# NTSB CHI96LA047: Cessna 310R, N5CX, Michigan City, IN, November 28, 1995 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: November 28, 1995, 04:45 local (10:45 UTC) - Place: Michigan City, IN - Coordinates: 41.709003, -86.8693 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=41.7090&lon=-86.8693&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Approach](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Highest injury: No injuries - Injuries: 3 uninjured - Status: Completed, report April 1, 1996 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB case key (mKey): 10165 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=CHI96LA047 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/10165/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=10165 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI96LA047 ## Probable cause the pilot-in-command's selecting and maintaining an improper approach speed. ## Sequence of events In NTSB's coding before 2008 (https://www.ntsb.gov/GILS/Documents/codman.pdf). - Loss of control - in flight, approach - airspeed(vref) - improper, pilot in command (cause) - stall/mush - inadvertent, pilot in command - In flight collision with terrain/water, descent - uncontrolled ## Analysis THE AIRPLANE WAS PICKING UP OCCASIONAL LIGHT RIME ICE IN THE CLOUDS WHILE IN IMC CRUISE FLIGHT AT 4,000 FEET. THE PILOT TURNED ON THE ANTI-ICE AND DEICING SYSTEMS. DURING DESCENT, THE PILOT REPORTED VFR CONDITIONS AND THAT THE AIRPLANE WAS CLEAN OF ICE. THE PILOT PLANNED FOR A VISUAL APPROACH TO THE RUNWAY. ANTICIPATING THAT THE RUNWAY MAY BE SLICK, A SHORT FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING WAS EXECUTED. ON FINAL APPROACH, AND AT 85 KNOTS, THE PILOT EXPERIENCED 'A SUDDEN LOSS OF LIFT.' THE AIRPLANE STRUCK THE TERRAIN APPROXIMATELY 50 FEET SHORT OF THE RUNWAY. THE PILOT REPORTED RECEIVING NO VISUAL OR AURAL INDICATIONS OF AN IMPENDING STALL. THE CESSNA 310R PILOT'S OPERATING HANDBOOK REFERENCES THE MINIMUM MULTI-ENGINE APPROACH SPEED FOR THE AIRPLANE TO BE 93 KIAS AT A GROSS WEIGHT OF 5,400 POUNDS. THIS SPEED DECREASES BY APPROXIMATELY FOUR KNOTS FOR EACH 400 POUND REDUCTION IN AIRPLANE GROSS WEIGHT. THE AIRPLANE'S GROSS WEIGHT WAS APPROXIMATELY 5,218 POUNDS AT THE TIME OF THE ACCIDENT. ## Factual narrative On November 28, 1995, at 0445 central standard time, a Cessna 310R, N5CX, piloted by an airline transport pilot, sustained substantial damage when on approach to the destination airport runway, the airplane impacted the terrain. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident. The flight was being conducted under 14 CFR Part 91. An IFR flight plan was on file. The pilot-in-command reported no injuries to himself, the other pilot, or the passenger. The flight departed Holland, Michigan, at 0515 eastern standard time, and was en route to Michigan City, Indiana. According to the pilot's written statement, the airplane was in IMC cruise flight at 4,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) and picking up "occasional light rime ice in the clouds." The pilot said that he turned on the airplane's anti-ice and de-icing systems. The pilot reported that when he entered VFR conditions during the descent, "the airplane was clean of ice." The pilot planned a visual approach to runway two at Michigan City Municipal Airport, Michigan City, Indiana. "Anticipating that the runway may be slick, a short field approach and landing was executed." On final approach and at 85 knots indicated airspeed (KIAS), the pilot experienced "a sudden loss of lift." The airplane struck the terrain approximately 50 feet short of the runway threshold. The pilot reported receiving no visual or aural indications of an impending stall. The pilot stated that, "some ice was found on the non-lift surfaces" of the airplane during a post-flight inspection. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspector who examined the wreckage in Holland, MI reported damage to the inboard rib and carry-through spar on the left wing. There was minor damage to the left propeller, left landing gear and left side of the fuselage at the spar-attach point. No other anomalies were found. The airplane's operator was interviewed via telephone. Based upon information provided by the operator and the FAA inspector, it was determined that the airplane's gross weight at the time of the accident was approximately 5,218 pounds. The Cessna 310R Pilot's Operating Handbook references the minimum multi-engine approach speed for the airplane to be 93 KIAS at a gross weight of 5,400 pounds. Approach speed decreases by approximately four knots for each 400 pound reduction in airplane gross weight. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N5CX](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N5CX), registered now, S/N 310R0224, built 1975 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: CESSNA 310R - Registry model: [Cessna 310R](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-310r) (registry code 2074245) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Continental IO-520 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/continental-io-520-series) (registry code 17032, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 0224 - Airframe hours: 10195 - Engines: CONTINENTAL IO-520-M1 285 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Instructional, Part 91 - Registered owner: Tulip City Air Service, Inc - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: AAIP, October 26, 1995, 23 hours before - Departed: BIV, HOLLAND, MI - Destination: MGC - Flight plan: IFR - Airport: MGC, Michigan City, runway 2, 4,100 × 75 ft, asphalt ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 31; flight instructor, airline transport; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, valid medical--no waivers/lim.; seat: left; flight hours: 2,338 total, 160 in this make and model, 2,300 as pilot in command, 62 in the last 90 days, 20 in the last 30 days, 2 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Night/dark - Wind: 360° at 8 knots - Lowest ceiling: 3,100 ft broken ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 19951128045859A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/19951128045859A), Nov 28, 1995: Cessna 310R, Michigan City, IN, Substantial damage. Stalled impacted short of runway. Below normal approach speed and residual airframe icing were factors. (-23) on November 28, 1995, at 0445 CST, a Cessna model… ## Docket (2 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on March 4, 1996, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=10165. 755 KB in all. - Pilot/Operator Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB Form 6120.1 (item 1, .PDF, 343 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40422472&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%2FOperator%20Aircraft%20Accident%20Report,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.1-Redacted.PDF - Cessna 310 Procedures and Performance Data (item 2, .PDF, 412 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40042892&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Cessna%20310%20Procedures%20and%20Performance%20Data-Master.PDF From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.