# NTSB ERA14LA433: Piper J3C 65, N26105, Carrol County, VA, September 10, 2014 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Serious injuries · Limited investigation · Final report - Date: September 10, 2014, 13:09 local (17:09 UTC) - Place: Carrol County, VA - Coordinates: 36.636112, -80.720001 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=36.6361&lon=-80.7200&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Emergency descent](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/600) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Emergency descent: VFR encounter with IMC](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/401) - Highest injury: Serious injuries - Injuries: 1 serious - Status: Completed, report April 27, 2015 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB office: Eastern Region Aviation - Parties: FAA/FSDO - NTSB case key (mKey): 90061 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ERA14LA433 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/90061/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=90061 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA14LA433 ## Probable cause The pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from trees during an emergency landing after encountering deteriorating weather conditions. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s poor preflight weather planning, which resulted in an inadvertent encounter with instrument meteorological conditions. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Object/animal/substance: tree(s)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03022020): Environmental issues › Physical environment · Awareness of condition (probable cause) - [Planning/preparation: weather planning](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061020): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause) - [Ceiling/visibility/precip: fog](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03035055): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Use of related info (probable cause) - [Performance/control parameters: altitude](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062012): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained (probable cause) - [Attention/monitoring: monitoring environment](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02021545): Personnel issues › Psychological · Pilot (probable cause) - [Info processing/decision: identification/recognition](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02041510): Personnel issues › Action/decision · Pilot (probable cause) - [Ceiling/visibility/precip: low visibility](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03035015): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Effect on operation (probable cause) - [Ceiling/visibility/precip: fog](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03035055): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Effect on operation (probable cause) - [Ceiling/visibility/precip: low visibility](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03035015): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Use of related info (probable cause) ## Analysis The pilot was conducting a multi-leg, cross-country flight in an airplane that was not equipped to fly in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the departure airport; however, IMC existed along the route of flight. Although the pilot was instrument-rated, he had not completed an instrument proficiency check in 9 years. The pilot reported that, about 1 hour 30 minutes into the flight, the airplane encountered deteriorating weather conditions and that he then attempted an emergency landing on an interstate highway; the airplane subsequently impacted trees and terrain. The pilot could not recall if he checked the weather conditions before departure. He further reported that there were no mechanical malfunctions or anomalies with the airplane that would have precluded normal operation. The recorded weather at an airport located about 1 mile from the accident site included visibility less than 1/4 statute mile about the time of the accident. An airmen's meteorological information (AIRMET) for mountain obscuration due to clouds and mist was in effect at the time of the accident for the area around the accident site. ## Factual narrative On September 10, 2014, about 1309 eastern daylight time, a Piper J3C-65 Cub, N26105, was substantially damaged during an emergency landing and subsequent in-flight collision with trees and terrain near Carroll County, Virginia. The private pilot was seriously injured. Instrument meteorological conditions prevailed and no flight plan was filed for the flight that originated from Raleigh County Memorial Airport (BKW), Beckley, West Virginia at 1145, and was destined for Smith Reynolds Airport (INT), Winston Salem, North Carolina. The personal flight was conducted under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91. According to a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aviation Safety Inspector, the airplane crashed in a remote, wooded area, about 40 nautical miles (nm) west of BKW, at an elevation of about 2,534 feet. Photographs taken by the Virginia State Police revealed that the airplane was intact with the exception of the right wing which was located in a nearby tree. There were compression wrinkles throughout the wings, fuselage, and empennage. The wings also exhibited aft crush damage on the leading edge. After recovering from his injuries, the pilot was interviewed by the NTSB investigator-in-charge on October 29, 2014. The pilot reported that he was flying across the United States on a month long cross county flight. After he refueled the airplane at BKW, he departed for INT and followed an interstate highway, as was his custom. About 40 nm from his destination, he encountered some "mist" and descended, but the "the mist got heavier." He then configured the airplane for an emergency landing on the interstate and descended between two tree lines, but the airplane impacted a tree, fell to the ground and came to rest in a nose down attitude. The pilot reported that his attention was focused on the interstate and not on the surrounding obstacles. He also remarked that there were no preimpact mechanical malfunctions or anomalies with the airplane. The pilot stated that his usual method for obtaining weather was by utilizing the Internet application Foreflight, but did not recall if he retrieved weather prior to departing BKW. According to a Virginia State Trooper, the pilot reported that he made the decision to land the airplane after the weather abruptly changed to fog. A witness reported that the weather at the time was "foggy and rainy." He stated that he was driving southbound on the interstate and observed the airplane to his left on a southerly heading. The airplane appeared to be cruising above the tree tops and "went straight into the trees". A review of global positioning system data retrieved from an onboard Garmin GPSMAP 296 revealed that the airplane departed BKW at 1137 and started a climb. The airplane followed the interstate at various altitudes until 1300, when it started a descent from a GPS recorded altitude of about 3,350 feet. At 1308, the airplane leveled off at a GPS altitude of 2,600 feet, and remained instraight and level flight until 1309 when the data ended in the vicinity of the accident site. A GoPro Hero rugged high definition video recorder was also recovered from the accident site; however, it contained no recorded data. The pilot held a private pilot certificate with ratings for airplane single engine land and instrument airplane. According to the pilot, he did not possess a current medical certificate and; therefore, was operating the airplane as a sport pilot. At the time of the accident he reported 4,399 total hours of flight experience; 1,423 hours of which were in the accident airplane make and model. The pilot's last instrument proficiency check was during 2005 . The single-engine, fixed-gear, high wing, reciprocating engine powered airplane, was manufactured in 1939. It was powered by a Continental A75-A 75-horsepower engine, equipped with a Sensenich two-bladed propeller. According to the pilot the airplane was not certified for flight under instrument flight rules. The National Weather Service (NWS) Boston Area Forecast indicated overcast clouds at 2,500 feet mean sea level (msl) with cloud tops at 7,000 feet, visibility 3-5 statute miles in mist. The weather was forecasted to improve between 1000 and 1300 with scattered clouds at 2,500 feet msl and broken clouds at 4,500 feet. The forecast also included an AIRMET Sierra for mountain obscuration with clouds and mist over the area. The Washington, D.C. (ZDC) Air Route Traffic Control Center Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) that was valid from 0729 to 1600 forecasted limited instrument flight rule conditions due to low ceilings, reduced visibility and fog through 1100. The ZDC MIS also described marginal visual flight rule conditions with patchy ceilings and mist across the Washington, D.C. area. Weather, recorded at Twin County Airport (HLX), elevation 2,694 feet, at 1315, included winds from 180 degrees at 5 knots, visibility 10 statute miles, sky overcast at 700 feet, temperature 19 degrees C, dew point 17 degrees C, an altimeter setting of 30.21 inches Hg. HLX was located 9 nm north of the accident site. According to a weather report obtained from the Virginia Department of Transportation, the weather recorded about a mile from the accident site, elevation about 2,500 feet, at 1310 included wind calm, air temperature 18 degrees C, dew point 18 degrees C, and visibility 1,030 feet. ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Emergency descent: VFR encounter with IMC](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/401) (defining event) - [Emergency descent: Controlled flight into terr/obj (CFIT)](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/120) ## Aircraft - Registration: [N26105](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N26105-2025-01-25), registration cancelled 2025-01-25, S/N 4051 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: PIPER J3C 65 (65) - Registry model: [Piper J3C-65](https://openairdocs.org/model/piper-j3c-65) (registry code 7100510) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 4051 - Airframe hours: 4288 - Engines: Continental A-75-8 75 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Operator: Heimos Bernard F - Registered owner: Heimos Bernard F - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, June 7, 2014, 694 hours before - Departed: BKW, BECKLEY, WV - Destination: INT, WINSTON SALEM, NC - Equipment: Handheld GPS ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 67; injuries: serious; private; airplane ratings: single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: sport pilot; last flight review June 4, 2014; seat: right; restraint: lap only; flight hours: 4,399 total, 1,423 in this make and model, 92 in the last 90 days, 90 in the last 30 days, 5 in the last 24 hours ## Weather - Conditions: Instrument (IMC), Day - Wind: 180° at 5 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: 700 ft overcast - Temperature: 66 °F, dew point 63 °F - Altimeter: 30.20 inHg - Observed at: HLX, 9 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20140910016829A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20140910016829A), Sep 10, 2014: Piper J3C-65, Hillsville, VA, Substantial damage. Pilot departed beckley, WV (bkw)enroute to north carolina. Flight was VFR and pilot was navigating by following southbound interstate 77. Pilot encountered IMC… ## Other investigations on N26105 (1) From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. - [NTSB CHI02LA084](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/CHI02LA084), Feb 23, 2002: Cessna 172S (N26105), New Holstein, WI, substantial damage. Probable cause: The pilot's inadequate compensation for the wind conditions which resulted in the failure to maintain directional control of the airplane. Factors associated with the accident were the gusty… ## Docket (9 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on March 30, 2015, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=90061. 24.7 MB in all. - Pilot/Operator Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB Form 6120.1 (item 1, .PDF, 19.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40424120&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Pilot%2FOperator%20Aircraft%20Accident%20Report,%20NTSB%20Form%206120.1-Redacted.PDF - Electronic Devices – Specialist's Factual Report (item 2, .PDF, 3.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40424119&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Electronic%20Devices%20%E2%80%93%20Specialist%27s%20Factual%20Report-Master.PDF - Memorandum for Record - Pilot Interview (item 3, .PDF, 133 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40424121&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Memorandum%20for%20Record%20-%20Pilot%20Interview-Redacted.PDF - Weather Report and Record (item 4, .PDF, 1.3 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40424122&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Weather%20Report%20and%20Record-Master.PDF - Virginia Department of Transportation Weather (item 5, .PDF, 208 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40424123&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Virginia%20Department%20of%20Transportation%20Weather-Master.PDF - Virginia State Police Report (item 6, .PDF, 191 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40424124&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Virginia%20State%20Police%20Report-Redacted.PDF - Wreckage Release Form (item 7, .PDF, 135 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40424125&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Wreckage%20Release%20Form-Redacted.PDF - Photo 1 - Forward Left Wing (Photo Courtesy of Virginia State Police) (item 8, .PDF, 136 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40424126&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%201%20-%20Forward%20Left%20Wing%20(Photo%20Courtesy%20of%20Virginia%20State%20Police)-Master.PDF - Photo 2 - Beneath Left Wing (Photo Courtesy of Virginia State Police) (item 9, .PDF, 105 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40424127&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%202%20-%20Beneath%20Left%20Wing%20(Photo%20Courtesy%20of%20Virginia%20State%20Police)-Master.PDF From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.