# NTSB CEN22FA375: Sonex Waiex, N51YX, Maxwell, CA, August 9, 2022 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Class 3 · Field · Final report - Date: August 9, 2022, 11:06 local (18:06 UTC) - Place: Maxwell, CA · Large open dirt field. - Coordinates: 39.378551, -122.22683 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=39.3786&lon=-122.2268&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Enroute: Loss of control in flight](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 1 fatal - Status: Completed - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 3 - NTSB office: Central Region - Parties: FAA Sacramento FSDO - NTSB case key (mKey): 105703 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CEN22FA375 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/105703/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=105703 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CEN22FA375 ## Probable cause A loss of control in flight for undetermined reasons that resulted in an impact with terrain. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Use of equip/info: aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Krause Raymond A WAIEX, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md?model=059024Q), [All aircraft, 9,295 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md) - [Performance/control parameters: altitude](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained (probable cause); cases with it: [Krause Raymond A WAIEX, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012/cases.md?model=059024Q), [All aircraft, 1,310 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012/cases.md) - [Not determined](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/05000000): Not determined › Not determined · Unknown/Not determined (probable cause); cases with it: [Krause Raymond A WAIEX, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/05000000/cases.md?model=059024Q), [All aircraft, 2,247 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/05000000/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Enroute: Unknown or undetermined](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/000); cases with it: [Krause Raymond A WAIEX, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/000/sequence.md?model=059024Q), [All aircraft, 1,703 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/000/sequence.md) - [Enroute: Loss of control in flight](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240) (defining event); cases with it: [Krause Raymond A WAIEX, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240/sequence.md?model=059024Q), [All aircraft, 5,002 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/240/sequence.md) - [Uncontrolled descent: Collision with terr/obj (non-CFIT) ](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470); cases with it: [Krause Raymond A WAIEX, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470/sequence.md?model=059024Q), [All aircraft, 10,189 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470/sequence.md) - [Post-impact: Fire/smoke (post-impact)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/170); cases with it: [Krause Raymond A WAIEX, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/170/sequence.md?model=059024Q), [All aircraft, 354 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/170/sequence.md) ## Analysis The pilot departed in the experimental airplane for a personal flight. A review of the onboard recorded data showed that shortly before the data terminated, the airplane went from a straight and level attitude to a nose-down attitude. A review of the recorded engine parameters did not show any signatures consistent with a loss of engine power. The airplane came to rest nose down, in a flat dirt field. The wreckage, which was destroyed, sustained fire damage. Postaccident examination did not reveal any preimpact mechanical malfunctions or failures with the airframe and the engine. No fire damage specifically related to an in-flight fire was found in the wreckage. The pilot purchased the airplane with a partner about 1 year before the accident. According to his logbook, he had flown the airplane 26.2 hours, of which 20.0 hours were with a flight instructor. Toxicological tests revealed ethanol was detected in lung, liver, kidney, and heart tissue samples along with N-propanol detected in lung tissue, kidney tissue, and heart tissue. Based on the pattern of toxicology results, some or all the ethanol detected in the pilot’s postmortem specimens likely was from sources other than ethanol consumption. Given the unclear accident circumstances, there was insufficient evidence to determine whether low-level ethanol effects may have contributed to the accident. The pilot’s autopsy was severely limited by the extent of the injuries sustained and therefore reduced the potential for determining if the pilot suffered from impairment or incapacitation due to medical reasons during the flight. Based on the available evidence, it is likely the airplane departed from controlled flight for unknown reasons, entered a nose-down attitude that was not recovered from, and the airplane impacted terrain. The reason for the loss of control in flight was undetermined. ## Factual narrative The FAA has published Advisory Circular 90-109A Transition to Unfamiliar Aircraft. This document discusses the classification of the Sonex Aircraft Waiex airplane. The Sonex Aircraft Waiex airplane is classified as having light control forces and/or rapid airplane response, along with nontraditional and/or unfamiliar airplane system operations. This document discusses light control forces and rapid airplane response and states in part: The hazard of light forces and rapid response is that without some level of training, the pilot may over-control the airplane. This can manifest itself during any phase of flight. The risks can vary from frustration to damage during takeoff and landing, to loss of control up to and including overstressing the airframe and structural failure. This document discusses nontraditional and/or unfamiliar airplane system operations and states in part: Builders of experimental airplanes are able to customize every aspect of their airplane to their own personal preferences. This extends to the installation of systems not found on standard airplanes in the training and rental fleet, such as the fuel valve location discussed in the example above. Builders also sometimes place familiar instruments and controls in unfamiliar locations on the panel or in the cockpit area. This is true even in seemingly identical examples of a particular design. The ability to completely customize the airplane is one reason builders choose to build their own, rather than purchase a standard airplane. The hazard in operating these airplanes is the potential for misuse or system mismanagement. The risks of this misuse or mismanagement can include an inadvertently induced abnormal or emergency situation. A review of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) registration records showed that the pilot and another individual had purchased the airplane from the airplane builder in September 2021. A review of the airplane maintenance records showed that a new CAMit 33SLRE reciprocating engine was installed in the airplane in June 2016. On August 9, 2022, about 1106 Pacific daylight time, a Sonex Aircraft Waiex airplane, N51YX, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident near Maxwell, California. The pilot sustained fatal injuries. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 personal flight. According to the family members of the pilot, the purpose of the flight was personal and the exact route of the flight was unknown. A review of automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast (ADS-B) data showed that the experimental airplane departed runway 13 at the Colusa County Airport (O08), Colusa, California. The airplane traveled to the north of Colusa and then traveled to the west. The airplane crossed Highway I-5, then traveled to the north of Maxwell, California, where the ADS-B data terminated in a remote area populated with fields used for agricultural work. The airplane came to rest nose down, in a flat dirt field. Thewreckage, which was destroyed, sustained fire damage. The airplane was equipped with a Dynon FlightDEK-D180 unit. The unit recorded about 22 minutes of data that began when the engine was started. A review of the data showed that shortly before the data ended, the airplane went from a straight and level attitude to a nose down attitude. A review of the various experimental engine parameters recorded did not show any signatures consistent with a loss of engine power. According to the pilot’s autopsy report, his cause of death was high-velocity acceleration-deceleration polytrauma and his manner of death was accident. The extent of injuries severely limited evaluation for natural disease, preventing structural evaluation of the brain, heart, and lungs. Examinable trachea and bronchi showed no evidence of smoke inhalation. Toxicological testing of postmortem specimens from the pilot identified ethanol at 0.16 g/hg in one liver tissue specimen, 0.078 g/hg in another liver tissue specimen, 0.038 g/hg in lung tissue, 0.064 g/hg in kidney tissue, and 0.033 g/hg in heart tissue. N-propanol was detected in lung tissue, kidney tissue, and heart tissue. Ondansetron was detected in liver tissue. No urine, vitreous fluid, or suitable blood was available for testing. The pilot previously had esophageal cancer that had been successfully treated with surgery in 2013. The estimated density altitude for the closest meteorological reporting station was 1,561 ft above mean sea level. According to the family members of the pilot, the pilot had been flying airplanes for over 30 years, with various breaks in between. The pilot never reported any concerns with the airplane to family members. He recently reported to family members, that he felt “really comfortable” operating the airplane. The pilot purchased the airplane with a partner about 1 year before the accident. According to his logbook, he had flown the airplane 26.2 hours, of which 20.0 hours were with a flight instructor. A postaccident examination revealed that flight control continuity was established from the cockpit to the empennage, and from the wings to the cockpit. For the cockpit, the flight controls were destroyed from fire damage. The flight control hardware appeared to be intact. In the cockpit, the control rods were destroyed from the fire damage. The breached fuel tank, along with the fuel lines, were also destroyed by the fire. The engine, which sustained impact damage, was examined. The crankshaft flange was able to be rotated by hand to confirm internal engine continuity with no issues noted. Rocker arm movement was confirmed on all cylinders for both the intake and exhaust. All pistons moved within the cylinders and each of the accessory gears moved when the propeller remnant was rotated by hand. The sump remains were removed and all internal components were found to be connected and moved when the engine was rotated. The wood propeller was destroyed from the impact sequence. The examinationdiscovered no preimpact mechanical malfunctions or failures with the airframe or the engine. Additionally, no fire damage specifically related to an in-flight fire was found in the wreckage. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N51YX](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N51YX), registered now, S/N W0051, built 2007 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: SONEX AIRCRAFT WAIEX (UNDESIGNATED SERIES) - Registry model: [Krause Raymond A WAIEX](https://openairdocs.org/model/krause-raymond-a-waiex) (registry code 059024Q) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Jabiru 3300](https://openairdocs.org/engine/jabiru-3300) (registry code 34801, 4 cycle) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane, amateur-built - Serial number: W0051 - Year built: 2007 - Airframe hours: 571.1 - Engines: CAMit 33SLRE 127 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Destroyed - Fire: On-Ground - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Airworthiness certificate: Special, Experimental light sport (Special) - Last inspection: Annual, January 8, 2022 - Departed: O08, Colusa, CA - Equipment: ADS-B, Data recorder ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 73; injuries: fatal; private; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: basicmed, with waivers/limitations; last flight review September 29, 2021; toxicology performed; flight hours: 1,200 total ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 150° at 8 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 77 °F, dew point 57 °F - Altimeter: 29.95 inHg - Observed at: KOVE, 29 nm away - METAR: KOVE 091753Z AUTO 15008KT 10SM CLR 25/14 A2995 RMK AO2 SLP141 T02500139 10256 20206 50001 ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20220809021059A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20220809021059A), Aug 9, 2022: Krause Raymond A WAIEX, Maxwell, CA, Destroyed, 1 fatal. On August 09, 2022, at approximatly 11:53 local this office was made aware of an fatal aircraft accident near the town of Maxwell, California. The office was… ## Docket (15 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on March 20, 2024, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=105703. 54.1 MB in all. - Accident photographs (item 1, PDF, 14 pages, 11.7 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16668409&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Accident%20Photographs-Rel.pdf - N51YX - accident flight ADS-B data (google earth .kmz file) (item 2, KMZ, 40 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16658865&FileExtension=kmz&FileName=20220809_A66152_491925156-Rel.kmz - N51YX - accident flight ADS-B data (microsoft excel .xlsx file) (item 3, XLSX, 1.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16658402&FileExtension=xlsx&FileName=20220809_A66152_491925156_ADSB-Rel.xlsx - NTSB examination report (item 4, PDF, 6 pages, 211 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16664358&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CEN22FA375%20NTSB%20Examination%20Report-Rel.pdf - Fire specialist's factual report (item 5, PDF, 7 pages, 1.8 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16658473&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=23-078%20Fire%20Factual%20Report-Rel.pdf - Pilot next of kin - record of conversation (item 6, PDF, 2 pages, 68 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16659914&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CEN22FA375%20NOK%20MOR-Rel.pdf - Pilot log book excerpts (item 7, PDF, 7 pages, 13.8 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16665092&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Pilot%20Log%20Book%20Excerpts_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Airplane log book excerpts (item 8, PDF, 3 pages, 4.4 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16665190&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Airplane%20Log%20Book%20Excerpts_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Maintenance log book excerpts (item 9, PDF, 4 pages, 5.3 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16665401&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Maintenance%20Log%20Book%20Excerpts_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Airplane weight and balance sheets (item 10, PDF, 2 pages, 4.7 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16665391&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Airplane%20Weight%20and%20Balance%20Sheets-Rel.pdf - Airplane flight manual excerpts (item 11, PDF, 3 pages, 10.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16665488&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Airplane%20Flight%20Manual%20Excerpts-Rel.pdf - N51YX - historical photo (courtesy of reddit) (item 12, PDF, 1 page, 248 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16752503&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=N51YX%20Historical%20Photo%20(Courtesy%20of%20Reddit)-Rel.pdf - Attachment 1 to cockpit display - specialist's factual report (item 13, CSV, 154 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14941643&FileExtension=csv&FileName=Attachment%201%20to%20Cockpit%20Display%20-%20Specialist%27s%20Factual%20Report_CEN22FA375-Rel.csv - Toxicological report (item 14, PDF, 1 page, 185 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16658049&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=FAA%20Toxicology%20Report%20Redacted-Rel.pdf - Medical factual report (item 15, PDF, 7 pages, 165 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=16719163&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=CEN22FA375_MedicalFactualReport-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.