# NTSB ERA09LA004: Cessna T210M, N11PC, Savannah, GA, October 4, 2008 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · No injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: October 4, 2008, 11:30 local (15:30 UTC) - Place: Savannah, GA - Coordinates: 31.915, -81.027496 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=31.9150&lon=-81.0275&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Enroute](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/400) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Enroute-cruise: Fuel exhaustion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192) - Highest injury: No injuries - Injuries: 1 uninjured - Status: Completed, report July 28, 2009 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB office: Eastern Region Aviation - Parties: FAA/FSDO - NTSB case key (mKey): 69232 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ERA09LA004 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/69232/pdf - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA09LA004 ## Probable cause A loss of engine power in flight due to fuel exhaustion as a result of the pilot's improper fuel management. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Fuel system: fuel indication system](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01022840): Aircraft › Aircraft systems · Inoperative; cases with it: [Cessna T210M, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01022840/cases.md?model=2073451), [All aircraft, 30 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01022840/cases.md) - [Planning/preparation: fuel planning](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna T210M, 5 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030/cases.md?model=2073451), [All aircraft, 719 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030/cases.md) - [Fluids: fuel](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010): Aircraft › Fluids/misc hardware · Fluid level (probable cause); cases with it: [Cessna T210M, 7 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md?model=2073451), [All aircraft, 1,695 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Prior to flight: Sys/Comp malf/fail (non-power)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/330); cases with it: [Cessna T210M, 6 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/330/sequence.md?model=2073451), [All aircraft, 994 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/330/sequence.md) - [Enroute-cruise: Fuel exhaustion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192) (defining event); cases with it: [Cessna T210M, 3 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192/sequence.md?model=2073451), [All aircraft, 804 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192/sequence.md) - [Enroute: Loss of engine power (total)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341); cases with it: [Cessna T210M, 17 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md?model=2073451), [All aircraft, 3,820 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/341/sequence.md) - [Emergency descent: Off-field or emergency landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440); cases with it: [Cessna T210M, 11 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md?model=2073451), [All aircraft, 3,365 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md) ## Analysis The airplane was fueled twice in an effort to obtain maximum fuel capacity, then secured in a hangar and was not operated; no fuel leakage was noted on the hangar floor. The pilot did not visually inspect the fuel tanks during her preflight inspection, contrary to the Pilot's Operating Handbook. The flight departed with an inoperative right fuel quantity gauge and proceeded towards the destination airport with fuel supplied from both fuel tanks at different times and durations. Approximately 3 hours and 35 minutes into the flight, while the left fuel tank was supplying fuel, the engine experienced a momentary surge that stopped when the pilot reduced throttle control. At that time the left fuel quantity gauge indicated approximately 35 minutes of fuel remaining at normal cruise power; however, the pilot thought it should have 24 gallons remaining and attributed the error to be an indicator problem. The flight continued and she positioned the fuel selector to the right tank and flew for a few minutes, then repositioned the fuel selector to the left tank, for which the fuel quantity gauge indicated zero. Several minutes later the engine lost power due to fuel exhaustion. She notified air traffic control and was vectored to the nearest airport but was unable to land there. She ditched the airplane in a marsh, and was rescued by the U.S. Coast Guard. No unusual fuel flow was reported to have occurred during the accident flight. Postaccident inspection of the wreckage revealed no fuel in either fuel tank or in fuel lines in the engine compartment. No fuel leak was noted and there was no evidence of engine preimpact failure or malfunction. ## Factual narrative On October 4, 2008, about 1130 eastern daylight time, a Cessna T210M, N11PC, registered to and operated by a private individual, experienced total loss of engine power and was ditched in a marsh near Savannah, Georgia. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time and no flight plan was filed for the 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91 personal flight from Trenton Mercer Airport (TTN), Trenton, New Jersey, to Malcolm McKinnon Airport (SSI), Brunswick, Georgia. The airplane was substantially damaged and the certificated private pilot was not injured. The flight originated about 0725, from TNN. The pilot stated that she filled the airplane's fuel tanks several days before the accident flight, though at the time the airplane's tire pressure appeared to be low. She did not perceive a slope of the ramp where the airplane was fueled. She added air to the tires and then asked her certified flight instructor (CFI) to check the tanks to make sure they were full and add fuel as necessary because of the low tire pressure issue, and also because she was aware of the airplane's history related to the fuel system. Less than 1.5 gallons of fuel were added when the CFI fueled the airplane. The airplane was secured in a hangar, and then removed for the accident flight. She did not visually check the fuel tanks during her preflight inspection, but reported there was no evidence of fuel leakage on the floor in the hangar. The flight departed with a previously known inoperative right fuel quantity gauge and the fuel selector positioned to the left fuel tank. After one hour into the flight the pilot repositioned the fuel selector to the right tank, and flew 2 hours 20 minutes. She then repositioned the fuel selector to the left tank, and at that time noted the left fuel quantity gauge indicated 10 gallons remaining though she estimated it should have had 24 gallons remaining. The flight continued and about 1100, the engine surged which was corrected by reducing the throttle control. The flight continued and at some point after the engine surged momentarily she positioned the fuel selector to the right tank and flew for a few minutes. She then repositioned the fuel selector to the left tank, and at that time noted the left fuel quantity gauge indicated zero. The flight continued and several minutes later the engine then began to lose power. She notified air traffic control and requested a vector to the nearest airport, which was Hunter Army Airfield. She realized that the flight was unable to land there and maneuvered the airplane for a grassy area. With the flaps and landing gear retracted, she executed a forced landing to a marsh. After coming to rest she exited the airplane, and was rescued by the U.S. Coast Guard approximately 30 minutes later. The pilot did not report any unusual fuel flow issues during the accident flight, which she reported is typically 17.3 to 17.4 gallons per hour during cruise flight. Recovery personnel reported that theairplane was resting in a left wing high attitude. No fuel or water was found in the left fuel tank, while approximately 8 gallons of salt water were drained from the right fuel tank. No fuel was found in the right fuel tank. Examination of the airplane and engine following recovery was performed by an FAA airworthiness inspector. Inspection of the airframe revealed no evidence of fuel leaks from the fuel tank sump drains or fuel caps. Inspection of the engine revealed no fuel in the fuel lines in the engine compartment. Crankshaft, camshaft, and valve train continuity was confirmed. Spark was noted from the left magneto but no spark was noted from the right magneto. A review of the airplane's Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) pertaining to preflight inspection revealed both tanks are to be visually inspected. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N11PC](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N11PC-2010-07-22), registration cancelled 2010-07-22, S/N 21062600, built 1978 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: CESSNA T210M - Registry model: [Cessna T210M](https://openairdocs.org/model/cessna-t210m) (registry code 2073451) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Continental TSIO-520 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/continental-tsio-520-series) (registry code 17040, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 21062600 - Airframe hours: 3825 - Engines: CONT MOTOR TSIO-520 SER 300 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Operator: Singer Eugenia - Registered owner: Singer Eugenia - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, February 1, 2008 - Departed: TTN, Trenton, NJ - Destination: SSI, Brunswick, GA ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 64; injuries: none; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land, multi-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 3, with waivers/limitations; last flight review February 15, 2008; seat: left; flight hours: 2,181 total, 3 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: variable at 3 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 81 °F, dew point 55 °F - Altimeter: 30.19 inHg - Observed at: SAV, 16 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20081004857079A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20081004857079A), Oct 4, 2008: Cessna T210M, Savannah, GA, Substantial damage. (-23) On Saturday October 4th, 2008 [privacy data omitted] who is a private pilot with instrument/multiengine ratings and over 2100 hours of flying experience… From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.