# NTSB CEN21LA048: Piper PA-28-140, N9993W, Greenville, MI, November 7, 2020 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · No injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report - Date: November 6, 2020, 20:45 local (Nov 7, 2020, 01:45 UTC) - Place: Greenville, MI - Coordinates: 43.142139, -85.253861 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=43.1421&lon=-85.2539&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Approach](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Approach: Fuel related](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/190) - Highest injury: No injuries - Injuries: 3 uninjured - Status: Completed - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 3 - NTSB office: Central Region - Parties: Federal Aviation Administration, GRR FSDO - NTSB case key (mKey): 102260 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CEN21LA048 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/102260/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=102260 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN21LA048 ## Probable cause The loss of engine power due to fuel starvation during a low approach over the airport, which resulted in a forced landing and impact with terrain. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Fluids: fuel](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010): Aircraft › Fluids/misc hardware · Fluid management (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-140, 32 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md?model=7102802), [All aircraft, 1,695 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md) - [Use of equip/info: use of equip/system](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063015): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-140, 16 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063015/cases.md?model=7102802), [All aircraft, 1,391 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063015/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Prior to flight: Aircraft maintenance event](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/040); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-140, 12 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/040/sequence.md?model=7102802), [All aircraft, 484 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/040/sequence.md) - [Approach: Fuel related](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/190) (defining event); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-140, 8 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/190/sequence.md?model=7102802), [All aircraft, 361 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/190/sequence.md) - [Approach: Loss of engine power (partial)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/342); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-140, 47 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/342/sequence.md?model=7102802), [All aircraft, 1,858 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/342/sequence.md) - [Emergency descent: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-140, 42 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md?model=7102802), [All aircraft, 3,820 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md) - [Landing: Collision during takeoff/land](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/490); cases with it: [Piper PA-28-140, 29 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/490/sequence.md?model=7102802), [All aircraft, 1,309 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/490/sequence.md) ## Analysis The pilot of the personal flight said he completed a night cross-country flight to two airports and returned for landing to the departure airport. During approach to the departure airport, he overflew the airport at low-level to check for deer on the runway for intended landing. During a right turn for the landing approach, the engine lost power and a subsequent engine restart attempt was unsuccessful. He stated that he could still hear some engine noise and tried to use the throttle to pump fuel. He stated there was a slight rise in engine speed when he first pumped the throttle. He was unable to regain engine power then performed a forced landing during which the airplane sustained substantial damage. Postaccident examination of the airplane revealed about 1 pint of fuel in the left fuel tank and about 12 gallons of fuel in the right fuel tank. There was about 1 tablespoon of fuel in the carburetor and no fuel in the gascolator bowl. The loss of engine power during the right turn, with the right wing in a low attitude, most likely occurred due to unporting of any residual fuel in the left fuel tank, which did not have useable fuel remaining. Also, when some engine power was regained during the pumping of the throttle, it was indicative of only residual fuel available from the carburetor. Though the pilot stated he selected the left fuel tank about 30 minutes prior to accident, a positive selection would have supplied usable fuel to the engine and a loss of engine power likely would not have occurred. ## Factual narrative On November 6, 2020, at 2045 eastern standard time, an Piper PA-28-140, N9993W, sustained substantial damage when it was involved in an accident near Greenville, Michigan. The commercial pilot and two passengers were uninjured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 personal flight. The pilot stated that during the night cross country flight, he flew to and landed at two airports performing a total of two full stop landings and one touch and go landing, prior to returning to the departure airport. Before approaching the departure airport, he performed two steep turns and a power-off stall. He then performed a low pass about over runway 18/36 to check for deer prior to a straight-in approach for landing on runway 28. During a right turn for the approach, the engine lost power and a subsequent engine restart attempt was unsuccessful. He stated that he could still hear some engine noise and tried to use the throttle to pump fuel. He stated there was a slight rise in engine speed when he first pumped the throttle. He stated he did not look at the tachometer or oil pressure gauge to determine if the engine was still running. He did not check the magnetos due to the low altitude but saw that the magneto switch was on BOTH. He then performed a forced landing on a partially harvested corn field. During the landing, the airplane sustained substantial damage that included damage to the firewall, fuselage, left wing, and right wing. When the pilot was asked about his use of the fuel quantity gauges to verify fuel level, he stated he does not look at them because they are only accurate when empty. He stated he does his planning and keeps track of fuel burn on paper. The pilot stated he switched from the left fuel tank to the right fuel tank at 1954, from right fuel tank to left fuel tank at 2025, and before entering the airport traffic pattern, he switched back to the right fuel tank to be on fullest fuel tank. He stated that based upon his fuel consumption calculations, there should have been 7 gallons of fuel remaining in each fuel tank. Postaccident examination of the airplane revealed about 1 pint of 100 low lead (100LL) aviation fuel was present in the left fuel tank and about 12 gallons of 100LL was present in the right fuel tank. Both fuel tanks were found intact after the accident sequence. The left fuel quantity transmitter was out of tolerance, reading 3 ohms high on FULL and 27 ohms high on EMPTY. When moving the left transmitter through the range, the ohmmeter fluctuated significantly, indicating dead spots in the transmitter. The right transmitter was slightly out of tolerance, reading 0.5 ohm low on FULL. The EMPTY range was within tolerance. The fuel selector valve was removed and inspected. The valve rotation was stiff and the detents for the valve position were not readily perceptible. The valve exhibited rotational scoring in the valve body and on the plug cock. The plug cock also was discolored and hadcontaminant buildup. The detents on the plug cock were worn. The pilot stated that because of the lack of detents, he visually verified the position of the selector lever. The carburetor bowl drain plug was removed to observe the fuel quantity and quality. Approximately one tablespoon of a blue liquid consistent with 100LL was present. The airframe fuel strainer bowl was found loose, with the safety wire intact. The bowl was not seated in the strainer housing and the thumbwheel on the bail wire was loose. The was no damage to the strainer except for a bent ear on the quick drain valve. The gascolator strainer was removed to inspect condition. No fuel was found in the strainer bowl. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N9993W](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N9993W), registered now, S/N 28-23542 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: PIPER PA-28-140 - Registry model: [Piper PA-28-140](https://openairdocs.org/model/piper-pa-28-140) (registry code 7102802) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 28-23542 - Year built: 1967 - Airframe hours: 3814.97 - Engines: Lycoming O-320-E2A 160 hp reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Operator: Talon Aviation LLC - Registered owner: Talon Aviation LLC - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, October 15, 2020 - Departed: 6D6, Greenville, MI - Destination: Same as departure - Airport: 6D6, Greenville Municipal Airport - Equipment: Stall warning system, ADS-B, Handheld GPS ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 23; injuries: none; commercial; airplane ratings: single-engine land; medical: class 1, without waivers/limitations; last flight review August 9, 2019; seat: left; restraint: lap only; flight hours: 400 total, 40 in this make and model, 318 as pilot in command, 31 in the last 30 days ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Night - Wind: 190° at 9 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 57 °F, dew point 45 °F - Altimeter: 30.13 inHg - Observed at: Y70, 15 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20201106016609A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20201106016609A), Nov 6, 2020: Piper PA-28-140, Greenville, MI, Substantial damage. On 11/6/2020 at approximately 0145Z (2045 local), a Piper PA-28-140, N9993W, sustained substantial damage after experiencing a loss of engine power and… ## Docket (4 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on June 16, 2022, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=102260. 11.1 MB in all. - Pilot/operator aircraft accident report, NTSB form 6120.1 (item 1, PDF, 9 pages, 591 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=11635753&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=6120%20Master_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Record of correspondence - FAA (item 2, PDF, 2 pages, 120 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13192300&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=RECORD%20OF%20CORRESPONDENCE%20-%20FAA-Rel.pdf - Photo log (item 3, PDF, 1 page, 602 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=13193413&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Photo%20Log-Rel.pdf - FAA inspector's statement (item 4, PDF, 37 pages, 9.8 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=11635451&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=N9993W%20Report%20CEN21LA048_Redacted-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.