# NTSB ERA21LA042: Republic RC3, N451E, Advance, NC, November 16, 2020 - Type: NTSB accident investigation - Classification: Accident · Serious injuries · Class 3 · Limited · Final report - Date: November 16, 2020, 08:10 local (13:10 UTC) - Place: Advance, NC - Coordinates: 35.903235, -80.471142 (estimated) - Nearby events: https://openairdocs.org/map.md?lat=35.9032&lon=-80.4711&mi=10 - Phase of flight: [Approach](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-phases/500) (OpenAirDocs' grouping) - Defining event: [Approach-VFR pattern final: Fuel exhaustion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192) - Highest injury: Serious injuries - Injuries: 1 serious - Status: Completed - Report: Approved by Office Director - Investigation class: Class 3 - NTSB office: Eastern Region Aviation - Parties: FAA/FSDO - NTSB case key (mKey): 102291 - NTSB case page: https://web.ntsb.gov/investigations/?ntsbnumber=ERA21LA042 - NTSB report (PDF, downloads): https://data.ntsb.gov/carol-repgen/api/Aviation/ReportMain/GenerateNewestReport/102291/pdf - NTSB docket: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=102291 - Page: https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/ERA21LA042 ## Probable cause The pilot’s inadequate preflight fuel planning, which resulted in a total loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion. ## Findings NTSB's coded findings; those marked are part of the probable cause. - [Planning/preparation: fuel planning](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030): Personnel issues › Task performance · Pilot (probable cause); cases with it: [Republic RC-3, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030/cases.md?model=3080202), [All aircraft, 719 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/02061030/cases.md) - [Fluids: fuel](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010): Aircraft › Fluids/misc hardware · Fluid level (probable cause); cases with it: [Republic RC-3, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md?model=3080202), [All aircraft, 1,695 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-findings/01071010/cases.md) ## Sequence of events The events NTSB coded, in order, by phase of flight. The defining event best describes what happened. - [Approach-VFR pattern final: Fuel exhaustion](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192) (defining event); cases with it: [Republic RC-3, 1 case](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192/sequence.md?model=3080202), [All aircraft, 804 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/192/sequence.md) - [Landing: Off-field or emergency landing](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440); cases with it: [Republic RC-3, 3 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md?model=3080202), [All aircraft, 3,365 cases](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb-events/440/sequence.md) ## Analysis The day before the accident, a mechanic measured the fuel quantity at 17 to 18 gallons, after which the pilot conducted a 30- to 45-minute flight. On the day of the accident, the pilot reported he had about 13 gallons of fuel on board before departing on the planned 20-minute flight and estimated the fuel consumption as 13 gallons per hour. After departure, he noted that the expected tailwind was not present, and he had to richen the fuel mixture to decrease the cylinder head temperatures and exhaust gas temperatures while enroute. About 4 miles from the destination, and 25 to 30 minutes into the flight, the engine lost partial power. While on approach to a forced landing site, the engine began producing power again, and the pilot began a climb and turned toward the destination airport. About 1 mile from the airport, the engine lost all power, and the pilot performed a forced landing to a field. A postaccident engine run revealed no anomalies with the engine that would have precluded normal operation. According to a mechanic who had worked on the accident airplane, the fuel consumption for the airplane make/model can vary between 13.5 and 20 gallons per hour, depending on several factors, included the setting of the ground-adjustable propeller. The fuel flow meter in the accident airplane had not yet been calibrated, and the actual burn rate had not yet been determined. Fuel calculations based on the information provided by the mechanic and pilot revealed that the airplane likely used at least 16.25 gallons since the time the fuel quantity was measured as 17 to 18 gallons by the mechanic on the previous day, not accounting for the engine start, taxi, and runup. Since the fuel tank was not breached during the accident, there was no fuel found in the tank at the accident site, and the engine operated normally after the accident, it is likely that the total loss of engine power was the result of fuel exhaustion. ## Factual narrative On November 16, 2020, about 0810 eastern standard time, a Republic RC-3, N451E, was substantially damaged when it was involved in an accident near Advance, North Carolina. The airline transport pilot was seriously injured. The airplane was operated as a Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 personal flight. According to a mechanic who performed a test flight the day before the accident, he “dipped” the fuel tanks and the airplane contained about 18 gallons of fuel. The pilot then departed on a 30- to 45-minute flight that evening. On the day of the accident, the pilot departed on an approximate 30-minute flight from his home airport with an intended destination of Twin Lakes Airport (8A7), Mocksville, North Carolina. The pilot stated that the flight should have taken 20 minutes with a 9-knot tailwind, and he planned a fuel consumption of 13 gallons per hour; he estimated 4 to 5 gallons would have been required for the accident flight. He reported that the airplane had “+/-13 gallons” of fuel on board before departing on the accident flight, and the departure time was 0740. The pilot reported that takeoff, climb, and cruise were “normal.” During cruise, he noted that the cylinder head and exhaust gas temperatures were “high,” and he richened the fuel mixture to help decrease the temperatures. In addition, he stated that the “estimated tailwind was not there.” About 4 miles from the destination, he pushed the mixture “in” for landing, and the engine “rolled back to approximately idle.” He attempted to restore engine power by adjusting the mixture without success and looked for a place to land. While on approach to the forced landing area, the engine began producing power again, and the pilot began a climb and turned toward the destination airport. About 1 mile from the airport, the engine lost total power, and the pilot performed a forced landing to a field. According to the mechanic, the fuel consumption for the RC-3 can vary between 13.5 and 20 gallons of fuel per hour, depending on several factors, including the setting of the ground-adjustable propeller. He also reported that the fuel flow gauge in the accident airplane had not yet been calibrated, and as a result, the actual fuel consumption rate had not been determined, and he advised the pilot of this. The mechanic stated that he asked the pilot the night before and the morning of the accident if there was enough fuel in the airplane, to which the pilot stated, “it was fine.” The airplane came to rest in a field less than 2 miles from the destination airport. A Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspector responded to the accident site and examined the airplane. The examination revealed substantial damage to the wing spar. The propeller was rotated by hand and crankshaft continuity was confirmed. There was no fuel in the fuel tank and trace fuel in the fuel filter. The fuel tank remained intact and there was no evidence of fuel spillage at the accident site. An engine run wasperformed at a salvage facility under the supervision of an FAA inspector. The main battery was connected, and 4.5 gallons of fuel was added to the fuel tank, after which the fuel gauge indicated ¼ full. The engine initially did not start; however, after additional attempts, it started and ran with no anomalies. During the engine run, the tachometer did not function; however, all other gauges operated normally. After the engine was shut down, the fuel gauge indicated less than ¼ tank. There were no anomalies noted that would have precluded normal operation of the airplane or engine. Fuel calculations based on the information provided by the mechanic and pilot revealed that, if the airplane flew for 1 hour and 15 minutes, it would have burned between 16.25 gallons and 25 gallons of fuel, not accounting for the engine start, taxi, and run-up. ## Aircraft - Registration: [N451E](https://openairdocs.org/aircraft/N451E), registered now, S/N 182, built 1946 (OpenAirDocs) - Reported make and model: REPUBLIC RC3 - Registry model: [Republic RC-3](https://openairdocs.org/model/republic-rc-3) (registry code 3080202) (OpenAirDocs) - Registry engine: [Franklin 6A8 series](https://openairdocs.org/engine/franklin-6a8-series) (registry code 27030, reciprocating) (OpenAirDocs) - Category: Airplane - Serial number: 182 - Year built: 1946 - Engines: Franklin 6A8-215-B6F 215 horsepower reciprocating - Damage: Substantial damage - Flight: Personal, Part 91 - Airworthiness certificate: Standard, Normal - Last inspection: Annual, October 12, 2020 - Departed: NC26, Catawba, NC - Destination: 8A7, Mocksville, NC - Equipment: Heads up display, Electronic flight bag or handheld device ## Flight crew As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names. - Pilot; age 60; injuries: serious; airline transport, flight engineer; airplane ratings: multi-engine land, single-engine sea, single-engine land; instrument ratings: airplane; medical: class 1, with waivers/limitations; last flight review June 15, 2020; seat: left; restraint: 3-point; flight hours: 25,000 total, 1,400 in this make and model, 15,000 as pilot in command, 205 in the last 90 days, 70 in the last 30 days ## Weather - Conditions: Visual (VMC), Day - Wind: calm - Lowest ceiling: none - Temperature: 48 °F, dew point 34 °F - Altimeter: 30.17 inHg - Observed at: EXX, 11 nm away ## FAA reports on this event (1) The FAA's own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date (OpenAirDocs). - [Accident 20201116014859A](https://openairdocs.org/incident/20201116014859A), Nov 16, 2020: Republic RC-3, Advance, NC, Substantial damage. Pilot departed NC26 for 8A7 with what he stated was 12-13 gallons of fuel. While approaching 8A7 (4 sm) the engine lost power to idle power. At 1 NM from the… ## Other investigations on N451E (1) From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. - [NTSB NYC73DNC20](https://openairdocs.org/ntsb/NYC73DNC20), Aug 9, 1972: Republic RC3 (N451E), Melvin Village, NH, substantial damage ## Docket (6 files) The files NTSB released with the investigation on September 28, 2022, on NTSB's docket system: https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket?ProjectID=102291. 6.4 MB in all. - Pilot/operator aircraft accident report, NTSB form 6120.1 (item 1, PDF, 10 pages, 2.4 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=11848491&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=LA042%206120_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Memorandum for record - FAA inspector (item 2, PDF, 1 page, 215 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=14518349&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Memorandum%20Of%20Record%20Color%20FAA%20Inspector-Rel.pdf - Mechanic interview summary (item 3, PDF, 4 pages, 245 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=11848831&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Memorandum%20Of%20Record%20Color%20LA042%20Mechanic%20-Rel.pdf - FAA statement - engine run (item 4, PDF, 1 page, 107 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=11848841&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=LA042%20FAA%20Statement_Redacted-Rel.pdf - Fuel performance calculations (item 5, PDF, 1 page, 75 KB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=11853355&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Fuel%20Performance%20Caluclations-Rel.pdf - Investigative photographs (item 6, PDF, 2 pages, 2 photos, 3.4 MB): https://data.ntsb.gov/Docket/Document/docBLOB?ID=11848860&FileExtension=pdf&FileName=Photo%20Array%20LA042-Rel.pdf From the NTSB's public API. Aircraft are matched to registry aircraft by N-number and event date, checked against the reported serial number, make and model; the registry's history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model. --- OpenAirDocs.org is an independent research project of [Contrail Labs](https://contraillabs.com/). It is not affiliated with the FAA or the NTSB. Source documents are U.S. government works in the public domain.