# NTSB ERA15FA076: Titan Tornado II, N50402, Catlett, VA, December 14, 2014 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Field investigation · Final report - Date: December 14, 2014, 12:43 local (17:43 UTC) - Place: Catlett, VA - Coordinates: 38.616664, -77.625831 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=38.6167&lon=-77.6258&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Maneuvering](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Maneuvering-low-alt flying: Aerodynamic stall/spin](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/241) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 1 fatal - Status: Completed, report September 22, 2016 - Report: Approved by Office Director - NTSB office: Eastern Region Aviation - Parties: FAA/FSDO - NTSB case key (mKey): 90497 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ERA15FA076 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/90497/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=90497 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA15FA076 ## Probable cause The pilot’s failure to maintain airspeed while maneuvering at a low altitude, which resulted in the airplane exceeding its critical angle-of-attack and experiencing an aerodynamic stall. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Use of equip/info: aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Titan TORNADO II, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md?model=059012Q), [All aircraft, 9,295 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md) - [Performance/control parameters: airspeed](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062010): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained (probable cause); cases with it: [Titan TORNADO II, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062010/cases.md?model=059012Q), [All aircraft, 1,681 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062010/cases.md) - [Performance/control parameters: angle of attack](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062042): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained (probable cause); cases with it: [Titan TORNADO II, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062042/cases.md?model=059012Q), [All aircraft, 990 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062042/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Maneuvering-low-alt flying: Aerodynamic stall/spin](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/241) (defining event); cases with it: [Titan TORNADO II, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/241/sequence.md?model=059012Q), [All aircraft, 1,529 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/241/sequence.md) ## Analysis The sport pilot departed on a local flight, his third flight in the accident airplane. Review of radar data indicated that the flight maneuvered in the local area for about 13 minutes before the accident occurred. One witness stated that the airplane was flying level about 150 feet above ground level when the engine began to sound like it was "missing." He then stated that the airplane then began a series of three 360-degree, level right-hand turns while over a wooded area. Upon completion of the third turn, the engine noise stopped, and the airplane descended vertically into the trees below. Examination of the accident site indicated a relatively short debris path, consistent with a steep descent. The witness observations and the impact geometry are consistent with the pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed while maneuvering, resulting in the airplane exceeding its critical angle of attack and experiencing an aerodynamic stall. The engine was successfully operated after the accident at power settings ranging from idle to full power. While the weather conditions around the time of the accident were conducive to the formation of carburetor icing at glide engine power settings, the airplane was maneuvering in level flight before the accident so the throttle was likely set above a glide power setting. Examination of the engine and fuel system revealed no evidence of pre-impact failure or malfunction; however, no definitive determination could be made regarding the engine's operational state at the time of impact. ## Factual narrative HISTORY OF FLIGHT On December 14, 2014, about 1243 eastern standard time, a Titan Tornado II, N50402, was substantially damaged when it impacted trees and terrain in Catlett, Virginia. The sport pilot was fatally injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed and no flight plan was filed for the local personal flight, which departed Warrenton Fauquier Airport (HWY), Warrenton, Virginia about 1230. The flight was conducted under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91. According to a witness, when he observed the airplane, it was in level flight approximately 150 feet above ground level. Thirty seconds later the airplane "started having engine problems, like it was missing." With a model of an airplane in his hand, the witness demonstrated how the airplane completed multiple orbits to the right at the same altitude. As the airplane completed the third orbit, the engine noise ceased and the airplane descended vertically to a wooded area between two open fields, about 4.5 miles northeast of HWY. Radar data provided by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) showed uncorrelated primary targets (no beacon or altitude information) in a track that began about 1.3 nautical miles southeast of the departure end of runway 15 at HWY about 1230. The track progressed in a clockwise fashion within a radius of about 3 miles from HWY before continuing eastward toward Walnut Hill Airport (58VA) in Calverton, Virginia. After passing 58VA, the track turned northward, with the last radar return located about 0.5 nautical mile south of the accident site, at 1242. PERSONNEL INFORMATION According to FAA records, the pilot held a sport pilot certificate with a category and class endorsement for airplane single-engine land. The certificate limitations were: 1. Holder does not meet ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) requirements. 2. Limited to Ercoupe 415 series without rudder pedals. Examination of the pilot's logbook revealed he had logged 157 total hours of flight experience, of which 2 hours were in the accident airplane make and model. The pilot had flown the airplane on two previous occasions, the most recent of which was on May 6, 2014. Examination further revealed a flight instructor endorsement dated November 23, 2014, for completion of "3-axis training requirements". AIRCRAFT INFORMATION The two-seat experimental light-sport, high-wing airplane was powered by a Jabiru model 2200A, 85-hp, four cylinder engine driving a two blade wooden pusher propeller. It was not equipped with a stall warning device or carburetor heating system, nor were either required. According to the manufacturer's specifications, the designed stall speed in the landing configuration was 35 mph. The flaps retracted stall speed was not specified. The most recent condition inspection was completed on December 11, 2014 at that time the airplane had accumulated 817 total hours in service, and 381 total engine hours in service. METEOROLOGICALINFORMATION The 1235 recorded weather observation at HWY included: wind 260 at 5 knots, 10 miles visibility, clear skies, temperature 15 degrees C, dew point 5 degrees C; altimeter setting 29.96 inches of mercury. Review of the temperature and dew point on an FAA Carburetor Icing Probability Chart revealed that the potential for carburetor icing at glide engine power settings. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION The wreckage was examined at the accident site, and all major components were accounted for at the scene. The wreckage path was in a wooded area, oriented on a heading of 254 degrees (true), and was 40 feet in length. Flight control continuity was established from the flight controls to all control surfaces. Aileron control continuity was established through push-pull tube rod end fractures to the ailerons. The fractures demonstrated features consistent with tensile overload. Fuel system continuity was confirmed from the fuel tank, through the unobstructed fuel filter, to the carburetor bowl. Fuel samples from the filter, carburetor bowl, and fuel tank tested negative for the presence of water. The 10 gallon fuel tank contained about 7 gallons of a blue fluid, similar in color to 100LL aviation fuel. The engine remained attached to its mounts; however the fuselage structure supporting the left side mounts was fractured. The engine was displaced to the left and rotated clockwise about 90 degrees (as viewed from rear of airplane) and had impacted the inboard edge of the right flap. The wooden propeller remained attached to the crankshaft flange, and both blades were splintered and fractured; one blade about 1/3 span and the other blade about 1/2 span. The spinner remained attached to the propeller hub and was undamaged. Engine crankshaft and valve train continuity was confirmed by hand rotation of the propeller and confirming rocker arm movement on all valves. Thumb compression was confirmed for each cylinder. The spark plug electrodes exhibited normal wear, and all were grey or brown in color, with no excessive sooting. The engine was removed from the airplane and each spark plug produced spark when connected to an inline tester while cranking the engine with the starter motor. The engine was operated on-scene, and ran continuously until the fuel supply was shut off. No pre-accident mechanical deficiencies were noted with the engine or airframe that would have precluded normal operation at the time of the accident. MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION An autopsy was performed on the pilot by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Commonwealth of Virginia. The cause of death was determined to be "Blunt head, neck and trunk trauma." Toxicological testing of the pilot was conducted at the FAA Bioaeronautical Sciences Research Laboratory, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The specimens from the pilot were negative for carbon monoxide, basic, acidic, and neutral drugs with the exception of: -Fluconazole detected in Blood and Urine -Metoprolol detectedin Blood and Urine According to the FAA Aerospace Medical Research website Fluconazole is used for treating fungal infections. Metoprolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, "beta Blocker," used in the treatment of hypertension and certain arrhythmias. TEST AND RESEARCH In December 2014, the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) imposed operating restrictions on airplanes powered by Jabiru engines, in response to a "high, and increasingly high rate of loss-of-power events and other engine reliability issues" observed in Australia in 2014. CASA identified several, but not all, of the failure modes that contributed to these events. One of the known common failure modes involves one or more "sticking" or improperly functioning valves, which may occur intermittently. This condition could cause a temporary loss of engine power, but then diminish or cease allowing the engine to subsequently be started and operated normally. A follow-up examination of the engine included removal of the cylinder heads and disassembly of the valve train. No marks or signatures consistent with "sticking" or malfunctioning valves were present. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION According to FAA-H-8023-25A, "Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge," Chapter 4, "The stalling speed of an aircraft is also higher in a level turn than in straight-and level ?ight. Centrifugal force is added to the aircraft's weight and the wing must produce suf?cient additional lift to counterbalance the load imposed by the combination of centrifugal force and weight. In a turn, the necessary additional lift is acquired by applying back pressure to the elevator control. This increases the wing's AOA, and results in increased lift. The AOA must increase as the bank angle increases to counteract the increasing load caused by centrifugal force. If at any time during a turn theAOA becomes excessive, the aircraft stalls. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N50402](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N50402-2017-02-07), registration cancelled 2017-02-07, S/N D96618COHK0196, built 1995 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: TITAN TORNADO II - Registry model: [Titan TORNADO II](https://openairdocs.org/model/titan-tornado-ii) (registry code 05901LL) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Jabiru 2200](https://openairdocs.org/engine/jabiru-2200) (registry code 34800, 4 cycle) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: D96618COHK0196 - Year built: 1995 - Airframe hours: 817 - Engines: Jabiru 2200A 85 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Airworthiness certificate: Special, Experimental (Special) - Last inspection: Condition, December 11, 2014, 1 hours before - Departed: HWY, WARRENTON, VA - Destination: HWY, WARRENTON, VA - Equipment: Handheld GPS ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 33; injuries: fatal; sport pilot; airplane ratings: single-engine land; medical: sport pilot; seat: front; restraint: 4-point; toxicology performed; flight hours: 157 total, 2 in this make and model, 63.7 as pilot in command, 4.5 in the last 90 days, 4.5 in the last 30 days ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: 260° at 5 knots - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 59 °F, dew point 41 °F - Altimeter: 29.95 inHg - Observed at: HWY, 4 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20141214023619A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20141214023619A), Dec 14, 2014: Titan TORNADO II, Catlett, VA, Destroyed, 1 fatal. On December 14, 2014 at approximately 1230PM, N50402, owned and piloted by Mr. Benjamin hummel, departed runway 15 at warrenton-fauquier airport (hwy), circled… ## Docket (7 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on August 24, 2016, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=90497. 15.4 MB in all. - Witness Statement (item 1, .PDF, 83 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443610&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Witness%20Statement-Master.PDF - Radar Data Plot (item 2, .PDF, 218 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443611&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Radar%20Data%20Plot-Master.PDF - Photo Logbook Excerpts (item 3, .PDF, 2.2 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443612&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%20Logbook%20Excerpts-Master.PDF - Engine Logbook (item 4, .PDF, 960 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443613&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Engine%20Logbook-Master.PDF - Airframe Logbook (item 5, .PDF, 6.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443614&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Airframe%20Logbook-Master.PDF - Engine Examination Report (item 6, .PDF, 17 photos, 2.9 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443615&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Engine%20Examination%20Report-Master.PDF - Photo Array (item 7, .PDF, 3 photos, 3.1 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=40443616&FileExtension=.PDF&FileName=Photo%20Array-Master.PDF From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.