# NTSB CHI07FA183: Piper PA-46-500TP, N477MD, Wellsville, MO, June 28, 2007 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Field investigation · Final report - Date: June 28, 2007, 08:15 local (13:15 UTC) - Place: Wellsville, MO - Coordinates: 39.123611, -91.57833 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=39.1236&lon=-91.5783&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 3 fatal - Status: Completed, report November 9, 2009 - Report: Approved by Office Director - Parties: Federal Aviation Administration, Avidyne Corporation, Air Accidents Investigation Branch, United Kingdom, S-TEC/Cobham plc, Transportation Safety Board of Canada, Piper Aircraft, Inc., Pratt & Whitney Canada - NTSB case key (mKey): 66130 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CHI07FA183 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/66130/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=66130 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI07FA183 ## Probable cause The pilot's failure to activate the pitot heat as per the checklist, resulting in erroneous airspeed information due to pitot tube icing, and his subsequent failure to maintain aircraft control. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's continued flight in an area of known adverse weather. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - In flight encounter with weather, climb - in flight weather avoidance assistance - not issued, atc personnel(artcc) - weather condition - thunderstorm - pitot/static system - ice (cause) - checklist - not complied with, pilot in command (cause) - weather condition - icing conditions - anti-ice/deice system - not used, pilot in command (cause) - flight into known adverse weather - continued, pilot in command (contributing factor) - Loss of control - in flight, descent - uncontrolled - wing - overload - design stress limits of aircraft - exceeded, pilot in command - aircraft control - not maintained, pilot in command (cause) - In flight collision with terrain/water, descent - uncontrolled - terrain condition - ground ## Analysis The pilot, before departure, obtained a weather briefing that indicated there were thunderstorms and areas of heavy precipitation along the route of flight. The pilot told the briefer that the airplane was equipped with onboard radar for weather avoidance. After takeoff, the pilot received two adverse weather advisories from the departure air traffic controller. The pilot acknowledged, requested and was cleared for course deviations to avoid the weather. The pilot was subsequently told to contact an en route traffic control center. The pilot did not request an update on, nor was he advised of, any additional adverse weather after switching over. Avionics data recovered from the wreckage showed the airplane encountered decreasing outside air temperatures (OAT) during the en route climb to a cruise altitude. The OAT decreased below freezing as the airplane climbed through 15,900 feet mean sea level. The primary flight display's (PFD) airspeed data decreased from about 140 knots indicated airspeed (KIAS) to 0 KIAS. During the loss of airspeed, the airplane's recorded climb rate decreased and the airplane entered a left turn. At this point, the en route controller asked the pilot if he had been given a clearance to deviate around weather. The pilot responded, "mike delta we've got problems uh... ." There were no additional communications received from the pilot and radar contact with the airplane was lost shortly thereafter. The recovered PFD data indicated that the airplane exceeded its maximum structural operating speed during a rapid descent. In the descent, the airplane reached a ground speed of 250 knots and vertical loads reaching 5g. The recovered data and witness marks from the right wing indicated the airplane sustained an in-flight breakup after exceeding the airplane's maximum load factor limit. A review of the available weather data indicated that there was an area of extreme precipitation associated with thunderstorms east of the accident site and that the airplane was likely in instrument meteorological conditions at the time of the upset. An on-scene investigation did not reveal any pre-impact anomalies with the airplane and its related systems. Analysis of the recovered PFD and Multi-Function Display (MFD) data indicated that the pilot did not utilize the available pitot tube heat that would have afforded ice protection. Recovered PFD/MFD data, along with a weather analysis, indicated that the airplane was operating in an environment conducive for pitot tube icing. Additionally, recovered data showed airspeeds were recorded during the rapid descent at altitudes lower than the observed freezing level. The before takeoff checklist indicated, "Pitot Heat ... ON." ## Factual narrative HISTORY OF FLIGHT On June 28, 2007, about 0815 central daylight time, a Piper PA-46-500TP, N477MD, was destroyed on impact with terrain following an in-flight breakup near Wellsville, Missouri. The personal flight was operating under Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations Part 91. Visual meteorological surface conditions prevailed in the area at the time of the accident. An instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan was on file and was activated. The pilot and two passengers sustained fatal injuries. The flight originated from the Spirit of St Louis Airport, near Chesterfield, Missouri, about 0750, and was destined for the Buffalo Municipal Airport, near Buffalo, Minnesota. About 0711, a person representing N477MD contacted Kankakee Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) to file an IFR flight plan and obtain an abbreviated weather update. During the abbreviated weather update, the AFSS briefer advised the pilot that there was heavy rain and thunderstorm activity in Missouri along the aircraft's planned route of flight. The pilot stated that he had onboard radar for weather avoidance. About 0750, N477MD departed SUS, contacted Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic controller (ATC) on the St. Louis (Gateway) Departure frequency about 0752, and was initially cleared to climb to 4,000 feet. The Gateway controller advised of light to moderate precipitation three miles ahead of the aircraft. The pilot requested a northerly course deviation for weather avoidance, which was approved. About 0753, N477MD was cleared to climb to 10,000 feet. The controller then advised of additional areas of moderate and heavy precipitation ahead of the airplane, gave the pilot information on the location and extent of the weather areas, and suggested a track that would avoid it. The pilot responded that he saw the same areas on his onboard radar and concurred with the controller's assessment. Radar data showed that the airplane flew northwest bound, and then turned toward the west. About 0757, N477MD was instructed to resume the Ozark 3 departure procedure, and the pilot acknowledged. About 0758, the pilot was cleared again to proceed direct to Macon, Missouri (MCM) VHF omnidirectional range distance measuring equipment (VOR/DME), and two minutes later, was instructed to contact Kansas City Center (ZKC). The pilot contacted the ZKC R53 controller at 0800:47, and, after a discussion about the final requested altitude, was cleared to climb and maintain flight level 230. At 0801:42, a position relief briefing occurred and the R53 controller was replaced. The new R53 controller made no transmissions to N477MD, and was replaced by a third controller at 0806:27. The next transmission to N477MD occurred at 0812:26, when the R53 controller asked the pilot if he had been given a clearance to deviate. The flight's radar track showed that the airplane turned to the left. The pilot responded, "mike delta we've got problems uh..." The controller responded by asking the pilot if he was declaring an emergency, and made several other attempts to contact N477MD. The pilot did not respond to any of these calls, and radar contact was lost. None of the three ZKC controllers had given the pilot any weather information during the time he was controlled by ZKC. Ground and aircraft observers located the airplane wreckage about 1040. PERSONNEL INFORMATION The pilot, age 44, held a FAA private pilot certificate with airplane single-engine land and instrument airplane ratings. FAA records showed that the pilot's last medical examination was completed on January 25, 2007, when he was issued a third-class medical certificate with no limitations. On the application for that medical certificate, the pilot reported that he had accumulated 1,000 hours of total flight time. He reported that he had accumulated 100 hours of flight time in the six months prior to that medical certificate application. The pilot obtained flight instruction for the PA-46-500TP from Simcom. A copy of a pilot proficiency certificate indicated that the pilot satisfactorily completed the PA-46-500TP initial course on November 10, 2006. Their training records showed that the pilot requested a flight review and instrument competency as part of the airplane training. The pilot reported to Simcom that he had accumulated 1,000 hours of total flight time, 300 hours of instrument flight time, and 50 hours of turbine aircraft flight time. He further reported that he had accumulated 200 hours of flight time in the last year, 70 hours in the last 90 days, and 25 hours in the last 30 days. AIRCRAFT INFORMATION N477MD, a 2006 Piper PA-46-500TP, Meridian, serial number 4697264, was an all-metal airplane with semimonocoque fuselage and conventional design. The wing was a three-section structure. The center section built-up main spar extended through the lower fuselage and approximately three feet outboard of each main landing gear. This section had two forward spars and a rear spar, which were pin jointed at the fuselage sides. The outboard section of each wing, to within approximately 18 inches of the tip, was a sealed integral fuel cell. Portions of the wing structure were adhesively bonded, and skins were butt jointed and flush riveted for a smooth airfoil surface. An 850-horsepower, Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-42A turbo-propeller engine with serial number PCE-RM0284, which was derated to 500-horsepower, powered the airplane. The engine drove a metal, constant speed, electrically deiced, four-bladed Hartzell HC-E4N-3Q propeller. The airplane was equipped with a pressurized cabin, wing flaps, and retractable tricycle landing gear. The airplane had a maximum seating capacity of six occupants, to include two cockpit positions and four cabin positions. The airplane had a certified maximum ramp weight of 5,134 lbs. The airplane was maintained under a progressive inspection program. The program cycle consists of two 100-hour events, which provides for a complete aircraft inspection in 200 aircraft flying hours. The complete inspection cycle, Events 1 and 2, must be completed within 12 calendar months. Event 2 was completed on June 20, 2007, and the airplane was returned to service. The airplane Hobbs meter was recorded as 201.7 hours at the time of that event inspection. The airplane was equipped with dual Avidyne Flightmax Entegra EXP5000 Primary Flight Displays (PFD) and an Entegra EX5000 Multi-Function Display (MFD). Each PFD starts up once power is applied. The PFD was designed to display indicated air data to include indicated airspeed, altitude, vertical speed, outside air temperature, true airspeed, and ground speed. The PFD indications included attitude data, navigation data, and flight director command bars. The PFD could display engine parameters to include engine torque, inter-turbine temperature, fuel flow, fuel quantity, and engine start parameters. Each PFD contained two flash memory devices mounted on a riser card. The flash memory stored information that the PFD unit used to generate the various primary flight data displays. Additionally, the PFD had a data logging function, which is used by the manufacturer for maintenance and diagnostics. The PFD sampled and stored several data streams in a sequential fashion; when the recording limit of the PFD was reached, the oldest record was dropped and a new record was added. Data from the Air Data and Attitude Heading Reference System (ADAHRS) such as pitch, roll, heading, and accelerations were recorded at a rate of 5 times per second (Hz). Air data information such as pressure altitude, indicated airspeed, and vertical speed were recorded at 1 Hz. GPS and navigation display and setting data were recorded at a rate of .25 Hz, and information about pilot settings of heading, altitude, and vertical speed references were recorded when changes are made. The MFD display indicated navigatio ## Aircraft - Registration: [N477MD](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N477MD-2008-01-30), registration cancelled 2008-01-30, S/N 4697264, built 2006 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Piper PA-46-500TP - Registry model: [New Piper PA-46-500TP](https://openairdocs.org/model/new-piper-pa-46-500tp) (registry code 7104606) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-42A](https://openairdocs.org/engine/pratt-whitney-canada-pt6a-42a) (registry code 52268, turbo-prop) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 4697264 - Airframe hours: 201.7 - Engines: Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-42A 500 horsepower turbo prop - Damage: Destroyed - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Operator: David L. McCormick - Registered owner: Mcc Aviation Services LLC - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Continuous airworthiness, June 1, 2007 - Departed: SUS, ST LOUIS, MO - Destination: CFE, BUFFALO, MN - Flight plan: IFR ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 44; injuries: fatal; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 3, without waivers/limitations; last flight review November 1, 2006; seat: left; toxicology performed; flight hours: 1,000 total ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 210° at 3 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: 2,200 ft broken - Temperature: 70 °F, dew point 68 °F - Altimeter: 30.07 inHg - Observed at: COU, 30 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20070628013719A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20070628013719A), Jun 28, 2007: Piper PA46500TP, Wellsville, MO, Destroyed, 3 fatal. (-23) On 6/28/07 aircraft N477MD departed ksus enroute to kcfe. About 20 minutes into the flight ATC lost contact with the accident aircraft. Main wreckage was… ## Docket (45 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on September 8, 2009, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=66130. 67.6 MB in all. - Meteorology 5 - Factual Report of Group Chairman (item 1, .PDF, 1.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40283799&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Meteorology%205%20-%20Factual%20Report%20of%20Group%20Chairman-Master.PDF - ATC 3 - Kansas City ARTCC Accident Package (item 2, .PDF, 3.8 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40285635&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=ATC%203%20-%20Kansas%20City%20ARTCC%20Accident%20Package-Master.PDF - ATC 3 - Factual Report of Group Chairman (item 3, .PDF, 155 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40291150&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=ATC%203%20-%20Factual%20Report%20of%20Group%20Chairman-Master.PDF - ATC 3 - ZKC Memo on Weather Issuance (item 4, .PDF, 152 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40318285&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=ATC%203%20-%20ZKC%20Memo%20on%20Weather%20Issuance-Master.PDF - Cockpit Displays Factual Report (with 9 embedded figures) (item 5, .PDF, 403 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317986&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Cockpit%20Displays%20Factual%20Report%20(with%209%20embedded%20figures)-Master.PDF - Cockpit Displays Factual Report Figure 3 Data (item 6, .CSV, 414 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40310833&FileExtension=.csv&FileName=Cockpit%20Displays%20Factual%20Report%20Figure%203%20Data-Master.csv - Cockpit Displays Factual Report Figure 4 Data (item 7, .CSV, 460 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317492&FileExtension=.csv&FileName=Cockpit%20Displays%20Factual%20Report%20Figure%204%20Data-Master.csv - Cockpit Displays Factual Report Figure 5 Data (item 8, .CSV, 47 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40310832&FileExtension=.csv&FileName=Cockpit%20Displays%20Factual%20Report%20Figure%205%20Data-Master.csv - Cockpit Displays Factual Report Figure 6 Data (item 9, .CSV, 51 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317493&FileExtension=.csv&FileName=Cockpit%20Displays%20Factual%20Report%20Figure%206%20Data-Master.csv - Cockpit Displays Factual Report Figure 7 Data (item 10, .CSV, 88 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40310743&FileExtension=.csv&FileName=Cockpit%20Displays%20Factual%20Report%20Figure%207%20Data-Master.csv - Cockpit Displays Factual Report Figure 8 Data (item 11, .CSV, 37 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317508&FileExtension=.csv&FileName=Cockpit%20Displays%20Factual%20Report%20Figure%208%20Data-Master.csv - Cockpit Displays Factual Report Figure 9 Data (item 12, .CSV, 37 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317507&FileExtension=.csv&FileName=Cockpit%20Displays%20Factual%20Report%20Figure%209%20Data-Master.csv - MFD Raw Data Download (item 13, .CSV, 43 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317542&FileExtension=.csv&FileName=MFD%20Raw%20Data%20Download-Master.csv - Pilot's Weather Briefing Transcript (item 14, .PDF, 183 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317764&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%27s%20Weather%20Briefing%20Transcript-Master.PDF - ATC Identified Cases with Weather Involvement (item 15, .PDF, 1.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317765&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=ATC%20Identified%20Cases%20with%20Weather%20Involvement-Master.PDF - 7110.65 Excerpt (item 16, .PDF, 209 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317766&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=7110.65%20Excerpt-Master.PDF - FAA Supplied Sketch of Wreckage Path (item 17, .PDF, 1.3 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317767&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=FAA%20Supplied%20Sketch%20of%20Wreckage%20Path-Master.PDF - Letter from a FAA Representative to the IIC (item 18, .PDF, 125 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317815&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Letter%20from%20a%20FAA%20Representative%20to%20the%20IIC-Master.PDF - Departure Procedure (item 19, .PDF, 50 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317768&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Departure%20Procedure-Master.PDF - Maintenance Manual Excerpt (item 20, .PDF, 67 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317769&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Maintenance%20Manual%20Excerpt-Master.PDF - NTSB Safety Alert SA-11 (item 21, .PDF, 3.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317770&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=NTSB%20Safety%20Alert%20SA-11-Master.PDF - Avidyne Representative's Letter to the IIC (item 22, .PDF, 155 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317771&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Avidyne%20Representative%27s%20Letter%20to%20the%20IIC-Master.PDF - Piper System Explanations (item 23, .PDF, 30 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317772&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Piper%20System%20Explanations-Master.PDF - POH Excerpt (item 24, .PDF, 391 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317773&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=POH%20Excerpt-Master.PDF - POH Excerpt on the Pitot Static System (item 25, .PDF, 71 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40318183&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=POH%20Excerpt%20on%20the%20Pitot%20Static%20System-Master.PDF - Instrument Rating PTS (item 26, .PDF, 961 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317774&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Instrument%20Rating%20PTS-Master.PDF - Pilot's SIMCOM Training Record Excerpts (item 27, .PDF, 298 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317775&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%27s%20SIMCOM%20Training%20Record%20Excerpts-Master.PDF - Aircraft Logbook Excerpts & Letter of Revocation Copies Sent by Mrs. McCormick (item 28, .PDF, 250 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317776&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Aircraft%20Logbook%20Excerpts%20%26%20Letter%20of%20Revocation%20Copies%20Sent%20by%20Mrs.%20McCormick-Master.PDF - Toxicological Report (item 29, .PDF, 70 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317777&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Toxicological%20Report-Master.PDF - Statement of Party Representatives to NTSB Investigation (item 30, .PDF, 431 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317778&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Statement%20of%20Party%20Representatives%20to%20NTSB%20Investigation-Master.PDF - Release of Aircraft Wreckage, NTSB Form 6120.15 (item 31, .PDF, 76 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317779&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Release%20of%20Aircraft%20Wreckage,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.15-Master.PDF - Photo 1. Main Wreckage (item 32, .PDF, 4.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316691&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%201.%20%20Main%20Wreckage-Master.PDF - Photo 2. Main Wreckage (item 33, .PDF, 4.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316692&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%202.%20%20Main%20Wreckage-Master.PDF - Photo 3. Main Wreckage (item 34, .PDF, 4.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316693&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%203.%20%20Main%20Wreckage-Master.PDF - Photo 4. Main Wreckage (item 35, .PDF, 4.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316694&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%204.%20%20Main%20Wreckage-Master.PDF - Photo 5. Left Wing Section (item 36, .PDF, 4.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316695&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%205.%20%20Left%20Wing%20Section-Master.PDF - Photo 6. Empennage Section (item 37, .PDF, 3.8 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316696&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%206.%20%20Empennage%20Section-Master.PDF - Photo 7. Control Cables (item 38, .PDF, 3.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316697&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%207.%20%20Control%20Cables-Master.PDF - Photo 8. Left Rear Window (item 39, .PDF, 3.6 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316698&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%208.%20%20Left%20Rear%20Window-Master.PDF - Photo 9. Section Of Right Wing (item 40, .PDF, 3.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316699&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%209.%20%20Section%20Of%20Right%20Wing-Master.PDF - Photo 10. Section Of Right Wing (item 41, .PDF, 3.6 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316700&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%2010.%20%20Section%20Of%20Right%20Wing-Master.PDF - Photo 11. Section Of Right Wing (item 42, .PDF, 3.6 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316701&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%2011.%20%20Section%20Of%20Right%20Wing-Master.PDF - Photo 12. Placard (item 43, .PDF, 3.4 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316702&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%2012.%20%20Placard-Master.PDF - Photo 13. Donor Flash Chips Mounted On A Riser Card (item 44, .PDF, 3.9 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40316703&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%2013.%20%20Donor%20Flash%20Chips%20Mounted%20On%20A%20Riser%20Card-Master.PDF - Photo 14. Flash Chips As Connections Are Made To Missing Pins (item 45, .PDF, 1.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40317533&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%2014.%20%20Flash%20Chips%20As%20Connections%20Are%20Made%20To%20Missing%20Pins-Master.PDF From the NTSB's public API. 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