310P](https://openairdocs.org/model/piper-pa-46-310p) (registry code 7104605) (OpenAirDocs)
- Registry engine: [Continental TSIO-520 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/continental-tsio-520-series) (registry code 17040, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs)
- Category: Airplane
- Serial number: 46-8508102
- Year built: 1985
- Engines: Continental TSIO550 reciprocating
- Damage: Substantial damage
- Flight: Personal, Part 91
- Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal
- Departed: MKO, Muskogee, OK
- Destination: X60, Williston, FL
- Flight plan: IFR
- Equipment: ADS-B, Auto-pilot, Electronic flight bag or handheld device, Handheld GPS, Stall warning system

## Flight crew

As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names.

- Pilot; age 28; injuries: fatal; flight engineer, commercial; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, without waivers/limitations; seat: left; restraint: 3-point; toxicology performed; flight hours: 1,431 total
- Other flight crew; age 55; injuries: fatal; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land; medical: class 3, without waivers/limitations; seat: right; restraint: 3-point; toxicology performed; flight hours: 81 total, 35 as pilot in command

## Weather

- Conditions: Instrument (IMC), Day
- Wind: 80° at 6 knots
- Visibility: 5 statute miles
- Lowest ceiling: 700 ft overcast
- Temperature: 57 °F, dew point 55 °F
- Altimeter: 29.86 inHg
- Icing: Unknown
- Observed at: KMEZ, 38 nm away
- METAR: KMEZ 232055Z AUTO 08006KT 5SM OVC007 14/13 A2986 RMK AO2 LTG DSNT SW

## FAA reports on this event (1)

The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs).

- [Accident 20210423019599A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20210423019599A), Apr 23, 2021: Piper PA-46-310P, Danville, AR, Destroyed, 4 fatal. On Friday April 23, 2021 N461DK, a Piper PA-46-310P was involved in a fatal in-flight break-up in the vicinity of Danville, AR. N461DK departed muskogee, ok…

## Docket (34 files)

The files NTSB released with the investigation on September 1, 2022, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=102973. 117 MB in all.

- FAA ATC data mfr (item 1, PDF, 2 pages, 124 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14069515&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=FAA%20ATC%20Memo-Rel.pdf
- Flight track plot (kmz file) (item 2, KMZ, 55 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14070104&FileExtension=kmz&FileName=Flight%20Track%20Plot-Rel.kmz
- Flight track data (item 3, CSV, 51 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14069621&FileExtension=csv&FileName=Flight%20Track%20Data-Rel.csv
- Examination summary (item 4, PDF, 3 pages, 273 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14070356&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Examination%20Summary-Rel.pdf
- Photos (item 5, PDF, 3 pages, 1.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14161089&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Photos-Rel.pdf
- Notices of disapproval (item 6, PDF, 4 pages, 627 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14058093&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Notices%20of%20Disapproval_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Airman knowledge test reports (item 7, PDF, 6 pages, 710 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14057748&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Airman%20Knowledge%20Test%20Reports_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Knowledge test reference guide (item 8, PDF, 25 pages, 193 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14057697&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Knowledge%20Test%20Reference%20Guide-Rel.pdf
- Weight and balance memo for record (item 9, PDF, 3 pages, 981 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14142482&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Weight%20and%20Balance%20Memo_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Weather factual report (item 10, PDF, 41 pages, 5.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12973557&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CEN21FA198_weatherfactualSuffernfinal-Rel.pdf
- Weather attachment 1 (item 11, PDF, 5 pages, 2.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12973828&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=attachment1_GFAimagedata-Rel.pdf
- Weather attachment 2 (item 12, PDF, 5 pages, 258 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12974189&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=attachment2_N461DK_contact%20history%201_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Weather attachment 3 (item 13, PDF, 5 pages, 259 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12973567&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=attachment3_N461DK_contact%20history%202_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Weather attachment 4 (item 14, PDF, 5 pages, 258 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12973326&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=attachment4_N461DK_contact%20history%203_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Weather attachment 5 (item 15, PDF, 7 pages, 92 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12973838&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=attachment5_CEN21FA198_N461DK-1_FINAL_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Weather attachment 6 (item 16, PDF, 3 pages, 104 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12974199&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=attachment6_CEN21FA198_N461DK-2_FINAL_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Weather attachment 7 (item 17, PDF, 10 pages, 115 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12974293&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=attachment7_CEN21FA198_N461DK-3_FINAL_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Weather attachment 8 (item 18, PDF, 3 pages, 143 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12973336&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=attachment8_foreflight_cen21fa198_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Weather attachment 9 (item 19, ZIP, 28.9 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12973346&FileExtension=zip&FileName=attachment9_cip_fipstuff-Rel.zip
- Weather attachment 10 (item 20, ZIP, 28.6 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12973848&FileExtension=zip&FileName=attachment10_drive-download-20210424T174312Z-001-Rel.zip
- Weather attachment 11 (item 21, PDF, 7 pages, 924 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12973858&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=attachment11_NCAR%20icing%20analysis_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Weather attachment 12 (item 22, PPTX, 13.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12974209&FileExtension=pptx&FileName=attachment12_MRMSradarloop-Rel.pptx
- Weather attachment 13 (item 23, PPTX, 12.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=12974303&FileExtension=pptx&FileName=attachment13_SatCORPS_Icing_Danville_2021Apr23_highres-Rel.pptx
- Electronic devices - specialist's factual report (item 24, PDF, 7 pages, 6 photos, 464 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13614683&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CEN21FA198_Devices-Rel.pdf
- Electronic devices - attachment 1 (item 25, PDF, 33 pages, 43 photos, 4.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13614877&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CEN21FA198-repair3-Rel.pdf
- Structures group chairman's factual report (item 26, PDF, 5 pages, 8 photos, 897 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13858018&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CEN21FA198%20Structures%20Factual-Rel.pdf
- POH excerpts (item 27, PDF, 18 pages, 6.3 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14097718&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=POH%20Excerpts_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Light bulb filament examination (item 28, PDF, 3 pages, 1.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14061429&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Lightbulb%20Examination-Rel.pdf
- Aerial imagery factual report (item 29, PDF, 6 pages, 515 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14058274&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CEN21FA198_aerial_imagery_factual_report-Rel.pdf
- Release of aircraft wreckage, NTSB form 6120.15 (item 30, PDF, 1 page, 471 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14061987&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Signed%20Wreckage%20Release_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Toxicology reports (item 31, PDF, 2 pages, 332 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14088629&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Tox%20Reports_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- Autopsy memo (item 32, PDF, 1 page, 25 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14088942&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Autopsy%20Memo-Rel.pdf
- Statement of party representatives to NTSB investigation (item 33, PDF, 1 page, 232 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14150586&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=1.%20Piper%20Party%20Form%20N461DK_Redacted-Rel.pdf
- CFI logbook excerpt (item 34, PDF, 2 pages, 5.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14484725&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CFI%20Logbook-Rel.pdf

From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model.

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