# NTSB ERA19FA010: Vans RV8, N804RL, Culpeper, VA, October 12, 2018 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Fatal · Class 2 · Field · Final report - Date: October 11, 2018, 20:00 local (Oct 12, 2018, 00:00 UTC) - Place: Culpeper, VA - Coordinates: 38.518611, -77.863334 - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=38.5186&lon=-77.8633&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Maneuvering](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/450) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Maneuvering-aerobatics: Loss of visual reference](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/402) - Highest injury: Fatal - Injuries: 1 fatal - Status: Completed - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 2 - NTSB office: Eastern Region Aviation - Parties: FAA/FSDO - NTSB case key (mKey): 98465 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ERA19FA010 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/98465/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=98465 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA19FA010 ## Probable cause The pilot's loss of attitude orientation while maneuvering at low altitude in dark night visual meteorological conditions, which resulted in impact with terrain. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Use of equip/info: aircraft control](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Jon S Thocker VANS RV-8, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md?model=05636XY), [All aircraft, 9,295 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02063040/cases.md) - [Light condition: dark](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03036020): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Effect on operation (probable cause); cases with it: [Jon S Thocker VANS RV-8, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03036020/cases.md?model=05636XY), [All aircraft, 448 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03036020/cases.md) - [Light condition: dark](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03036020): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Effect on personnel (probable cause); cases with it: [Jon S Thocker VANS RV-8, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03036020/cases.md?model=05636XY), [All aircraft, 448 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03036020/cases.md) - [Light condition: dark](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03036020): Environmental issues › Conditions/weather/phenomena · Contributed to outcome (probable cause); cases with it: [Jon S Thocker VANS RV-8, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03036020/cases.md?model=05636XY), [All aircraft, 448 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/03036020/cases.md) - [Perception/orientation/illusion: perception](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02022040): Personnel issues › Psychological · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Jon S Thocker VANS RV-8, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02022040/cases.md?model=05636XY), [All aircraft, 61 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02022040/cases.md) - [Performance/control parameters](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062000): Aircraft › Aircraft oper/perf/capability · Not attained/maintained (probable cause); cases with it: [Jon S Thocker VANS RV-8, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062000/cases.md?model=05636XY), [All aircraft, 1,269 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01062000/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Maneuvering-aerobatics: Loss of visual reference](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/402) (defining event); cases with it: [Jon S Thocker VANS RV-8, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/402/sequence.md?model=05636XY), [All aircraft, 242 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/402/sequence.md) - [Maneuvering-aerobatics: Collision with terr/obj (non-CFIT) ](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470); cases with it: [Jon S Thocker VANS RV-8, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470/sequence.md?model=05636XY), [All aircraft, 10,189 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/470/sequence.md) ## Analysis The accident pilot was performing as part of a two-airplane demonstration team that was conducting a night aerobatic display about 55 minutes after the end of civil twilight. Both airplanes were equipped with streamer- and flare-type fireworks that were discharged throughout the 5-minute routine. The pilot of the lead airplane stated that the night of the accident was "a little bit on the darker side" and that they had chosen to perform their display around 700 ft above ground level (agl) rather than their typical 500 ft agl altitude. They were in the middle of the routine when the accident occurred; the accident airplane was in trail behind the lead airplane as they each performed two aileron rolls. Video footage showed that, after completing the second aileron roll, the lead airplane began to climb. The accident airplane completed its second aileron roll to an inverted attitude, but rather than continuing the roll to an upright position, entered an inverted descent that continued until ground contact. At the time of the accident, the moon was more than 14° below the horizon. The dark night conditions, combined with a lack of cultural lighting on the ground in the vicinity of the airport, would have increased the difficulty associated with the task of maintaining awareness of the airplane's attitude in relation to the horizon and its height above the ground. In addition, the multiple point-source glare from the pyrotechnics off the lead airplane during the final moments of the flight may have impeded the pilot's vision and affected his ability to maintain his orientation during maneuver, particularly without a discernable contrast between earth and sky under the dark night conditions. With this loss of attitude orientation, it is likely that the pilot did not recognize that he had not come out of the roll and the airplane continued to ground impact. ## Factual narrative According to excerpts of the FAA Airplane Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-3, Chapter 10: Night flying requires that pilots be aware of, and operate within, their abilities and limitations. Although careful planning of any flight is essential, night flying demands more attention to the details of preflight preparation and planning. Night flying is very different from day flying and demands more attention of the pilot. The most noticeable difference is the limited availability of outside visual references. Therefore, flight instruments should be used to a greater degree in controlling the airplane. Even on clear nights, the stars may be reflected on the water surface, which could appear as a continuous array of lights, thus making the horizon difficult to identify. On October 12, 2018, about 2000 eastern daylight time, an experimental, amateur-built Vans RV-8, N804RL, was destroyed when it was involved in an accident in Culpeper, Virginia. The pilot was fatally injured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 airshow flight. The accident airplane was part of aerobatic team of two RV-8 airplanes that were participating in the Culpeper Air Fest airshow. The accident airplane was the trailing airplane. The airplanes were fitted with streamer-type fireworks that trailed from each airplane throughout the demonstration, as well as 12 pairs of flare-type fireworks, which were discharged periodically during the routine. According to the pilot in the lead airplane, they departed Cincinnati, Ohio, around 1000 on the morning of the accident and arrived at Culpeper Regional Airport (CJR) at 1150. They rigged the fireworks and prepared the airplanes for the airshow. They finished about 1600 and waited in the fixed base operator until the night portion of the airshow began. The lead pilot stated that they had flown the night show routine on three occasions during the previous 30 days. He added that the team had performed in darkness previously but, "this one was a little bit on the darker side," so they elected to fly at 700 ft above ground level (agl) instead of their usual 500 ft agl. The lead pilot further reported that he was always in front, and as the maneuvers progressed, the airplanes would get farther apart. The flight sequence was planned to last about 5 minutes, and the airplanes were performing a double aileron roll maneuver in the middle of the routine when the accident occurred. Video footage of the accident showed both airplanes performing the double aileron roll maneuver with the accident airplane in trail behind the lead airplane. After completing the maneuver, the lead airplane began to climb. The accident airplane completed its second aileron roll to the inverted position but did not continue the roll to an upright position and instead entered an inverted dive, which continued until the airplane impacted terrain. The Department of Health, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Northern Virginia District,performed an autopsy on the pilot. His cause of death was multiple blunt force injuries. Toxicology testing performed at the FAA Forensic Sciences Laboratory was negative for carbon monoxide and drugs. Testing identified ethanol at 0.017 gm/dl in liver and 0.021 gm/dl muscle. Ethanol may also be produced in body tissues by microbial activity after death. Astronomical data from the United States Naval Observatory indicated that sunset was at 1838, and the end of civil twilight was at 1905. At the time of the accident, both the sun and moon were more than 14° below the horizon. The airplane came to rest inverted about 300 ft from the end of runway 22. The wreckage was in a 5-ft-deep crater on a 22° magnetic heading; the wreckage was severely fragmented and deformed. All flight control surfaces were found at the accident site. The fuselage was crushed and the main wing spar remained attached to the fuselage. The cockpit and instrument panel were destroyed by impact forces. Flight control continuity was established throughout the flight control systems. An examination of the airframe and engine did not reveal any anomalies that would have precluded normal operation. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N804RL](https://openairdocs.org/deregistered/N804RL-2019-05-16), registration cancelled 2019-05-16, S/N 83272, built 2017 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: Vans RV8 (UNDESIGNAT) - Registry model: [Jon S Thocker VANS RV-8](https://openairdocs.org/model/jon-s-thocker-vans-rv-8) (registry code 05636XY) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Superior IO-360 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/superior-io-360-series) (registry code 59251, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane, amateur-built - Serial number: 83272 - Year built: 2017 - Airframe hours: 120 - Engines: Superior IO-360 180 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Destroyed - Fire: On-Ground - Flight: Air race/show, Part 91 - Airworthiness certificate: Special, Experimental (Special) - Last inspection: Condition, November 21, 2017 - Departed: CJR, Culpeper, VA - Destination: CJR, Culpeper, VA - Airport: CJR, Culpeper Rgnl, runway 22, 5,000 × 100 ft, asphalt - Equipment: Electronic multifunction display, Video recording device ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 60; injuries: fatal; airline transport, commercial; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 2, with waivers/limitations; last flight review February 1, 2018; seat: center; restraint: 5-point; toxicology performed; flight hours: 13,000 total ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Night/dark - Wind: calm - Visibility: 10 statute miles - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 52 °F, dew point 45 °F - Altimeter: 29.85 inHg - Observed at: KCJR ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20181012019759A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20181012019759A), Oct 12, 2018: Jon S Thocker VANS RV-8, Culpeper, VA, Destroyed, 1 fatal. Accident aircraft was part of a two aircraft aerobatic performance being conducted at the 2018 Culpeper airfest located at Culpeper Regional Airport in… ## Docket (11 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on October 9, 2020, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=98465. 18.5 MB in all. - Memorandum of record lead pilot interview (item 1, PDF, 2 pages, 123 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9710799&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Memorandum%20Of%20Record%20%20lead%20Pilot%20Interview%20Summary%20FA010-Rel.pdf - Aircraft records (item 2, PDF, 4 pages, 2.5 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9710472&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Logbook%20records%20N804RL_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Wreckage examination summary (item 3, PDF, 2 pages, 115 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9711218&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Wreckage%20%20Examination%20Summary%20%20FA010-Rel.pdf - Video file (item 4, MOV, 11.0 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9711143&FileExtension=MOV&FileName=IMG_0072-Rel.MOV - Photo array (item 5, PDF, 5 pages, 915 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9712295&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Photo%20Array%20FA010-Rel.pdf - Toxicological report (item 6, PDF, 1 page, 452 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9711441&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Toxicology%20Report%20FA010_Redacted-Rel.pdf - NTSB medical factual report (item 7, PDF, 2 pages, 212 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9712143&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=ERA19FA010_Medical%20Factual%20Report-Rel.pdf - Materials laboratory factual report 18-086 (item 8, PDF, 3 pages, 754 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=7060974&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=18-086%20-%20rod%20end-Rel.pdf - Electronic devices - specialist's factual report (item 9, PDF, 3 pages, 208 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=7910827&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=era19fa010%20no%20data%20report-Rel.pdf - Release of aircraft wreckage, NTSB form 6120.15 (item 10, PDF, 2 pages, 1.4 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9711604&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Signed%20NTSB%20wreckage%20release_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Evidence control form (item 11, PDF, 4 pages, 800 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=9712987&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Evidence%20Control%20Forms%20_FA010_Redacted-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.